Focus 22 Geology of the Mo

Home , Edworthy Park, Mount Stephen, Mount Whyte, Stephen Formation

16 Geomechanics For Everyone, Part 4: Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing 21 GeoConvention 2014: Focus 22 Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Adjacent Strata near Field B.C., Yoho National Park New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery 26 Go Take a Hike

$10.00 DECEMBER 2013 VOLUME 40, ISSUE 11 Canadian Publication Mail Contract – 40070050 Shaped by industry & powered by the breadth and depth of IHS

NOW AVAILABLE IHS AccuMap® A MORE POWERFUL & INTUITIVE INTERPRETATION SOLUTION

Developed with extensive industry feedback, a complete user

interface refresh enables easy navigation with the addition of

the Microsoft® Office Ribbon and mouse-driven pan and

zoom functionality. Mapping and plotting are now

enhanced with editable contours, flexible postings, and

transparency for all layers, including

Land. Expanded engineering

capability increases reservoir

knowledge with both the

Classic Production Graph

and the new Material

Balance Graph.

AVAILABLE NOW IHS AccuMap® IHS.com/NewAccuMap Shaped by industry & powered by the breadth and depth of IHS DECEMBER 2013 – VOLUME 40, ISSUE 11

ARTICLES NOW AVAILABLE 25th Annual CSPG/CSEG/CAPL 10K and 5K Road Race and Fun Run ...... 14 CSPG OFFICE ® #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Geomechanics For Everyone, Part 4: Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing ...... 16 Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Tel: 403-264-5610 Web: www.cspg.org GeoConvention 2014: Focus ...... 21 IHS AccuMap Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Geology of the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Adjacent Strata near Field B.C., A MORE POWERFUL & INTUITIVE INTERPRETATION SOLUTION Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Event Coordinator: Kristy Casebeer Yoho National Park, New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery ...... 22 Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Geoscience Coordinator: Kelsey Green Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] Go Take a Hike ...... 26 Member Services: Developed with extensive industry feedback, a complete user Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] Publications and Website: Emma MacPherson 50th Annual Western Inter-University Geosciences Conference (WIUGC) ...... 30 Email: [email protected], Tel: 403-513-1230 interface refresh enables easy navigation with the addition of Co-Manager, GeoConvention 2014: Aileen Lozie Tel: 403-513-1227, Email: [email protected] DEPARTMENTS the Microsoft® Office Ribbon and mouse-driven pan and Database Administrator and Accounting: Kasandra Amaro Maternity leave until January 2014 Corporate Sponsorship: Lis Bjeld Executive Comment ...... 5 zoom functionality. Mapping and plotting are now Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Controller: Eric Tang Technical Luncheons ...... 8 enhanced with editable contours, flexible postings, and Tel: 403-513-1232, Email: [email protected] EDITORS/AUTHORS Division Talks ...... 13 transparency for all layers, including Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). Rock Shop ...... 7, 12, 29 Land. Expanded engineering To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF capability increases reservoir format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG knowledge with both the Bulletin or contact the editor. Technical Editors Classic Production Graph Hugh S. Mosher Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Nunaga Resources Ltd. Encana Corporation M.: 403-809-9997 Tel: 403-645-7724 and the new Material Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Balance Graph. Coordinating Editor Emma MacPherson, Publications Coordinator, CSPG Tel: 403-513-1230, [email protected],

ADVERTISING Advertising inquiries should be directed to Emma MacPherson, Tel: 403-513-1230 email: [email protected]. The deadline to reserve advertising space is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.

The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some FRONT COVER information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, Largest gypsum dune field The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user AVAILABLE NOW of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, in the world has formed from lake deposits, note the interdune eroded foresets. ® employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever Photo by Rhea Karvonen. IHS AccuMap IHS.com/NewAccuMap from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. Designed and Printed by The Data Group of Companies, Calgary, Alberta. RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 3 Canada’s Energy Geoscientists

31st Annual CSPG Squash Tournament

February 6-8, 2014

Visit cspg.org for more information EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from 2013 Finance Director, Samantha Etherington

CSPG Finance Overview EXECUTIVE for 2013 PRESIDENT Paul MacKay • Shale Petroleum Ltd. CSPG’s 2012/2013 fiscal year ended on Importance of Rock Properties in [email protected] Tel: 403.457.3930 Aug 31st, 2013. At $125,000 net income Unconventional Reservoirs. was higher than the $31,000 budgeted. PRESIDENT ELECT This was a function of the strong 2013 GeoConvention continues to be the largest Dale Leckie • Nexen Inc. GeoConvention, increased Technical source of income for the CSPG. The [email protected] Tel: 403.613.0458 lunch advertising and Bulletin royalties, 2013 Geoconvention: Integration was less spending and more sponsorship on successfully operated for the second year PAST PRESIDENT Outreach programs, office expense offset by the CSEG on behalf of the CSPG Robin Mann • AJM Deloitte by GeoConvention use, and higher interest and CWLS. Net profit of $435,126 was [email protected] Tel: 403.648.3210 than expected on investments. Over better than budgeted with an increase in budget expenses were relatively minor and delegate registration. Overall metrics were FINANCE DIRECTOR included audit and legal costs associated very similar to last year, although fewer Samantha Etherington • Barrick Energy with complying with the new Non-profit exhibitors meant that profits were down [email protected] Tel: 403.386.6459 Organization act, higher executive costs, from $457,488 in 2012. Traditionally the and write downs on old book inventory. CSPG and CSEG have had the option of FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT running the GeoConvention for 2 years Gord Stabb • Durando Resources Corp. [email protected] Tel: 403.819.8778 Overall net profits have fallen for the CSPG before switching operatorship. A Limited over the last several years. This is mainly Partnership (45% CSPG, 45% CSEG, DIRECTOR due to lower GeoConvention and Technical 10%CWLS) was formed this year that will Alexis Anastas • Nexen Inc. program revenues, falling membership operate GeoConvention commencing in [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4965 numbers and increased expenses due 2015. The CSPG will run GeoConvention in to higher profile office space, increased 2014. This stability should allow for better DIRECTOR staffing, and general cost increases. 2013 resource continuity and a maximized Curtis Evans • ERCB Operation expenses were also impacted by GeoConvention. [email protected] Tel: 403.297.8386 a onetime gift of 100,000 to ETF. Industry advertising and sponsorship is a large part Declining CSPG membership numbers are DIRECTOR of revenue for all programs and costs are a concern. Most recent survey results show Andrew Fox • MEG Energy Corp. kept down by hardworking volunteers. The 2/3 of the membership to be over 45 and [email protected] Tel: 403.770.5345 CSPG is a not for profit who’s revenue almost 80% male. 2013 has seen initiatives streams are meant to support the society’s to focus on the Bulletin and its circulation, DIRECTOR mission to advance the professions of reorganize Continuing Education, and Dawn Hodgins • Imperial Oil Resources the Energy Geosciences. Net income for improve on the success of the Gussow [email protected] Tel: 403.232.5931 2014 is projected to be $36,000, but is off Geoscience Conference and the annual to a strong start following the success of GeoConvention. DIRECTOR the 2013 Gussow Geoscience Conference: (Continued on page 7...) Weishan Ren • Statoil Canada Ltd. [email protected] Tel: 403.724.0325

DIRECTOR Dave Russum • AJM Deloitte [email protected] Tel: 403.648.3228

DIRECTOR Mike Seifert • Canadian Discovery [email protected] Tel: 403.269.3644

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Lis Bjeld • CSPG [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 5

CORPORATE SPONSORS SAMARIUM (...Continued from page 5) The CSPG relies heavily on industry geoLOGIC systems ltd. Overall the CSPG is in good financial shape. sponsors and advertising and is grateful TITANIUM Operating budget for 2013 was just over for their support. This funding underlies all APEGA $2,000,000 and 2014 should be similar. CSPG activities including paid floor space Shell Canada Limited Total assets have risen to over $3,000,000. at GeoConvention, venues for technical PLATINUM Previous budget surpluses have provided programs, advertising in the Communication the organization with a ‘rainy day’ fund portfolio, and direct funding for Outreach AGAT Laboratories Cenovus Energy Inc. of ~$1,000,000. On a cautionary note and Networking Events. As a final plug for ConocoPhilips the CSPG fortunes are tied tightly to CSPG membership this means that not IHS a successful GeoConvention and strong only are networking events a great way to Imperial Oil Resources technical program (including Gussow) and socialize with your fellow geoscientists, but Nexen Inc. three consecutive bad years would quickly are a great deal too (prizes!) erode this money. GOLD Devon Energy Corp Enerplus Corporation MEG Energy Corp. Tourmaline Schlumberger Canada Limited ROCK SHOP Statoil Canada SILVER Athabasca Oil Corporation Baker Hughes Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. CGG Services (Canada) Inc. Encana Corporation Husky Energy Inc. $+ )*'',,%%*-,, - ,,.. %% ,,*// - ION GeoPhysical " #$ % % - Loring Tarcore Labs Ltd. & '% (%) 0%1 $-+%& MJ Systems " $* (& " $23(%) Petrosys Suncor Energy ! BRONZE Arc Financial Corporation Arcis Seismic Solutions Belloy Petroleum Consulting Earth Signal Processing Ltd. Exova Canada Inc. Hunt Oil Olympic Seismic Ltd. PGS Pro Geo Consultants Roke Technologies Ltd. Saudi Aramco Seisware Sensor Geophysical Ltd. Talisman Energy Tesla TGS As of November 2013

A Special Thanks to Geologic Systems Ltd., CSPG’s Top Sponsor of the Month

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 7 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS DECEMBER LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH the Jackson School of Geosciences (University A geoscientist in credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// of Texas at Austin), Stanford University and www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Antarctica: expedition investigated the interplay of solid ABSTRACT earth systems, plate tectonics, glaciology, Following in Geology field schools can be tough – and oceanography, climate and life. sometimes they can be hazardous. During Shackleton’s a recent geology field school in Antarctica, I traveled to the Southern Ocean with an I became adept at running the gauntlet of intrepid group of 100 explorers from 15 footsteps one lunging fur seals and lumbering elephant seals, nations – fifty percent of the group was female their oversized proboscises flared outwards, – aboard the MV Akademik Ioffee, a 117-meter- hundred years exposing shiny pink gums and sizeable teeth... long, Russian ice-strengthened vessel. The GSA-sponsored group of explorers included later The old adage, “their bark is worse than their 70 earth scientists (ranging in age from bite,” doesn’t ring true in Antarctica. Our early twenties to late seventies) representing SPEAKER seasoned guides cautioned us that a bite from more than twenty specializations. In fact, Susan R. Eaton, P. Geol., P. Geoph., a fur seal or an elephant seal would require there were enough Ph.D. geologists on the M.Sc., B.J. (Journalism) Hon. the immediate administration of intravenous expedition to staff four or five university President, SR ECO Consultants Inc. antibiotics... earth science departments!

11: 30 am Bitten by the polar bug, I returned to the A century ago, Sir Ernest Shackleton’s Tuesday, December 10, 2013 Bottom of the World, participating in my third scientific teams were comprised of geologists Telus Convention Centre, Macleod Hall A/B/C science-based expedition in three years. From and geophysicists who explored Antarctica Calgary, Alberta December 29, 2012, to January 19, 2013, I joined because it was there, and because it was an expedition sponsored by the Geological unclaimed by any nation. Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, Society of America (“GSA”) and entitled three business days before event. (Thursday, December “Antarctica, South Georgia and the Falkland During the heroic age of Antarctic exploration, 5th, 2013). CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. Islands: Scotia Arc Tectonics, Climate and Life.” geoscientists discovered volcanoes, mountain Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. Led by earth scientists from Pennsylvania State, ranges, fossils, coal and minerals in this

8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 uncharted continent. And, in 1909, geoscientists Translating lessons from Antarctica, I’ve international petroleum and financial sectors, in Shackleton’s Nimrod Expedition planted the reached out to thousands of K-12 students, on oil and gas exploration and production, British flag at the Magnetic South Pole. university students and the general public, acquisitions and divestitures, environmental risk empowering them to formulate scientifically- assessments and media relations. Today, earth scientists travel to Antarctica driven global solutions for today’s social, – the world’s last remaining wilderness – economic, energy and global sustainability Susan began her journalism career as a television to research planetary processes, including challenges. news reporter with CBC-TV. Today, she reports the impacts of climate change and ocean on science and technology, business, oil and gas, change. During the past fifty years, the BIOGRAPHY renewable energy, the environment, ecotourism Western Antarctic Peninsula has warmed Susan a geologist, geophysicist, journalist and and extreme snorkeling. Her articles and 3 degrees Celsius, triggering a cascading ‘extreme’ snorkeler. She has a B.Sc. Honours in photographs have been published in Alberta Oil series of geological and biological changes Geology and Biology from Dalhousie University, Magazine, New Technology Magazine, Popular in this fragile ecosystem which have global a B.J. (Journalism) Honours from Carleton Mechanics, the Calgary Herald, the Edmonton implications. University, and a M.Sc. in Petroleum Geology Journal, the Vancouver Sun, the Financial Post, (Geophysics Specialization) from Imperial ALERT Diver, DIVER Magazine, Business Edge Blogging from the Bottom of the World, I’ve College, University of London. News Magazine, Water Canada, AAPG’s conveyed the excitement of these extraor- EXPLORER Magazine and APEGA’s The PEG. dinary voyages of exploration and discovery. She is the Antarctic-Explorer-in-Residence for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists Active in several Canadian and American oil and During the past three years, I’ve experienced (“AAPG”) and the Houston Geological Society gas industry associations, Susan is a recipient of numerous Serengeti moments, witnessing some (“HGS”). Susan was the keynote speaker for the Geological Society of America’s Distinguished of the largest concentrations of wildlife on the HGS Guest Night 2012, and one of two Mentor Certificate of Appreciation and the the planet. Snorkeling in brash ice, I’ve come co-presenters at the 2010 Canadian Society AAPG’s Public Outreach Award. She is a speaker face-to-mask with 1,400-pound leopard seals, of Petroleum Geologists’ Honorary Address, with the Association for Women Geoscientists’ jaws agape – so close, that I could count the entitled “The Next Generation of Cool Science.” Distinguished Lecturer Program. freckles on their upper palates and inspect their tri-serrated teeth which can dispatch Susan has developed a successful career in the For additional information, including Susan’s 40-pound penguins in mere seconds. And, Canadian energy sector, attaining the position dispatches from the Bottom of the World, I’ve completed the “Leadership on the Edge of vice president of exploration in several junior videos and related magazine articles please go Program,” an Antarctic Outward Bound-like oil and gas companies. Through her wholly to: http://susanreaton.com/, https://twitter.com/ school led by British polar explorer Robert owned consultancy, SR ECO Consultants Inc., SusanREaton_Geo, http://www.youtube.com/ Swan, OBE. Susan consults to the Canadian, American and user/srecoconsultants.

for information contact: GEOEDGES INC. Joel Harding at 403 870 8122 Detailed and accurate geology at your fingertips in Petra, email [email protected] GeoGraphix, ArcGIS, AccuMap, GeoScout and other applications www.geoedges.com

Western Canada: Slave Point, Swan Hills, Leduc, Grosmont, Jean Marie, Horn River Shales, Elkton, Shunda, Pekisko, Banff, Mississippian subcrops and anhydrite barriers in SE Sask., Bakken, Three Forks, Montney, Halfway, Charlie Lake, Rock Creek, Shaunavon, BQ/Gething, Bluesky, Glauconitic, Lloyd, Sparky, Colony, Viking, Cardium, Horseshoe Western Canada Canyon and Mannville CBM, Oilsands Areas, Outcrops Geological Edge Set US Rockies & Williston: Red River, Mississippian subcrops & anhydrite barriers (Bluell, Sherwood, Rival, etc), Bakken, Three Forks, Cutbank, Sunburst, Tyler, Heath, Muddy, Dakota, Sussex, Shannon, Parkman, Almond, Lewis, Frontier, Niobrara, Mesaverde shorelines, Minnelusa, Gothic, Hovenweep, Ismay, Desert Creek, Field Outlines, Outcrops

Texas & Midcontinent: Permian Basin paleogeography (Wolfcampian, Eastern US / Leonardian, Guadalupian), Granite Wash, Mississippian Horizontal Play, Appalachian Basin Chat, Red Fork, Morrow, Sligo/Edwards Reefs, Salt Basins, Frio, Yegua, Geological Edge Set Wilcox, Eagleford, Tuscaloosa, Haynesville, Fayeteville-Caney, Woodford, Field Outlines, Outcrops, Structures

Northern US Rockies North American Shales: Shale plays characterized by O&G fields, formation limit, outcrop, subcrop, structure, isopach, maturity, & Williston Basin stratigraphic cross-sections. Includes: Marcellus, Rhinestreet, Huron, Geological Edge Set New Albany, Antrim, Utica-Collingwood, Barnett, Eagleford, Niobrara, Gothic, Hovenweep, Mowry, Bakken, Three Forks, Monterey, Montney, Horn River, Colorado

Eastern US / Appalachia: PreCambrian, Trenton, Utica-Collingwood, Medina-Clinton, Tuscarora, Marcellus, Onondaga Structure, Geneseo, Huron, Antrim, New Albny, Rhinestreet, Sonyea, Cleveland, Venango, Bradford, Elk, Berea, Weir, Big Injun, Formation limits, Outcrops, Allegheny Thrust, Cincinatti Arch, Field outlines

Deliverables include: -Shapefiles and AccuMap map features -hard copy maps, manual, pdf cross-sections North American Shales -Petra Thematic Map projects, GeoGraphix projects, ArcView Geological Edge Set Texas & Midcontinent US map and layers files Geological Edge Set -bi-annual updates and additions to mapping -technical support

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 9 TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS JANUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, the Gog Group have only been previously Sedimentology, three business days before event. [Monday, January documented at reconnaissance level. 6, 2013]. CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. Ichnology and Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. This presentation will laid out the revised lithostratigraphy of the Gog Group in the Sequence Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH Bow Valley region. Sequence stratigraphy credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// aspects of the Gog Group will be discussed, Stratigraphy of www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. focusing on the forced-regressive tidal flats. Finally a new integrated sedimentologic– the Lower Shallow-marine sandstone of the Gog Group ichnologic model for tide-dominated in the southern Rocky Mountains comprise sandbodies will be discussed with the Cambrian Gog part of the vast terrace of siliciclastic proposal of a new classification of subtidal deposits that rimmed the continental sandbodies. Group, Southern margin of western Canada, indeed almost contiguously around Early Cambrian The detail study of the Gog Group have Rocky Mountains, Laurentia. It lies at the base of one of the “awakened a giant” as it were, and its most thickest Cambrian sections in the world likely that these rock will play in the near Canada and records the initial phases of the early future a major role in our understanding Paleozoic transgression onto the craton. of tide-dominated shallow-marine systems. SPEAKER Seemingly monotonous, and perhaps for Dr. Patricio Desjardins this reason it has escaped detailed study, BIOGRAPHY Shell Exploration the Gog Group is revealed to consist of Dr. Patricio Desjardins is the 2011 recipient a more varied lithology than hitherto of the CSPG Best Ph.D. thesis award for his 11: 30 am appreciated. Continuous sedimentary thesis entitled “Sedimentology, Ichnology and Thursday, January 9th, 2013 successions without major interruptions Sequence Stratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre, provide an instructive opportunity to trace Gog Group, Southern Rocky Mountains, Macleod Hall C/D depositional evolution of the broad shelf Canada”, supervised by Drs. Luis A. Buatois, Calgary, Alberta setting in this region. Lithologic variations, Brian R. Pratt and M. Gabriela Mángano at sedimentary structures and trace fossils in the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. Patricio graduated in 2005 as a Geologist from the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán in Argentina and continued his graduate Expertise studies as a PhD student at the University of Saskatchewan. While in Argentina he in Integrated Subsurface Solutions conducted research in the Upper Palozoic Tupe Formation of the Paganzo Basin analyzing Featuring one of our many technical services offering world class geophysical data support ... the sedimentology, ichnology and sequence stratigraphy of postglacial transgressions in DATA ROOM SERVICES Gondwana. As a student Patricio has received We offer seismic project preparation, data presentation on Seisware, Kingdom or WinPics seismic workstation. several awards including Best Geology Graduate Award from Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, the University of Saskatchewan’s Appel Global Citizenship Awards and the named Saskatchewan Science Network (SSN) Scientist of the Month, both in from in recognition for outstanding volunteer contributions to science education in Argentina and Canada. Today, Patricio works as a storage support convenience comfort Specialist Geologist for Shell Exploration and Production Company in Houston, Texas Your data will be carefully managed on secure workstation and made focusing on the description and interpretation available to reviewers in one of our spacious, private and comfortably of cores from mainly unconventional reservoirs appointed data rooms. If you desire to establish a data room on your from several basins around the globe. Before own site, we can supply a dedicated workstation with working software his current assignment in Shell, he worked in license to you on a rental basis, which we will manage and maintain. Deep Water Gulf of Mexico, and Onshore US Contact us for further information and pricing. New Ventures and Business Development.

A division of Geo-Reservoir Solutions Ltd.

GEO-RESERVOIRSOLUTIONS.COM 403.777.0008 [email protected]

10 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 RESERVOIR_GEORes_third_Dataroom_08_2013.indd 1 2013-08-22 1:25 PM TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS JANUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

In the past three decades of oil exploration in Previously, Al worked for BP as a Petroleum Oil and Gas the Arctic, more than 200 billion barrels of oil Geologist/Exploration Manager for over 30 years. have been discovered. Ultimate resources are His career in petroleum exploration, took him to Exploration in estimated at 114 billion barrels of undiscovered most corners of the world including N. America, oil and 2000 trillion cubic feet of natural Europe, Africa, Middle East and the Far East. the Arctic gas. If these estimates are correct, these Following the BP Amoco merger, he led the team hydrocarbons would account for more than a which made the significant Plutonio discovery in SPEAKER fifth of the world’s undiscovered reserves. This Block 18, deepwater Angola. He is the author Alastair Fraser great prize, in a world of diminishing resources, of many papers on the Petroleum Geology of AAPG Distinguished Lecturer has stimulated both governmental and industry extensional basins most notably on the North Sea interest in areas such as the US and Canadian Jurassic and northern England Carboniferous. 11: 30 am, Tuesday, January 28, 2014 Beaufort Sea, East and West Greenland and Calgary, TELUS Convention Centre the Kara Sea. He continues to pursue his interests in rifts and Macleod Hall C/D, Calgary, Alberta rifted margins and this forms his main area of Balanced against this are the considerable research focus. Areas of interest will include the Please note: The cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, technical challenges of exploring and producing following: three business days before event. [Thursday, January hydrocarbons in areas where sea ice is present • Eastern Mediterranean – the Messinian 23, 2013]. CSPG Member Ticket Price: $45.00 + GST. for more than half the year as well as the Salinity Crisis, salt-sediment interaction and its Non-Member Ticket Price: $47.50 + GST. underlying threat of damage to a pristine Arctic impact on hydrocarbon prospectivity of the region environment. • Arctic Oil & Gas Exploration – the final Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGA PDH exploration and production frontier. What is the credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// Harnessing the considerable resources of the scale and distribution of these resources and www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. ‘Final Frontier’ is going to be fraught with many how can we develop the technologies to exploit technical, political and environmental challenges these reserves in a socially and environmentally In overcoming the technical challenges of oil that will engage many minds, both scientific and acceptable way? production in the Arctic, are we making the political over the next half century. • South Atlantic Margins – conjugate margin most of a strategic resource or heading for an evolution and fill. Crustal to basin scale. environmental and political minefield? BIOGRAPHY Al Fraser currently holds the post of EGI Chair in An additional and important aspect of his role is The vast Arctic region is probably the last Petroleum Geoscience at Imperial College, London. as Director of the EGI/Imperial Research Alliance. remaining unexplored source of hydrocarbons He has a BSc from Edinburgh University and a PhD Al is currently Science Secretary of the Geological on the planet. from Glasgow University in the UK, both in Geology. Society of London.

2014 CSEG Symposium: value oriented geophysical case studies

Thursday March 6th, 2014

8:00AM to 4:30PM Telus Convention Centre

The 2014 CSEG Symposium is the third annual event which will showcase the CSEG's best speakers, with talks highlighting our mission to estimate the truth about the earth in a case study format.

For more information, go to: www.cseg.ca/symposium

To register, go to: www.cseg.ca/symposium/register.php

2014 CSEG Symposium: value oriented geophysical case studies

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 11 ROCK SHOP

RockWell Consulting FARHAT HYDERI, P.Geol. President / CEO SPECIALIZED IN GEOLOGICAL WELLSITE SUPERVISION 3300, 205 - 5th Ave SW AND CORE ANALYSIS Calgary, AB T2P 2V7 petrographical & sedimentological descriptions for samples (thin section - fluid inclusion studies) Tel 403 726 0666 SABLE PETROLEUM conventional vertical/horizontal wells Fax 403 264 1262 CONSULTANTS INC. operations geology Cell 403 819 2516 WELLSITE GEOLOGICAL our best friend and most valuable partner is our client [email protected] SUPERVISION Stephan C. Dragomir SABLECONSULTANTS.COM president Conventional Wells Heavy Oil/Oil Sands SAGD Horizontal www.geok2.com - phone: 403.831.9941 - [email protected] Coring Programs Coal Bed Methane Project Supervision

PRACTICAL LOG ANALYSIS COURSES For Engineers, Geologists, Geophysicists, and Technicians

Practical Quantitative Log Analysis: 15 – 17 Oct 2013 Analysis of Unconventional Reservoirs: 18 Oct 2013

Details and Registration at: www.spec2000.net/00-coursedates.htm Domestic and International Shale Gas/Oil Shales In-House and Multi-Media Narrated Self-Study Courses Also Available === Conventional Vertical and Horizontal Wells Coal Bed Methane Instructor: E. R. (Ross) Crain. P.Eng. Oil Sands - SAGD/Coring Programs Project Supervision 1-403-845-2527 [email protected] === Email: [email protected] Tel: (403) 262-9229 Fax: (403) 265-0377 – 50 Years Worldwide Experience – Analysis, Training, Mentoring, Forensic Reviews – === Website: www.progeoconsultants.com

210, 237 – 8th Ave. S.E. Calgary, AB T2G 5C3 Phone: 403.263.5440 Fax: 403.263.2331 [email protected]

742 Memorial Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 3C7 P: 403 242 1522 F: 403 242 8223 E: [email protected] Strip Log Log Manager www.chinookconsulting.ca Horizontal Log Log Viewer SERVICES Mud Log Log Analysis • Wellsite geological supervision • Core and cuttings petrographic studies Suite 102, 7370 Sierra Morena Blvd SW, Calgary, AB T3H 4H9 • Operations geology • Remote geo-steering and remote geological supervision [email protected] 1-800-447-1534 (403) 237-9189 • Project management

12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013

Multistage Frac in DTD-19H

DIVISION TALKS STRUCTURAL DIVISION Sponsored by

Within the sedimentary section the principal overburden on the active thrust belt but in The development fluids available are water and hydrocarbons. some cases also compromises the top seal no Water is an effective mechanism to longer allowing fluid pressures to build up and of thrust belts and increase fluid pressure in relatively young likely retarding the continuity of deformation. unconsolidated sediments as those sediments Another implication to this system is that the the influence of compact; but in older more consolidated migration pathways become predominantly strata there is little water available to horizontal rather than vertical. The flush of fluid pressure sustain prolonged deformation periods. The hydrocarbons will migrate beyond the thrust generation of hydrocarbons appears to be a belt into the adjoining foreland basin forming SPEAKER more effective mechanism to create sustained massive hydrocarbon resource deposits Paul MacKay elevated fluid pressure and to maintain that within the undeformed strata. In the case of Shale Petroleum fluid pressure within a leaky system. Organic the Canadian Rockies the lateral migration [email protected] material goes through a volume increase of hydrocarbons is hundreds of kilometres when heated and converted to hydrocarbons. in distance to the point where the flush of 12 noon to 1pm This volume increase creates substantial over- hydrocarbons coming from the thrust belt Thursday, December 5, 2013 pressure fluid conditions within the rock as has migrated to the other side of the foreland Conference Centre Room A, a greater volume must be confined within a basin to form the massive oilsands bitumen +30 level, Western Canadian Place restricted pore volume. The generation of deposits at the Alberta/ Saskatchewan border. (Husky Energy), 707-8th Avenue S.W. hydrocarbons are a sustained source of fluids Calgary, Alberta that is used to create episodic elevated fluid INFORMATION pressures and failure within a thrust belt. Structural Division talks are monthly-ish and cover ABSTRACT a diversity of structural themes. Our Structural Fold and Thrust belts are contractional The flush of hydrocarbons during deformation Division sponsors are HEF Petrophysical and systems created by plate collisions. These results in abundant petroleum traps where Husky Energy. All are welcome and no registration collisions create stress conditions where the the structural development and hydrocarbon is required. For additional information, to be maximum and intermediate principal stresses charge are simultaneous. There are several placed on the Division e-mail list or to present are horizontal and the minimum principal nuances which add to the complexity of a talk, please contact Darcie Greggs, Darcie. stress is vertical. The stress orientation the system. Erosion has a greater effect [email protected]. favours the development of low angle reverse where it both lightens the weight of the faults consistent with Anderson’s rules. Though the stress orientation is important in the determination of the fault orientation, the shape of the thrust system is also dependent on a wide variety of semi-related rates. Rates of uplift, erosion, deposition all play a role in the shape of the thrust belt. Spatial variations in sedimentary thickness, rock properties, and the relief on crystalline basement also have a profound effect on the development of the thrust belt.

Another fundamental influence on thrust belts is the presence of fluids within the geologic section and the role these fluids play as a trigger mechanism for seismic failure of faults. Failure occurs in the crust when the differential stress conditions within the crust (the difference between the maximum and minimum principal stresses) exceeds the strength of the crustal material. The effect of increased fluid pressure is to reduce the effective stresses within the system but maintain a consistent differential stress. Thus increasing fluid pressure is an effective trigger mechanism to create failure conditions in the section and allow faults to slip. As faults slip the fluids have an escape route and leave the system thus reducing the fluid pressure and re-establishing stability conditions effectively arresting the slip on the fault. Motion on the fault ceases until the fluid pressure elevates and recreates the failure condition thus repeating the process.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 13 25TH ANNUAL CSPG/CSEG/CAPL 10K and 5K Roadrace and Fun Run | By Armin Schafer, Race Director

On a hot fall afternoon Sept 11th, 2013 Here’s a summary of the the 25th annual CSPG/CSEG/CAPL road CSPG, CSEG, and CAPL winners from 2013: race and fun run took place along the Bow River Pathway. With the temperature in OVERALL TOP MALE 10 K RESULTS the 28 degrees range, it felt more like Place Time Race # Div Name Member summer than fall. An enthusiastic group of 111 runners bolted from the start line. This 1 35:59.87 1262 M3039 John RUSSEL CSEG year the 5K had 51 runners, getting every 2 38:41.38 1232 M3039 John LAUGHTON CSPG closer to the 71 runners in the 10K. 3 40:13.13 1214 M-U30 Alex DUHAULT None Due to the floods, the route had to 4 40:54.37 1280 M4049 Dale HAESSEL None cross the river at the Crowchild Bridge underpass and continue west on the North 5 41:08.12 1204 M3039 Dan CICERO CAPL side of the river. Our race volunteers, decked out in bright orange safety vests, OVERALL TOP FEMALE 10 K RESULTS aided the runners in negotiating the route. Place Time Race# Div Name Member Once again distances were marked uniquely in geologic time to assist, or perhaps 1 42:15.89 1211 F3039 Kellie D’HONDT CAPL confuse, the participants. Like every year 2 43:27.13 1226 F-U30 Megan HEISE None it’s great to see a mix of competitive and first time runners. Winning Time once 3 43:31.14 1218 F3039 Jessie FLETCHER CAPL again provided timing with the race chip 4 44:15.38 1246 F-U30 Jane MARZETTI CSPG mounted conveniently on the runners’ race bib. 5 44:19.14 1273 F4049 Shirley FLEMING CSEG

We returned to The Calgary Curling Club OVERALL MALE 5K RESULTS for the post race awards party, where the mix of racers and volunteers enjoyed Place Time Race # Div Name Member plenty of cold beverages and a pasta dinner. 1 19:54.12 541 M3039 Franck DELBEG CSEG Being the 25th Annual race, everyone was encouraged to wear a prior race shirt. 2 20:32.38 540 M4049 Bob DAWSON CSPG We even had someone with the inaugural 3 21:28.13 580 M3039 Nathan BAKER CSPG year 1 Tshirt on. It still fit, although it now had a few holes. Prizes were drawn for 4 23:06.37 566 M4049 Stephen ROBINSON CSPG anyone wearing a prior year race shirt. 5 23:25.62 582 M-U30 Brett HUITIKKA None Special thanks goes to Target Data (Vic Urban) for sponsoring the 25th Annual celebrations. The evening was topped off OVERALL FEMALE 5K RESULTS with door prizes, awards and of course our Place Time Race # Div Name Member now infamous sock- toss. Through great 1 21:56.38 534 F-U30 Courtney BOGSTIE CSPG sponsorship and strong participation, we are once again able to contribute to our 2 22:02.14 536 F5059 Jodi COHEN CSPG designated charity the YMCA strong kids 3 22:04.62 554 F-U30 Rachel LEA CSPG foundation! 4 25:39.63 569 F3039 Susan WILLIAMS CSPG I would like to thank all the volunteers and sponsors who helped make this event 5 26:12.12 543 F5059 Tina DONKERS CSPG a success! We have acknowledged our sponsors on a separate page. Thank you also to all the runners. It was a pleasure Burk, Fatima Halari and Kristy Casebeer at We look forward to seeing you next year cheering you in at the finish line. the CSPG office. As well, thanks to Nick for the 26th annual; race date will be Wiggins and the staff at the Eau Claire September 10, 2014. Finally a huge thank-you to our group on YMCA for their hospitality. the committee that made this all work: Thank you. Kathy Waters, Greg Hayden, Jocelyn For more information on category winners, Armin Schafer, Race Director (aschafer@ Frankow, Tina Donkers, Shirley Fleming, run times and placement, please see http:// canadiandiscovery.com). Dan Cicero, Vic Urban, Chris Savels, Tim www.startlinetiming.com/races/2013/cspg/

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 25th Annual CSPG/CSEG/CAPL 10K & 5K Road Race September 11th, 2013

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 15 GEOMECHANICS FOR EVERYONE Part 4: Geomechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing | By Keri Yule, CalFrac Well Services

INTRODUCTION TO THE ARTICLE BY AMY FOX, CANADIAN DISCOVERY This month’s article in our geomechanics series is sort of a follow-up to the previous article. While in the last piece we addressed ideas about what makes a rock “fracable,” in this article we look at how the rock actually fractures during hydraulic stimulation and the geomechanical and operational parameters important in that process. It drives home the point that while we are making great strides in understanding what factors influence completions, quantifying and predicting those factors in a practical way remains a major challenge in our industry.

Completions are just one aspect of many when it comes to success in unconventional plays, and it is becoming increasingly apparent that these aspects can’t be considered in isolation. I recently attended the Denver Well Logging Society’s annual convention in Golden, CO, and this year’s topic was “Geomechanics in Unconventional Reservoirs.” As the speakers were questioned about what they think is most important in these plays, the same two Illustration of the diverse types of hydraulic fractures that can result from the interaction between the well orientation, words were repeated time and time again – the near wellbore stress concentration, and the far-field in situ stress state. (Abass, H.H. et al. SPE 24823) “it depends.” What does it depend on? The number of answers to that question, at least used interchangeably in the literature as design parameters such as the specific type right now, is downright overwhelming, but a means of describing the likelihood in of fluid and proppant(s), fracture staging progress will come from understanding what creating complex fracture networks or and spacing, perforation strategy, pumping “it depends” means from someone else’s point stimulated reservoir volume (SRV’s). Even schedule, fluid volumes and treatment rate of view. Hopefully with this article we take our though these indices have been mainly used also contribute to effectively stimulating readers a step in that direction. to evaluate and compare various shale and producing these challenging reservoirs. plays, formations and layers, the creation of Applying geomechanics provides a INTRODUCTION complex fracture networks during hydraulic significant opportunity to optimize these When geomechanics was first introduced fracture stimulation requires more than completion design parameters, enhance to the petroleum industry, few could have brittle rocks. Simply, the presence of planes stimulated reservoir volume and maximize predicted how significant a role it would of weakness and brittle rock does not well performance. play. Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal mean that a complex fracture network will drilling are two key technologies that have be created. Stimulation design parameters Hydraulic Fracture Growth made the development of unconventional play a key role. This article will introduce Hydraulic fracturing is the process resources commercially economical. the function of geomechanics specifically as of transmitting pressure by means of a However, the mechanisms to produce it pertains to hydraulic fracture stimulation. fluid or a gas to create or open existing from such unconventional sources are very cracks in the rock. The purpose is to difficult and challenging. Today, the subject APPLYING GEOMECHANICS TO create a contact between the well and the of geomechanics is now recognized as HYDRAULIC FRACTURING formation corresponding to a permeable an integral component not only of the One of the most significant parts in pathway for fluids to flow into the well. relevant phases of field development such the development of any unconventional Knowledge of in-situ stresses is critical to as well planning and drilling, but perhaps resource is the successful implementation understanding hydraulic fracture growth, more importantly, of well completions. and design of the well stimulation. However, geometry and treatment pressures. The in- the essentials for an optimum fracture situ stress distribution controls factors such In the preceding article in this series, a treatment include a wide range of factors— as fracture orientation, height containment, brief description of fracability and the proper selection of well location, drilling treating pressure magnitude, and change most well-known brittleness indices was azimuth, lateral placement, reservoir in pumping pressure during the treatment. presented. The article mentioned that the contact and completion strategy, to name The orientation of induced fractures in terms fracability and brittleness have been a few. On the other hand critical fracturing the earth is controlled primarily by the

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 Hydraulic Fracture Complexity Compliant, homogeneous rocks have the Early in hydraulic fracturing it was believed capacity to yield to induced stress and are that all fractures created through pumping more likely to create a single tensile failure were vertically oriented, bi-wing, and plane. By contrast, brittle, heterogeneous planar, extending in the direction of rocks have the additional mechanism maximum horizontal stress. However, with of creating indirect shear failure, with the use of hydraulic fracture diagnostics, fracture extension deeper into the rock observations have shown that hydraulic matrix. If significant heterogeneity exists in fractures are generally not single and the matrix, such as unconformities caused planar, aligned with the wellbore or by laminations or microfractures, there is contained in the desired target interval. a significant opportunity to enhance SRV More importantly, the creation of far- with fracturing designs aimed at creating field complex fracture networks during connected fracture networks. fracture extension is evident. But not all rocks possess the properties required for In order to achieve far field complexity, successful induction of far field complexity. (Continued on page 18...) The above illustrates the various fracture growth types, which can occur during hydraulic stimulation, ranging from simple to complex fracture networks. (SPE 114173). differences in magnitude between the three principal stresses. As with most things in nature, the fracture will take the path of least resistance. This means that the major displacement (opening of the fracture width) will occur in the direction of the minimum principal stress. Therefore, the plane of the propagated fracture will always be normal to the minimum stress direction, and fractures will always propagate in the direction of the maximum and intermediate principal stresses. Close to the well, however, the fracture is controlled by the near-wellbore stress concentration. This can lead to fracture tortuosity as seen in the first figure.

The magnitude of the various stresses, especially the minimum stress, determines the fluid pressure required to open a fracture. The stress variation owing to bedding interfaces can control both the alternating path of least resistance as well as the vertical connectivity, hence controlling created fracture height growth. Another aspect that needs to be examined is the effects in pore pressure variations. Pore pressure directly affects the minimum horizontal in-situ stress (closure stress), therefore fracture propagation and final geometry. As well, a comprehensive assessment of fracture geometry and proppant placement has indicated that spatial variations in fracture fluid leakoff caused by permeability and porosity distributions can have a huge impact on where the hydraulic fracture moves and, more importantly, where the proppant goes. Similarly, natural fractures and their impact on leakoff and transport are one of the single most dominant impacts on stimulation treatment success or failure. Together these factors determine the completion design schedule that can be pumped.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 17 (...Continued from page 17) the abnormally high treating pressures seen main fracture. This improved connectivity it is important to address the issue of in today’s horizontal completions during to the fracture networks should result in near wellbore complexity. The concept the early phases of fracture extension. a greater stimulated reservoir volume and of near wellbore complexity is usually Transitioning from the near wellbore improved economic recovery. defined as concurrent extension of multiple complexity effects to the far field stress competing fractures or fracture tortuosity. state can have a direct function on fracture Hydraulic Fracture Simulation As fluid exits the perforation(s),fracture dimensions and the net pressure created. Although many models have moved beyond creation and propagation are initially Fracture net pressure or fluid pressure Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics, a majority controlled by the near wellbore stress within the fracture, in turn, is a function of the imperfections associated with today’s concentration. The fracture then follows a of the treatment fluid properties, designed hydraulic fracturing models reflect both an tortuous pathway to reorient itself to the pump rate and reservoir mechanical elastic inability to predict the enhanced fracture direction of maximum horizontal stress properties. Based on the completion design, containment effects that may be provided (SHmax). In association with near wellbore induced far-field complexity or enhanced by layer/lamination interfaces and/or stress complexity this so called tortuosity is not fracture networks are achievable while also and mechanical property contrasts, and the only problematic but could be attributing to improving the network connectivity to the failure to arrest the exaggerated influence on fracture growth that may result from large scale reservoir heterogeneities such WELLSITE GEOSCIENCE SERVICES as natural fractures, small faults, bedding planes, etc. These shortfalls may be due more to a lack of characterization in the reservoir heterogeneities than to fundamental model limitations.

To approach an optimum design it is imperative to utilize an iterative process. It is not reasonable to expect a model to capture all aspects of a complex reservoir system initially. On the other hand, if any model is not challenged, questioned, and/ or calibrated it can never achieve the goal of becoming a predictive and useful design tool. Through analysis of fracture performance, post-fracture production and application of treatment diagnostics we must question whether the treatment performed according to expectations. If the hydraulic fracture objectives were not accomplished then the reasons for these deficiencies must be identified and changes may need to be made to the treatment design.

Through detailed numerical modeling, pre-fracture testing, analysis of treatment response, and use of more complete When time is money, fracture diagnostics, we can learn much Wellsite Geoscience is more about the fracturing process. A complete understanding must be based money well spent. on sound observations and a fundamental Whether you’re exploring a basin, producing a well or completing understanding of process physics. We

a shale play, time is money. That’s why Weatherford Laboratories are now beginning to understand how to brings a suite of formation evaluation technologies right to the better predict in-situ stress. There is strong wellsite. Utilizing mud gas and cuttings, these technologies provide evidence for fracture height containment detailed data on gas composition, organic richness, mineralogy mechanisms other than stress contrast. and chemostratigraphy in near real time. As a result, operators now With these factors integrated into our have an invaluable tool to assist with sweet spot identification, model we can better approach the fracture

wellbore positioning, completion design and hydraulic fracturing. treatment design problem. We call it Science At the Wellsite. You’ll call it money well spent. The hydraulic fracture optimization impasse SCIENCE AT THE WELLSITE™ www.weatherfordlabs.com is that models can often be incorrect, and diagnostic tools are an “after the fact” measurement of what went on during Formation Evaluation ┃Well Construction ┃Completion ┃Production the fracturing process and thus of little ©2013 Weatherford. All rights reserved value by themselves in optimizing the next completion. The combination of modeling

18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 and diagnostics allows fracture to hydraulic fracture stimulation is simulation models to be developed obvious. Different approaches to and more accurate, permitting a optimizing reservoir contact such as better prediction and continuous extended reach wells, multi-laterals refinement of the fracturing and multi-stage stimulation have process on subsequent treatments enabled significant improvements in the same area. in hydrocarbon recovery, but the evolving completion designs need INTEGRATION OF to be addressed over the entire life MICROSEISMICITY of the well. The industry is taking a One approach which has the more integrated approach, where potential to address the hydraulic wells are drilled and completed to fracture dimensions and validation enable stimulation with an overall issues is the monitoring of reservoir centric focus. In general, microseismicity. Microseismic maximum reservoir contact and mapping can provide the necessary complex wells bring new challenges hydraulic fracture feedback for the and additional risks that need design and fracture placement. to be balanced with completion The design parameters that can and stimulation designs that can be altered as a result of fracture overcome reservoir or regional mapping are fluid chemistry, pad challenges. volumes, treatment rates, sand stages, sweeps, treatment sizes, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS wellbore and stage spacing as well The author wishes to thank Paige as wellbore azimuth. Not only Snelling of MicroSeismic Inc., as would this diagnostic approach well as colleagues and peers for all aide in our abilities to better comments and suggestions provided. understand surface treating pressures but it could assist in REFERENCES further distinguishing the variability Abass, H.H., Soliman, M.Y., Tahini, in rock fabric in contrast to job A.M., Surjaatmadja, J., Meadows, D.L., execution. Sierra, L. 2009. Oriented Fracturing: A New Technique to Hydraulically Microseismic data can be acquired Fracture Openhole horizontal Well. in a number of ways but can generally be the rock failed (dip-slip, strike-slip, etc.) and Paper SPE 124483 presented at the 2009 SPE grouped into two categories: downhole allow us to infer the orientation of the planes Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, and surface/near-surface. Well-constrained along which the rock failed. Often changes New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 4-7 October seismic event locations can be used to tell in focal mechanism can indicate a change in 2009. us about the reservoir as well as to evaluate rock properties, such as a fault, or fractures the effectiveness of a hydraulic fracturing breaking out of zone. Changes in focal Barree, R.D., et al. 2003. Closing the Gap : program. Where the events occur in depth mechanism solutions can also reflect stress Fracture Half-length from Design, Buildup, tell us about height growth and fractures changes that may occur in different portions and Production Analysis. Paper SPE 84491 that extend out-of-zone and can aide in of the reservoir or due to the hydraulic presented at the SPE Annual Technical well placement. The lateral extent of event fracturing program itself, depending on the Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, locations (hypocentres) can tell us how far stress state. By combining microseismic data USA, 5-8 October. apart to place wells and stages along wells with pumping information, the effectiveness Castillo, D.A. and Moos, D. 2000. Reservoir to avoid over- or under-stimulation. Trends of fluid and proppant volumes used or Geomechanics Applied to Drilling and in the event locations can often indicate the fluids themselves (if varied) can be Completion Programs in Challenging the orientation of SHmax, or in structured evaluated. Formations: Northwest Shelf, Timor Sea, areas, events may effectively highlight North Sea and Columbia. APPEGA Journal. p. preexisting faults or natural fracture SUMMARY 509-521. systems. The hypocentres can also indicate Unlike conventional reservoirs, when mechanical failures occur during a unconventional reservoirs have large areal Cipolla, C.L., Warpinski, N.R., Mayerhofer, completions program – such as failure to extents, are not easily accessible, have M.J., Lolon, E.P., Vincent, M.C. 2008. The isolate a zone or tool malfunctions that may significantly high development cost and are Relationship Between Fracture Complexity, prevent fluid from accessing the designated characterized by extremely low flow capacity Reservoir Properties, and Fracture Treatment entry point. Events can also be used to with high in-situ stress conditions. The Design. Paper SPE 115769 presented at the determine the volume of rock accessed concept of achieving the desired maximum 2008 SPE Annual Technical Conference and (SRV) through hydraulic stimulation. SRV becomes increasingly complicated as Exhibition held in Denver, Colorado, USA, 21- we continue to drill increasingly complex 24 September 2008. Additional insight from focal mechanism wellbores. While addressing reservoir analysis can also help to better understand challenges, optimizing economics, and Cramer, D.D., 2008. Stimulating Unconventional hydraulic fractures and the stress increasing production the need to further Reservoirs: Lessons Learned, Successful Practices, environment. Focal mechanisms tell us how understand geomechanics as it pertains (Continued on page 20...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 19 (...Continued from page 19) Maxwell, S., Cho, D., Norton, M. 2011. Integration Areas for Improvement. Paper SPE 114172 of Surface Seismic and Microseismic Part 2: presented at the 2008 SPE Unconventional Understanding Hydraulic Fracture Variability Reservoirs Conference held in Keystone, through Geomechanical Integration. CSEG Colorado, USA, 10 -12 February 2008. Recorder. February.

East, L., Soliman, M.Y., Augustine, J. Methods Maxwell, S.C., Waltman, C.K., Warpinski, for Enhancing Far-Field Complexity in Fracturing N.R., Mayerhofer, M.J., Boroumand, N. Operations. Paper SPE 133380 presented at the 2006. Imaging Seismic Deformation Induced SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, by Hydraulic Fracture Complexity. Paper SPE Florence, Italy. 19-22 September 2010. 102801 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in San Antonio, Fisher, M.K., Davidson, B.M., Goodwin, A.K., Texas, USA, 24-27 September 2006. Fielder, E.O., Buckler, W.S., Steinberger, N.P. 2002. Integrating Fracture Mapping Urbancic, T.I., Shumila, V., Rutledge, J.T., Zinno, Geology from the Brandon University. Technologies to Optimize Stimulations in the R.J., 1999. Determining Hydraulic Fracture Barnett Shale. Paper SPE 77411 presented Behavior using Microseismicity, Rock Mechanics Over the past 13 years, Keri has advanced her at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and for Industry. Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5809 role as a Fracture Design Specialist to a Multi- Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, 29 September 052 3. Disciplinary and Integrated approach. Within – 2 October. her profession Keri recognized the necessity for Wright, C.A., Weijers, Davis, E.J., Mayerhofer, well stimulation to be specifically tailored to the Kettler, AA. Et al. 2006. A Field Study M., 1999. Understanding Hydraulic Fracture needs of the individual reservoir. Optimizing Completion Strategies for Fracture Growth: Tricky t but no Hopeless. Paper SPE Initiation in Barnett Shale horizontal Wells. 56724 presented at the 1999 Annual Technical Keri’s overall responsibility is for the integration Paper SPE 103232 presented at the 2006 SPE Conference and Exhibition in Houston, Texas, between Reservoir characterization and Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, USA. October 3-6, 1999. Completion design. This enables her to San Antonio, 24-27 September 2006. build a strong relationship between the two BIOGRAPHY disciplines for the successful exploitation of both Mayerhofer, M.J., Lolon, E.P., Warpinski, N.R., Keri Yule is Manager, Geosciences currently at conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Cipolla, C.L., Walser, D., Rightmire, F.A., 2008. Calfrac Well Services. Keri holds a Diploma What is Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV)? (Honours) in Petroleum (Reservoir Engineering) Keri is an active member of the CWLS, SPWLA, Paper SPE 119890. Technology; SAIT Polytechnic and a B.Sc. in SPE, and CSUR.

Canada’s Energy Geoscientists

CSPG and geoLogic Systems Ltd.

Present our Annual Holiday Social & Technical Luncheon

Tuesday December 10th, 2013

Wine & Appetizers 10:30-11:30 am

Technical Luncheon 11:30-1:00 pm

This is a sellout social event that you don’t want to miss Tickets are available at www.cspg.org

20 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 GEOCONVENTION 2014: FOCUS May 12 – 16, 2014, www.geoconvention.com

FOCUS ON SPONSORSHIP icebreaker, daily luncheons, evening functions, “why would you exhibit?” So when potential When I became involved in the Sponsorship / and the Core Meltdown which closes out exhibitors ask “why?” we can now say with Exhibit portfolio some years ago, two of the the conference on Friday afternoon. It’s confidence, that it affords you visibility and very first questions (and they are still relevant your opportunity to highlight your technical focus. today) that I dealt with were “Why should expertise in specific play trends or technology, I bother to be a sponsor /exhibitor of the to advertise your products, and to showcase This year’s convention is called “FOCUS”. GeoConvention?” and, “What’s in it for me or your corporate brand to potential clients, my company?” The best responses that I can customers, and future employees (students) to Four advantages to exhibiting at GeoConvention: give are paraphrased below from the opening the geosciences community in one location. • High visibility remarks of our GeoConvention Sponsorship / • Networking Exhibitor brochure published each year. Finally, as a delegate myself, I have attended • Show of commitment to our respected almost all of the GeoConventions (or its societies “Sponsorship and exhibiting provide much of predecessors) in Calgary since I started in the • Education the funding to bring over 4,000 earth science oil & gas business over 35 years ago. It’s a great professionals from North America and around the way to find out what the geoscience community Every exhibitor is provided a booth for breaking world to attend the GeoConvention with three full in Canada is doing, and, a great way to maintain the cycle of social media and meeting people days of technical talks, an exhibit floor displaying the personal and professional relationships so face to face. the latest industry developments, a core conference unique to this industry and its success. at the world-class AER facility, and special social Take a few moments to review possible Real handshakes, real smiles and real focus. events to allow the delegates and exhibitors to sponsorship opportunities at this year’s mingle, network, and learn from industry and GeoConvention by visiting www.geoconvention. This opportunity is only once a year; take scientific leaders in the geosciences. This convention com/sponsors advantage of meeting over 4,000 delegates. is the ultimate opportunity to reinforce and increase your company’s brand and visibility with conference Douglas J. Colvin, P.Geoph. Be encouraged, be visible and be focused. delegates and exhibit attendees.” Sponsorship Chair, GeoConvention 2014 Be there.

Companies can sponsor technical sessions, FOCUS ON EXHIBITING Judi Macdonald, Exhibit Chair poster sessions, and social events such as the After many years of partaking, participating and Craig Van Dongen, Judi’s Wing Man attending GeoConvention, we often wondered, GeoConvention 2014 Abstract Submission Open GeoConvention 2014: Focus will be held May 12-16 at the Calgary TELUS Convention Centre in Calgary, Alberta. Conference themes will focus attention on the most significant facets of an operation, refining evolving workflows, and sustaining effective practices. Be a part of the convention: Submit your abstract by January 10 www.geoconvention.com/conference Sponsorship & Advertising Opportunities Available visit the webiste or call 403-264-5610

CSPG  CSEG  CWLS www.geoconvention.com

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 21 GEOLOGY OF THE MOUNT STEPHEN TRILOBITE BEDS AND ADJACENT STRATA NEAR FIELD B.C., YOHO NATIONAL PARK New Perspectives on a 127 Year Old Discovery | By V. Allen Kimmel P. Eng., P. Geol.

This article is a summary of one technical letter and three technical papers related to ongoing research by the author in an area that includes the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds and Burgess Shale located near Field, BC. The present research began with the recognition of, and investigation into, the Field Slide by the author, the findings of which are summarized immediately below. Analysis of the slide mass and slide failure surfaces led to other relevant findings that are contained within the pages that follow. The article is divided into three segments for publication in the Reservoir. The first segment deals with the existing surface geomorphology and Cambrian depositional environments. The second segment deals with the Mount Stephen Trilobite Beds, adjacent strata and local structural features. The final segment concludes discussing the local structural features and highlights the major conclusions of the research to date.

PART 1 Figure 1 - The Field Landslide BACKGROUND - THE FIELD LANDSLIDE rested/rest on top of what has previously reveals that the previously interpreted The exposed southern slopes of the lower been interpreted as the Boundary carbonate mud mounds (Collom, 2000), west side of Mount Stephen represent the Limestone Beds (found adjacent to the one of which is shown in Figure 2, and failure surface(s) of a major post glacial Cathedral Escarpment on the north face previously interpreted mega clasts (Figure landslide (Figure 1), herein named the Field of Mount Stephen) and later interpreted 3) found on the TBS (Fletcher and Collins, Slide. The town of Field, BC. is built on and named the Kicking Horse Formation 2003, p.1835) and adjacent slide slopes, are the distal toe of that slide. The slide mass, (Collins and Fletcher, 1998 p. 422). The relatively symmetrical small patch reefs predominantly comprising strata of the present day, slightly modified slide failure that increase in areal extent and vertical Ogygopsis Shale (lower Burgess) section, surface on the TBS psuedo parallels the height to the east. now resides as soil, rocks, boulders and dip slope of the original Cambrian bedding. large, relatively intact bedded strata 10’s This allows a unique look at the topography Individual limestone beds can be traced for of meters in height and length in the that existed at the beginning of Ogygopsis tens, and in some cases, hundreds of feet landslide toe. On the southernmost slope (Burgess Shale) deposition and at the facies along the mountainside (Figure 4). The flat (the Trilobite Beds Slope (TBS)), all but the and lateral facies changes in the Ogygopsis to gently curving rocks of this strata also lower 2 to 3 meters of the Ogygopsis Shale and adjacent Cambrian strata from west make up the majority of the talus on the were removed from the mountainside (downslope) to east (upslope) over a one TBS directly above the UTBs. The in situ during the slide. Roughly 40% of the post kilometre distance and from south to limestone layers, dolomitized adjacent to slide Ogygopsis beds still remain intact north over a comparable distance. It also and in proximity of the reefs, drape in all and are in situ on the TBS. The remainder explains why so many fossils are exposed directions around the sides of the larger of the beds have either slid or are actively on the TBS. patch reefs and cap the smaller patch reefs creeping down the mountainside. (Figure 3). The layers have been eroded off Cambrian Patch Reefs and Adjacent Strata of the tops of the larger reefs (Figure 2). The famous Upper Mount Stephen Trilobite The carbonate strata found on the TBS Beds (UTBs) and Lower Mount Stephen is predominantly comprised of limestone Depositional slopes of these draping beds Trilobite Beds (LTBs) are both part of layers and makes up a large portion of the reach a maximum of 15 to 20 degrees on and representative of the Ogygopsis, what exposed and scree covered in situ dip slope the reef sides (Figures 2 and 3). may prove to be the oldest Burgess Shale surface of the mid TBS. Analysis of the in (Stephen Formation). Pre movement, they situ strata on the TBS and adjacent slopes Similar reef draping/capping carbonate

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 beds occur in other formations elsewhere in the Rockies. In the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies (Figure 5), they are evident above the interpreted Devonian patch reef (Hunter, Bloy and Leggett,1989, Fig.5 p. 401) at Grassi Lakes near Canmore, Alberta.

Initial observations in the study area lend to the premise that the exposed upper most draping/patch reef capping limestone beds adjacent to the UTBs (and elsewhere) are very likely the off reef, syndepositional stratigraphic equivalents of larger, closer spaced patch reefs or massive reef complexes to the east.

Figure 2 - 3D view of the “draping” limestone beds (DB) at the front and to the right of the Cambrian patch reef The central reef cores of the one dozen located 100 metres upslope of the main UTBs. This reef is approximately 7 metres high from base at the far left to top. reefs/bioherms examined on the TBS to date are completely dolomitized and can be massive/blocky in nature (Figure 6) or riddled with vertical fractures (Figure 7) oriented perpendicular to the underlying conformable limestone beds. These fractures can be confused with bedding. Open fractures are commonly lined with white dolomite crystals and crystal lined vugs are occasionally present. For the purposes of this paper, bioherms are defined as buildups less than one meter in vertical height/thickness.

The degree of dolomitization and surface weathering of the analyzed TBS reefs makes the identification of reefal fauna impossible, though many scientists, starting Figure 3 - Looking from the UTBs to the NNE approximately 200 metres away. This 3.5 meter high patch reef (2 with Rasetti in 1951, recognized “the metres exposed above the scree) shows the symmetrical reef structure and capping limestone beds drapping equally in massive carbonates represent reefs of algal all directions. The 38 to 42 degree angle of the talus in the foreground (unaffected by the patch reef) pseudo parallels origin (note the abundance of Girvanella the dip slope of the underlying off reef limestone bedding. in the undolomitized portions of the Cathedral Formation...)” when discussing the Cathedral carbonates adjacent to the Monarch Mine on the north face of Mount Stephen (Rasetti, 1951, p.45). Aitken and McIlreath (GEOS 1984/1, p.17) also noted the existence of Epiphyton and Renalcis in off reef limestone blocks originating from the Cathedral Escarpment and, as with the TBS patch reefs, the Cathedral Escarpment reefs have had “all fine primary detail destroyed” during the dolomitization process. Future work on undolomitized features should confirm the internal faunal makeup of the patch reefs and bioherms.

Several preliminary conclusions can be drawn from the initial examination of the patch reefs (and bioherms). First, the more massive dolomitic (originally limestone) rock comprising the reef core passes laterally into time equivalent, depositionally Figure 4 - Looking east, directly upslope of the UTBs at the curved centimeter thick individual beds of (at times equivalent limestone beds off reef (Figures dolomitized) limestone, positioned stratigraphically below the Ogygopsis Shale beds. The individual layers can be traced 7 and 8). From the opposite perspective, for tens to hundreds of feet across the slope. The patch reef in Figure 2 is located approximately 40 metres to the left (Continued on page 24...) of the photo. Note the person (M. Quinn) in the lower centre of the photo.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 23 Figure 5 - 2D cross sectional view of the Devonian patch reef at Grassi Lakes, Canmore, Figure 6 - Blocky, massive nature of the dolomitized reefs. The exposed portion of this Alberta. Note the remnant bedding still visible in the lower one metre of the reef (outlined reef is approximately 1.5 metres high - note the Brunton at the lower left of the photo. in red). The laminar carbonate beds below the reef (angled due to thrusting) and curved draping beds above the reef are the lagoonal syndepositional equivalents of the main (eroded) reef complex deposited basinwards of this lagoonal patch reef.

Figure 7 - Originally vertical post depositional fractures in a dolomitized patch reef in the lower Figure 8 - Note the thinning of the biohermal reef core beds as they pass laterally off centre of the photo. Note the capping/draping beds over the top of the massive portion of the reef and the corresponding thickening and character change of the individual off reef reef at the left centre of the photo. Note also the thinning of the beds off the top right side of the carbonate beds as they pass into the reef core. Note also the migratory positioning of massive part of the reef and the thickening (biohermal developments) of the beds near the top the reef core/off reef edge. of the outcrop. The capping/draping beds and biohermal developments at the top of the outcrop are likely the off reef/reef edge facies of a higher part of the visible reef that has either been eroded away or develops more fully within the mountainside beyond the outcrop.

(...Continued from page 23) laterally into their off reef equivalents, re- complex has been previously interpreted each basinal limestone bed changes into emphasizing the syndepostional nature of as part of the lower Cathedral Escarpment a thicker biohermal/reefal interior (core) the reefs with the offsetting and adjoining (Aitken and McIlreath GEOS 1984/1, Fig. 3, facies as it enters the side of the reef. off reef limestone beds. This relationship p19 ) and related Takawkaw Tongue facies is evident in the smaller biohermal lenses (Fletcher and Collins, 1998, Fig. 1, p. 414). Second, the reef core is made up of stacked as well. Further, the internal bedding sequences of biohermal lenses. As Figure structures within the reef core parallel/ Fifth, the patch reefs initiate in and are 8 illustrates, the reef core to off reef pseudo parallel the depositional surfaces of part of the uppermost 10 to 20 metres transition can be migratory over several the underlying limestones. of the bedded carbonate sequence on the metres. The reef shows no distinctive reef/ lower and mid TBS. Buff in color on several off reef edge, though clearly the reef core Fourth, preliminary work lends to the exposed surfaces and when dolomitized, exists to the right and the off reef facies to hypothesis that the patch reefs found on the rock adjacent to and below the the left in the photo. the TBS eventually coalesce into a more reefal/biohermal developments typically massive reef complex to the east - the comprises dark blue/black thin bedded Third, as evident in Figure 9, all of the initial stage of Cathedral reefing evident limestone (Figure 13) that is in excess of larger reefs show remnant internal bedding at the base of the Cathedral exposed on 15 metres thick directly underlying the structures (biohermal lenses) that change Mount Field and Mount Stephen. This LTBs. This strata appears to be the same

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 Figure 9 - Remnants of depositional bedding (stacked biohermal lenses) within the patch reef shown in Figure 2 oriented psuedo parallel to the slope, steepening near the reef edge to the left. This photo looks NW and shows the upper most two meters of the southern side of the patch reef. The limestone beds in front of the reef (lower centre of photo in front of vegetation) are the draping beds (DB) to the right of the reef in Figure 2 and are the off reef equivalent beds of the upper patch reef lenses. strata described by Ney (1954) as the An avid history buff and jack of all trades, Al almost 100m thick zone of “thin bedded recognized the need for hands on industry dark limestone” found directly below the training courses that would benefit junior dolomitized Catherdral containing the East technical and all non technical industry Monarch and West Monarch Mine ore employees. In 1998, GeoHistory Inc. (www. bodies (p.123, Figure 3 p. 130). The strata geohistory.ca) was born with the creation of appears correlative to the top portion of the Calgary to Burgess Shale Field Course. what is referred to as the Mount Whyte Other courses followed, including the Essentials limestones visible in Figure 18 (final article of the Oil and Gas Industry Course, the segment) on the SW corner of Mount Field Production and Facilities Essentials Course, (Fritz, 1969 Fig 2. p.1158). and the Oil Sands and Heavy Oil Essentials geophysicists, he pursued Leduc and other Course. GeoHistory’s courses are now part AL KIMMEL BIOGRAPHY Devonian prospects utilizing a depositional of the internal training program of numerous Al Kimmel, a Professional Engineer and model he had developed. After the Amoco companies and industry associations such as Professional Geologist, has extensive merger, Al was transferred into the Foothills CAPLA. knowledge of geological play types throughout group. In 1990, Al was hired by Samson the Western Canadian Basin. A graduate of Canada - the first Canadian employee in a two In 2011, Al finally wrote about some of the the Geotechnical Option of UBC’s Geological man office. For the next four years, he worked observations he had made in the Mount Engineering Program, Al began his career throughout Western Canada, the Williston and Stephen area decades earlier. In 2012, he was as an Exploration Geologist with Dome elsewhere as an exploration and development granted a research permit from Parks Canada. Petroleum in 1985. His initial few months geologist, reservoir engineer and acquisitions Some of the initial results from his ongoing were spent working the Dunvegan Formation and divestiture specialist. In 1994, Al moved research are summarized in this article. in the Whitecourt area. By the end of his to Cimarron Petroleum and after the Newport first year with Dome, Al was moved into the Merger in 1998, left to consult and pursue his Whitecourt Devonian group where, with 3 own oil and gas interests.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 25 GO TAKE A HIKE Edworthy Park, Calgary, Alberta | By John Varsek and Philip Benham

glacial episode between 25,000 and 13,000 years ago. The till is overlain by fine silts deposited in Glacial Lake Calgary which formed when melt waters from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet were blocked by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Laurentide Ice Sheet was centered on Hudson’s Bay. It is believed that the abrupt southward turn of the Bow River east of city centre is due to deflection of the Ice Age Bow River by a wall of ice marking the western limit of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The boundary between the continental scale Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets is approximately marked by the Foothills Erratics Train. Meter-scale blocks of quartzite, sourced from the Cambrian Gog Group in the Jasper area, are found on Nose Hill and elsewhere in Calgary.

The modern day Bow River has cut through the till and glacial lake sediments leaving behind the terraces which can be seen from Douglas Fir Lookout. In the valley bottom are gravels dated at about 11,000 bp (Big Hill Formation), and are thought to be sourced from fluvial reworking of collapsed valley walls as the perma-frost thawed. Incision by the Bow River has left the steep slopes stretching from the Wildwood Cliffs to Canada Location P1 is the Edworthy Park parking lot, adjacent to Trailhead: Olympic Park. These cliffs served as Buffalo jumps with documented intersection of Bowness Road and Shaganappi Trail, NW Calgary. The park is a popular walking, biking and picnic area. The Wildwood Slide camps – hearth and butchered bison bones, dating as far back as 4600 is best viewed across the Bow River from location P2 on Parkdale years bp in Point MacKay. A spear point, discovered in point bar deposits Boulevard between 34 St and 37 St adjacent to the Bow River pathway. at Point MacKay, dates to 8000 – 9000 bp, and is the oldest found in the Edworthy Park area to date. Distance: The trail to Douglas Fir Lookout, from P1, is 2.8 km return with about 70m elevation gain. It crosses the Boothman bridge to the The Wildwood slide (blue circle) is a slope instability caused by the south side of the Bow river then continues downstream, east, to the presence of springs issuing from permeable sandstone lenses. First records to the Douglas Fire lookout – watch for signage. of movement date to the 1920s and in 1956 twenty eight railway cars were derailed there due to slope debris caused by a cloudburst. Springs Bedrock of the Upper Scollard formation is located about 100 m activity and slope movement accelerated with development of the Spruce downstream of the Boothman Bridge and comprises fluvial channels and Cliff and Wildwood communities in the 1950s and are attributed to water- mudstones deposited about 1.5 Ma after the K-T extinction event (ca. 64 Ma, main leakage and excessive lawn irrigation. Slope failure mechanisms vary magnetochron 28 r). This exposure is correlative to the Lower Porcupine from slope creep involving up to 12 m of unconsolidated cover, to surface Hills Fm of southern Alberta. It is stratigraphically above the Willow Creek sloughing, debris flows and occasionally rock falls when mudstones below Fm and below the Paskapoo Formation which is exposed at Canada Olympic sandstone layers are washed away. Immediately downstream, to the east Park. The strata consist of cross-bedded channel sandstones and inter- and across from P2 (white circle) is a newly formed land slip and marked by channel siltstones and mudstones. The channels contain clay rip-up clasts a “drunken forest “with trees, some now dead, pointing it every direction and numerous well preserved fresh water bivalves. except straight up. In winter numerous springs ice up across the pathway, in thicknesses that can exceed 1 m, and these often don’t thaw until early June. The Bow River occupies a larger valley than contemporary flow rates would indicate. Glacial melting cycles during the Pleistocene (spanning The Edworthy area hosted quarries to provide building stone after the the Ice Age of the last 2.5 million years), created much larger rivers that Great Fire of 1886, earning Calgary the moniker ‘Sandstone City.’ The incised deep into the bedrock. At the bottom of the Bow Valley are quality of the sandstone left something to be desired: seasonal freeze gravelly deposits that date back to about 1 – 2.5 Ma. This ancestral valley thaw cycles and impurities (such as shale clasts) cause spalling and limited was subsequently partly filled with glacial till, most likely from the last durability. Brick replaced sandstone early in the 20th century as the favoured building material due to lower cost and ease of construction.

Between 1905 and 1931 Brickburn, now within Edworthy Park, was the site of a terracotta brick factory. Quarries targeted the ‘shales’, actually lacustrine or abandoned channel fill clays, to manufacture brick (one is within the yellow circle on the map). The factory was fired with coal from the Bankhead mine in Banff. Some of the older brick buildings in the downtown core, and the first author’s house in Parkdale were sourced from Brickburn. Little is left of the small community and factory but you will see a railway station sign denoting Brickburn and a few hundred meters up the railway to the west you may find brick refuse piles in aspen- At your option you may obtain a view of the city from atop the plateau west of the Edworthy shrub thickets with bricks stamped EHC, for Edward Henry Crandell, coulee. Tipi rings found here are likely associated with the Buffalo Jump. The main walking owner of the brickworks. paths are along the tree covered slope to the right of the image. (Continued on page 28...)

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 Upper fine-grained, cross-bedded unit

Middle medium-grained, channelized unit

Light grey and tan to light orange shale rip up clasts. These form through cutbank collapse or as fragments of flood plain muds that are swept into the river.

Lower fine-grained, cross-bedded unit

Top Left: fine to medium grained lithic sandstone with cross-beds, rip up clasts and isolated log casts. Top Right: close-up of the freshwater bivalve Unio. Notice the fine detail of preservation, growth lines are readily visible. Pine needles provide scale.

Below Left: View from P2 to ‘drunken forest’ located downstream of Wildwood slide. Since this photograph was taken in Sep 2010, this slide has advanced and exposes bedrock.

Bottom Left: Wildwood Slide with mediation in the form of slope coverings, stabilization structures and drainage pipes. Both can be best viewed from along the north side of the river between 37 and 34 St NW.

Above: Geology of Bow Valley in vicinity of Edworthy Park (image Courtesy of Terry Poulton). Below: View from Douglas Fir Lookout of post-glacial topography. Note the post-glacial alluvial fan that deflects the Bow River’s path.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 27 (...Continued from page 26) REFERENCES: Ayrton, W.G. (Bill), 2003. The Building Rocks of Calgary Geological Walking Tour. Field Trip Guidebook from 2003 CSPG/CSEG Convention. Foothills Crescent Hospital Downtown Lerbekmo, J.F. and Sweet, A.R., 2000. Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy Heights of the continental Paleocene in the Calgary area, southwestern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 48, p. 285-306. Edworthy Park Heritage Society, 1994. Early Days in Edworthy Park (http:// Parkdale www.ourroots.ca/page.aspx?id=862174&&qryID0=cebf98f5-d8cc- 4053-be7d-a3c70860bbea). Moran, S., 1986. Surficial Geology of the Calgary Urban Area. Alberta Research Council, Bulletin No. 83. http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/publications/ abstracts/BUL_053.html. Osborn, G., 2003. Urban Geology of Calgary. Field Trip Guidebook from 2003 CSPG/CSEG Convention. Osborn, G. and Scott, C., 2002. Geology and Paleontology. In Treasures of the Trail: A Nature Guide to Edworthy Park, Lawrey Gardens and Douglas Fir Trail, p. 5 -11. Editor G. Osborn. Published by Edworthy Park Heritage Society. Osborn, G., 1987. Geologic and Hydrologic Hazards in Calgary. In Geology of the Calgary area, Ed. L.E. Jackson and M.C. Wilson. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Chapter 11, p. 121-127. Osborn, G. and Rajewicz, R., 1998. Urban Geology of Calgary. In Urban Geology of Canadian Cities, Editors P.F. Karrow and O.L. White. Geological Association of Canada Sp. Pap. 42, p. 93 -115. Top of Wildwood Slide: View from base Poulton, T., Neumans, T, Osborn G., Edwards, D., Wozniak, P., 2002. Geoscape of retaining wall along shotcrete cap. Calgary. GSC Misc Rpt #72. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca. Shotcrete is wet concrete applied at a earthsciences/files/pdf/calgary/pdf/geoscape_calgary_print_e.pdf. high velocity through a hose onto a surface. The emplaced drainage pipes are designed to lower Poulton, T., 2002. Geoscape Calgary Poster. Geological Survey of Canada water pressure and reduce surface sloughing. The inset figure shows hydraulic excavation, slope Miscellaneous Report 72. Produced by Terry Poulton, Tracey Neumar, Gerald failure and top of debris flow originating at detached pipes. The pictured erosion incident occurred Osborn, Dixon Edwards, Paul Wozniak. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/ months after this remediation work was completed. Photographed October 2010. This feature can products-services/mapping-product/geoscape/calgary/6115. be observed from across the river (purple dot) or from the walking trail. It’s location on the map is identified from the blue circle. Wilson, M.C., 1987. Geological history of the Bow River valley in the Calgary region, In Geology of the Calgary area, Ed. L.E. Jackson and M.C. Wilson. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Chapter 10, p. 109-120. The Reservoir Committee welcomes contributions from our readership to this series. If you wish to offer a submission to Go Take a Hike on your favourite hike of geological interest, email the Wilson, M.C. and Hardy, K.J, 1987. The archeology of the Calgary area, Reservoir at [email protected] for more information. Alberta. In Geology of the Calgary area, Ed. L.E. Jackson and M.C. Wilson. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Chapter 12, p. 129-142.

Canada’s Energy Geoscientists

CALL FOR INSTRUCTORS

The CSPG Continuing Education committee is looking for instructors interested in teaching a course or field trip in conjunction with the 2014 GeoConvention: Focus

If you are interested please contact Kelsey Green at the CSPG office, 403-513-1225, [email protected]

28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 ROCK SHOP

1602 – 5th St N.E. T.I.H. Consulting Ltd. • Domestic and International wellsite supervision Calgary, AB. T2E 7W3 • Conventional and Unconventional wells Geologic Well-Site Phone: 403-233-7729 • Extensive Hz experience Supervision www.tihconsulting.com e-mail: [email protected] • Customized corporate solutions available (403) 250-3982 [email protected] www.clconsultants.ca

(The name that says it all!!!) Bus 403.234.7625

800, 555 - 4 th Avenue SW, Calgary, AB, T2P 3E7 [email protected] www.WellsiteGeologists.com

Global Leaders in Wellsite Geology Serving the petroleum industry for over 25 years Wellsite 101 Geology Training for the Petroleum Industry II Conventional Vertical / Horizontal Wells

II Unconventional Heavy Oil / CBM Wells www.opustraininggroup.com

II International WSG / Operations Geology 403 720-9810 17084 Opus Training Group (403) 263-0449 www.rpsgroup.com/energy

Reach more than 3000 petroleum professionals who section township

are empowered to purchase your product or service. yevrus nip 1413 15 16 34333231 35 36 ADVERTISE IN THE 101112 9 2627282930 25 Jocelyn Lampron, P. Geol. 765 8 2322212019 24 President & CEO CD RESERVOIR 234 BA 18 17 16 15 14 13 Wellsite Geological Supervision ph: 403.266.3132 lsd Please call: *Conventional Wells-Heavy Oil/SAGD cell: 403.818.8549 CD 1110987 12 N Emma MacPherson *Coal Bed Methane Wells www.hopewellpetroleum.com BA CD Tel:403.513.1230 *Domestic & International Supervision [email protected] 23456 BA Email: [email protected] *On & Offshore Geological Supervision 906, 505 6 St. SW Calgary, AB T2P-1X5

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 29 50TH ANNUAL Western Inter-University Geosciences Conference (WIUGC) Professionals in Geoscience www.apega.ca

CORPORATE SUPPORTERS Apache Canada Ltd. Using the Old to Create the New Apoterra Seismic Processing Ltd. BDO Canada LLP Birchcliff Energy Ltd. Geoscience uncovers and innovates BJV Exploration Partnership Cabra Consulting Ltd. Nowhere in the APEGA Code of Ethics do the words “innovation” or “innovate” appear. Yet, Cabra Enterprises Ltd. Professional Geoscientists are deeply involved with the process of acquiring and applying Casey & Associates Canada Brokerlink Inc. new data and information about places and materials that no one else has discovered. Often, CL Consultants new data are a reinterpretation of old data that were collected for different purposes during Compass Directional Services different times. Continental Laboratories (1985) Ltd. Core Laboratories Core Laboratories Canada Learning leads to innovation by developing new and improved methods of doing old things. Cougar Consultants, Inc. Reinterpreting data is key to innovation, which serves the public interest, a concept at the Datalog Technology Inc. EDGE Technologies Back Row (L-R): Matt Torriero, Jordan Domin, Dennis Ellison, Zac Colbran, Matt Lennon. heart of the ﬁ fth Rule of Conduct under APEGA’s Code of Ethics. When combined with old Energy Navigator Front Row (L-R): Maverick Rae Cue, Micaela MacDonald, Adrienne McDougall. Not Pictured: Victor Hoang, Hussein Hassanali, Mike Ostrzenski. data, information derived from new methods may detect previously overlooked resources. EV Cam Canada Inc. These resources create new wealth for Albertans. Explor The University of Calgary’s Rundle Group Bowl regional qualifier. We will close the Fekete and GUSS Club, along with Mount Royal conference with a wrap-up Banquet and Geotir University’s Joli Fou Club, are pleased to host awards ceremony, where the best research Geoscience professionals must perpetually improve and expand their knowledge and skills GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. the 50th Annual Western Inter-University presentations of the conference will be within their chosen scopes of practice. Courses offered by APEGA and geoscience technical GranTierra Energy Inc. Geosciences Conference (WIUGC). awarded with scholarships from the CSPG societies can be useful tools in improving how we do things. All it takes is a thoughtfully Little Rock Document Services WIUGC is an annual student-run event that (Best Petroleum Geology Talk), CSEG (Best Matrix Geoservices Ltd. allows undergraduate and graduate students Geophysical Talk) and Imperial Oil (Best developed professional development plan. Have you evaluated yours recently? Matrix Solutions Inc. from across western Canada to present Overall Talk). McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. research, meet industry professionals, gain Mcleay Geological Consultants Ltd. For more information: industry insights and explore future career To commemorate this special anniversary, National Oilwell Varco opportunities. The conference will be held we would like to extend an invitation to the Tom Sneddon, P.Geol. Nickpoint Environmental Services Director of Geoscience and Outreach Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in downtown Rockbreaker event to industry members and Pason Systems Corp. Calgary from January 2nd-4th, 2014. geoscience graduates who have attended P: 403-262-7714 or 888-262-3688 Pulse Seismic Inc. the WIUGC conference over the last 50 E: [email protected] Regent Resources WIUGC 2014 will include the opening night years. The Rockbreaker will take place at RIGSAT Communications Rockbreaker event, an industry fair with our the Palomino Smokehouse on 7th Ave, RPS Energy Canada Ltd. sponsoring companies and organizations as across from the Hyatt Regency Hotel, on SAExploration well as field trips to the Canmore Geoscience Thursday, January 2nd at 7:00pm. Shea Nerland Calnan LLP Museum, Tyrrell Museum and the AER Sigma Explorations Core Research Centre. Our Technical To learn more about the WIUGC 2014 Statcom Ltd. Talk Series will take place on Saturday, conference or for sponsorship and Sproule Associates Limited January 4th along with a poster session as registration information, please visit our Sourcex well as the first ever WIUGC Challenge website at www.wiugc2014.com. Total Gas Detection Ltd. Tucker Energy Services Canada Tucker Wireline Services Canada Inc. AS OF NOVEMBER 10, 2013

CSPG welcomes our 2013 Corporate Supporters! The beneﬁts of being a corporate member include: • Recognition in the monthly Reservoir and quarterly Bulletin • One associate membership • Reserved tables at the technical luncheons with your company logo • One free pass to the CSPG Core Conference …and more! Contact Kasandra Klein at [email protected] to be a corporate member today!

30 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2013 Professionals in Geoscience www.apega.ca

Using the Old to Create the New Geoscience uncovers and innovates

Nowhere in the APEGA Code of Ethics do the words “innovation” or “innovate” appear. Yet, Professional Geoscientists are deeply involved with the process of acquiring and applying new data and information about places and materials that no one else has discovered. Often, new data are a reinterpretation of old data that were collected for different purposes during different times.

Learning leads to innovation by developing new and improved methods of doing old things. Reinterpreting data is key to innovation, which serves the public interest, a concept at the heart of the ﬁ fth Rule of Conduct under APEGA’s Code of Ethics. When combined with old data, information derived from new methods may detect previously overlooked resources. These resources create new wealth for Albertans.

Geoscience professionals must perpetually improve and expand their knowledge and skills within their chosen scopes of practice. Courses offered by APEGA and geoscience technical societies can be useful tools in improving how we do things. All it takes is a thoughtfully developed professional development plan. Have you evaluated yours recently?

For more information: Tom Sneddon, P.Geol. Director of Geoscience and Outreach P: 403-262-7714 or 888-262-3688 E: [email protected] Blueback Reservoir the preferred and chosen GeoScience Solutions Partner

Try something new. Find something better. Blueback Rock Physics plug-in for Petrel*

Reservoir Properties

2.8

2.7 Wells Petrel 2.6

2.5

2.4

2.3 P/S

velocity 2.2

2.1 ratio

2.0 Seismic

1.9

Vol shl=0.6 1.8 Por=0.4 Por=0.35 Por=0.3 Vol shl=0.4 1.7 Por=0.25 Por=0.2 Por=0.15 Vol shl=0.2 Por=0.1 1.6

1.5

1.4

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000 Acoustic impedance (kP a.s/m)

Bridging the gap between geology and geophysics

The complete suite of rock physics tools for quantitative interpretation across multiple domains within Petrel.

*Mark of Schlumberger

Blueback Reservoir blueback-reservoir.com

E [email protected] | T +1 403 538 4821 blueback-reservoir.com/rockphysics