21 Unicorns in the Garden of Good and Evil: Part 2 – Coal 27 Shale Gas: Part 4 – Log Analysis and Shale Gas Petrophysics 38 Road to Recovery – Recovery 2011 Convention Update

DECEMBER 2010 VOLUME 37, ISSUE 11 Canadian Publication Mail Contract – 40070050

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 1 Since 1927...

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DECEMBER 2010 – VOLUME 37, ISSUE 11

ARTICLES

Unicorns in the Garden of Good and Evil: Part 2 – Coal ...... 21

Shale Gas: Part 4 – Log Analysis and Shale Gas Petrophysics ...... 27 CSPG OFFICE #600, 640 - 8th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 1G7 In Memorium: Dr. Oscar A. Erdman, P.Geol., CSPG Honourary Member ...... 33 Tel: 403-264-5610 Fax: 403-264-5898 Web: www.cspg.org Notice of Election for Vice President for the Canadian Society of Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm

Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Petroleum Geologists ...... 36 Email: [email protected] Sponsorship & Outreach Coordinator: Alyssa Middleton Email: [email protected] Road to Recovery – recovery 2011 Convention Update ...... 38 Publications Coordinator: Caitlin Young Email: [email protected] Member Services Coordinator: Kasandra Klein DEPARTMENTS Email: [email protected] Registration Coordinator: Dayna Rhoads Email: [email protected] Executive Comment ...... 5 Convention Contacts: Convention Manager: Aileen Lozie Email: [email protected] Technical Luncheons ...... 11 EDITORS/AUTHORS Rock Shop ...... 15 Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue). Division Talks ...... 16

To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF Inside the CSPG ...... 38 format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.

Technical Editors Ben McKenzie Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Tarheel Exploration EnCana Corporation Tel: 403-277-4496 Tel: 403-645-7724 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Coordinating Editor Caitlin Young, Publications Coordinator, CSPG Tel: 403-513-1227, Email: [email protected]

ADVERTISING Advertising inquiries should be directed to Caitlin Young, Tel: 403-513-1227, email: [email protected]. The deadline to reserve advertising space is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date.

The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office for $6.50 each. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever FRONT COVER from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. Ultramafic intrusion, Otis Mountains, Quebec.Thin-section image with quartz Design and Layout by Sundog Printing. Printed in Canada by Sundog Printing. wedge. Photo by John Bladek.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 3 Since 1927...

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403-237-9170 [email protected] geocarta.divestco.com Since 1927... EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from President John Varsek

CSPG Renewal, So Far EXECUTIVE Your executive team has had a remarkable participation by members, corporations, and President year successfully developing and implementing students (Varsek, February 2010 Executive John Varsek • Cenovus Energy the renewal strategy! Our goal is to improve Comment in the Reservoir). [email protected] Tel: (403) 645-5417 services to help you succeed in an increasingly uncertain and volatile future. The strategic First, we agreed on a few ground rules about Vice President framework was outlined at the January 2010 h ow t h e E xe c u t i ve s h o u l d c o n d u c t i t s b u s i n e s s ; Kirk Osadetz • Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary AGM and has since resulted in 30 major that our methods need to be collaborative, [email protected] Tel: (403) 292-7022 projects of which 10 are completed, 14 are in respectful, visible, transparent, and certifiable. progress, and the remainder in various stages This meant not only acknowledging, but Past President of discussion and design. This great result is confronting the criticisms of our members Graeme Bloy • Canada Capital Energy Corporation especially noteworthy because the Society’s – such as when we published a response in [email protected] Tel: (403) 975-5784 Directors and office staff managed to deliver the Reservoir about shortcomings in roll- current programs at the same time. Before out of the digital Bulletin. Second, we were Finance director telling the story about renewal strategy, I’d to be member-facing and fact-based when Greg Lynch • Shell Canada Ltd. like to make a couple of remarks about our discussing strategic and tactical alternatives [email protected] Tel: (403) 691-3111 operating activities for fiscal year September to improve current programs. We tried to 2009 – August 2010. Yes, we ended with live the maxim “you can change what you assistant Finance director a surplus of approximately $220,000 that acknowledge.” Third, we recognized that Darren Aldridge • Baker Hughes essentially offsets our operating losses of renewal could not occur without building [email protected] Tel: (403) 537-3505 the prior three years. This outstanding the capacity necessary to sustain proposed result reflects the exceptional forecasting projects, such as agreements, financial Program director and attention to cost management by Lis tactics, and elevating the performance of Scott Leroux • EnCana Corporation Bjeld (Executive Director) and her team, directors, volunteers, office staff, and our [email protected] Tel: (403) 645-2000 Graeme Bloy (President 2009), Greg Lynch partners. Finally, we continually reminded (Finance Director), the program chairs, and ourselves that the CSPG’s main purpose is to assistant Program director CSPG’s leaders for GeoCanada 2010 (Mark be a hub for Canadian petroleum geology and Brett Norris • TransGlobe Energy Corp. Cooper) and AAPG ICE 2010 (Graeme [email protected] Tel: (403) 264-9896 to advance the awareness of our profession. Bloy) conventions. Full details of this surplus will be given at the Annual General Meeting For the March 2010 CSPG strategy session, serVice director in January 2011. Complete details about the directors and strategic-theme leaders Ayaz Gulamhussein • NuVista Energy Ltd. [email protected] Tel: (403) 538-8510 performance of existing programs and – Greg Lynch for Technical Revitalization, supporting office activities will be published John Varsek for Volunteer Services, and Kirk in the December 2010 Bulletin article ‘Annual Osadetz for Marketing – proposed several outreach director Report of Activities’. strategic initiatives to answer the questions Mike DesRoches • Talisman Energy Inc. [email protected] Tel: (403) 513-6843 ‘what needs to be done’ and ‘what could Now back to the main story. By August 2009 I be started immediately to have the greatest had gained some insight into my mandate from effect.’ The 2009 membership survey, which assistant outreach director Steve Dryer • Consultant the three most recent presidents: Colin Yeo, was the CSPG’s first comprehensive survey GeoCarta [email protected] Tel: (403) 969-2292 Lisa Griffith, and Graeme Bloy. Factors such on demographics and ranking of services, as a recession, changing industry structure, contained hundreds of good suggestions communications director recent financial losses, substantial office staff from members and proved to be a critical Stephen Hubbard • University of Calgary changes, stressed partnerships, misaligned touchstone in developing new initiatives. In The All New Exploration Workbench. [email protected] Tel: (403) 220-6236 committees, and an unclear vision tend to all, we developed an idea bank of about 50 Grab your passport and discover breakthrough exploration software tools that offer GIS provoke such discussions. The challenge for choices. Selecting renewal initiatives was assistant communications director the November 2009 CSPG strategy session not a trivial task when you consider that integration, a simple user interface and multiple deployment options that take you where Jim Barclay • ConocoPhillips was to develop a shared strategic vision. We the Society, formed in 1927, now comprises you need to go. [email protected] Tel: (403) 532-3889 landed on three main strategic themes – some 230 volunteers, a professional office, revitalizing the technical program, improving professional conventions, an educational trust Explore now. Learn more at geocarta.divestco.com executiVe director volunteer support, and strengthening brand fund, and $4MM of managed revenue per Lis Bjeld • CSPG value by effectively marketing the Society. year to provide 50 programs serving nearly [email protected] Tel: (403) 513-1228 The latter two themes pertain to growing (Continued on page 7...) 403-237-9170 [email protected] geocarta.divestco.com RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 5 Since 1927...

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Phone_Geoscience.indd 1 9/23/10 10:03 AM (...Continued from page 5) Sciences. This allowed me to expand on the Since 1927... 3,700 geoscientists. Regular membership, the external context for renewal and what it largest category, has proven to be remarkably could mean for the CSPG, the individual, and stable since 1993 at about 2,600 geoscientists. Industry. The scenario developed was: These programs, each headed by a Chair are organized into five portfolios managed by • Fossil fuel and energy markets are the Board of Directors – technical, services, competing / Price volatility, communication, outreach, and finance. Some • Industry refocused on large resource are relatively complex operationally, such as plays / Marginal economics, the Reservoir, Bulletin, Technical Luncheons, • Foreign ownership / Outsourcing, Continuing Education, and the Student • Generational shift / Race for ingenuity, Industry Field Trip. • Member attitudes toward the profession / Public’s perception of Industry, When we started designing the initiatives, • Competitive position of the CSPG we underestimated the efforts that it relative to incumbents and new entrants, would take to manage change, engaging • Developments in Social Networking and CORPORATE impacted groups, and providing consistent Knowledge Management media. MEMBERS communication. In response, we added a AAPG second monthly Executive meeting to focus Furthermore, fundamental changes AGAT LABORATORIES on strategy and planning, rather than on had occurred within the geological community APACHE CANADA LTD. operations. Since the CSPG is a relatively and were shaping CSPG priorities through: APEGGA decentralized organization, with many ARC FINANCIAL CORPORATION program chairs operating semi-autonomously, • The discovery that all sedimentary rocks ARYTON CONSULTING ExPLORATION LTD. it was a shock to some that the Executive was are reservoirs – hydrocarbon or not, BAKER ATLAS suddenly taking an interest in their programs • The atomization of specialties – BLUEBACK RESERVOIR and offering support. These conversations BOYD PETROSEARCH expansion in number and depth of CANADA BROKERLINK and working-group meetings were imperative technical niches. CANADIAN NATURAL RESOURCES LTD. to gain common understandings and to work CASEY & ASSOCIATES through new roles and responsibilities. As a result, about 30 renewal initiatives were CENOVUS ENERGY INC. undertaken in 2010 and are listed below as CGG VERITAS Fortuitously, during this period of invention, either completed, in progress, or planned. COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES I was invited to speak at a GeoCanada 2010 CONOCOPHILLIPS CANADA LIMITED session on the Future of Canadian Earth (Continued on page 8...) DEVON CANADA CORPORATION DIVESTCO INC. ENCANA ENERPLUS RESOURCES FUND FUGRO AIRBORNE SURVEYS CORP. FUGRO – JASON CSPG and geoLOGIC systems ltd. GEOEDGES INC. geoLOGIC systems ltd. Presents our GEOMODELING TECHNOLOGY CORP. GEOSTRATA RESOURCES INC. Annual Holiday Social HALLIBURTON ENERGY SERVICES HUNT OIL COMPANY OF CANADA HUSKY ENERGY INC. Tuesday, December 7, 2010 IHS IMPERIAL OIL RESOURCES Social Networking 10:30 am - 11:30 am Proudly brought to you LARIO OIL & GAS COMPANY Technical Luncheon 11:30 am - 1:00 pm LITTLE ROCK DOCUMENT SERVICES LORING TARCORE LABS LTD. by Professionals in Geoscience and Engineering MJ SYSTEMS MURPHY OIL COMPANY NEURALOG NExEN INC. PENN WEST ENERGY TRUST PETROCRAFT PRODUCTS LTD. Calgary TELUS Convention Centre, southside lower level PLUSPETROL PROVIDENT ENERGY LTD. RPS ENERGY SCHLUMBERGER CANADA LTD. SENSOR GEOPHYSICAL LTD. Book your Corporate Table SHELL CANADA LIMITED we make a difference www.apegga.org SPROULE ASSOCIATES LIMITED TODAY SUNCOR ENERGY INC. TALISMAN ENERGY This is a sellout social event that TOTAL E&P CANADA LIMITED you don’t want to miss! TOURMALINE OIL CORP. TUCKER WIRELINE LTD. WEATHERFORD/OMNI Tickets are available at www.cspg.org

AS OF NOVEMBER 12, 2010 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 7

Phone_Geoscience.indd 1 9/23/10 10:03 AM (...Continued from page 7) RENEwAL STRATEGy PROjECTS: T – TECHNICAL, V – VOLUNTEER, M – MARkETING, C – CAPACITy BUILDING

COMpleted prOjeCts type desCriptiOn Essential revisions with the CSEG of convention governance and financial controls to 2014. Joint Annual Convention C CSPG has fiduciary role as convention operator. CWLS letter of intent to participate. Amendment Intention to renegotiate the agreement beyond 2014. Educational Trust Fund Deed Scope expanded from SIFT and scholarships to all petroleum geoscience education. Greater C Amendment flexibility for the Trust to manage financial assets. Can use up to 10% of capital yearly. Convention Moves Downtown C To Telus Convention Centre. Greater accessibility for members. Simplified fee structure. Predictable income for CSPG with upside to instructor. Prerequisite Instructor’s Fee Restructuring C for course solicitation. Departmentalized reporting on graphs and one-page reports for effective Executive Streamlined Financial Reporting C discussions and decisions. Meetings with CSEG and CWLS Presidents to ensure alignment on joint operational and Tri-Society Quarterly Meetings C technical activities. Purpose is to expand membership. Introduce young professionals and students to the CSPG. U35 ‘Future Prospects’ Event M Inaugural event occurred at Arts Central, Calgary, on September 30th. Attended by 250 young professionals and students. Awards Gala M Formal ceremony was re-introduced. Celebrated during convention week. Addition to student chapters of individual memberships, now nearing 600. Goal is to track E-Student Memberships M conversion to young professional membership. Reservoir Magazine Expansion T, M More Technical Series, Executive Committee Summary, acknowledgement of volunteers. Comprehensive and coordinated plan for volunteer training, recognition, succession planning, Volunteer Management System V recruiting etc.

in prOgress prOjeCts type desCriptiOn Evergreen content, cleanup, streamlining, improved search capability, navigation and Web Redesign C visual clarity, technical topics of interest consolidation, advertiser and sponsor visibility. Aspiration for more video to showcase feature activities. Fewer web transaction problems.

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8 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 10-year Look-back and 10-year Departmentalized financial performance and participation trends in context of Industry and C Outlook macro-economic trends. Authorization matrix for the Executive, Chairs, and Office, including decision rights. Committees Financial Policies C to include cost of office support. Prior year convention surplus used to fund new initiatives. Rainy Day Fund C Consolidate contingency needs and investment policy. A bylaws committee will be struck to give consideration for greater organizational flexibility, Bylaws Update C clarity of rights for different classes of membership, adjusting provisions impacted by digital media and privacy laws, revised election procedures and committee rules and so on. Develop secure website for CSPG’s Executive and committees to preserve institutional mem- Digital Archive C ory. Goal is to accelerate innovation and effectiveness and reduce recycling. Guidelines to help Executive, Chairs, and Office in consistent and fair treatment of Controversial Issues Policy C controversial, socially charged topics while fostering respectful, balanced scientific debate. Expanded high school program from 200 (Kids in Science Program, KISP) to 2,000 students. Earth Science for Society M Also to engage public and members. Pavilion geo-science based on successful GeoCanada 2010 program. Reach is commensurate with scope of Industry.

Sponsorship Expansion M Reinvigorate value proposition with close look at market reach.

Designated an Alberta and Canadian heritage site, the CSPG was approached to provide a Turner Valley Gas Plant Geological M world-class geological exposition. Upon funding approval by the provincial government and a Exhibit motion by the Executive, the CSPG will create a committee to work toward goal. Interactive GIS-based maps that in future may become a publications portal and anchor for new Digital Atlas of WCSB T CSPG and Industry services. Industry-leading session chairs providing multi-disciplinary speakers and topic summations to 2011 Convention Innovation T increase relevance and perspective for delegates. New Coordinator role to bring content to Convention, Publications, and Web and to Restructuring Technical Divisions T coordinate cross-divisional projects. Divisions consolidation being considered. Inaugural event for Feb 2011 for all volunteers and directors. Goal is to create more know- Training Days V ledgeable, effective, and career-committed volunteers. Proposed new award – Partnership Award. Others in discussion, such as distinguished New Awards V educator/mentor, U40 researcher, and petroleum geoscience journalism.

planned prOjeCts type desCriptiOn

Redesign of program due to new external opportunities, student expectations, and social Outreach M media. Re-examination of priorities, value propositions, consolidation, partnerships, revenue plan, expanded ETF role.

Gap analysis. New courses and formats. Training matrix. Intention to decouple courses from Continuing Education Renewal T convention.

Technical Luncheons Renewal T Understand causes of declining annual attendance since 2006 and develop mitigation plan.

Bulletin and Special Publications Target one more Bulletin article per issue, plus short-format articles. Develop T Expansion sustainable program for books and memoirs.

Canadian Petroleum Resources Reconstitution and expansion of Canadian Gas Committee mandate to include all Canadian T Assessment petroleum resources in seminal publication.

Partnerships allow the CSPG to expand its reach nationally and internationally; however the purpose and value to members must be articulated and must be supported by volunteers Affiliate Societies Strategy T, M and the office. Other arrangements could be motivated by operational synergies, proximal technical disciplines, regulatory support, geo-education partnerships, and museum visibility. Likely anchored by new website – webcasts, courses, hyperlink exchanges – along with National Presence Strategy M, T distinguished lecturers, Reservoir features, and partnerships. Need to understand volunteer, office, and financial impact. Requires a champion. Potential test site in Regina.

Many of the programs identified and initiated will also need to make a strategic decision participation trends for a 10-year look back. during 2010 will require the effort of several about growth aspirations and understand This data is driving an examination of our Executive terms to see them to fruition. It underlying drivers and implications for performance and providing measurable will take continued effort to communicate programs and partnerships. To this end, the benchmarks for existing and new programs. this revitalization vision to our volunteers, Executive is actively collecting information We are using this valuable information to members, and corporate supporters. We on program usage and satisfaction and (Continued on page 10...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 9 (...Continued from page 9) identify underperforming programs and for indications as to how to improve them for relevancy and effectiveness.

I cannot fully express how grateful I am to the Executive team and the office staff for sticking with this ambitious mandate to improve on an already successful Society so that it continues to thrive. Together we embarked on a great learning experience, and that meant sometimes having difficult conversations, confronting ugly truths, making tough decisions, and spending time out of our professional comfort zone. We also learned that there is something very satisfying about sharing the experience with such talented, innovative, and at times highly opinionated colleagues to improve on such a meaningful enterprise. I am looking forward to seeing what the new slate of candidates for the 2011 Executive are able to achieve as they are representative of industry demographics, including sector, gender, and experience. They will move the Society forward. If you wish to Part of the CSPG 2010 Executive team on a ‘social’ field trip on September 24th in the Edworthy Park participate more broadly professionally and area, Calgary, and run by John. The tour was of ‘Paleocene and Glacial Geology - Geo-Hazards, Resources if you think the journey described here is & Early Industry’. Outcrop is of stacked channel deposits and soil horizons in the Paleocene upper Scollard something that you want to be a part of, Formation and is located adjacent to the Boothman bridge. From Left to Right - John Varsek (President 2010, please let CSPG know and we will do all that seated), Steven Dryer (A. Outreach), Lis Bjeld (Executive Director), Scott Leroux (Technical), Jim Barclay (Communications), Darren Aldridge (A. Finance), and Graeme Bloy (President 2009). we can to help you make a difference!

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10 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 technicaL Luncheons DECEMBER LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by The origin of supercontinents and the conundrum of Pangea

SPEAkER Brendan j. Murphy Department of Earth Sciences, St. Francis xavier University tuesday, december 7, 2010 10:30 am, annual holiday social presented by geoLogic systems ltd. 11:30 am, technical Luncheon presentation calgary teLus convention centre calgary, alberta

Please note: the cut-off date for ticket sales is 1:00 pm, thursday, december 2, 2010. predict the formation of supercontinents BIOGRAPHy csPg member ticket Price: $45.00 + gst. by extroversion. Models explaining the Brendan Murphy is a Professor in the non-member ticket Price: $45.00 + gst. formation of supercontinents by introversion, Department of Earth Sciences at St. Francis including the formation of Pangea, are more Xavier University, Canada, where he has been Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGGA problematic. During the assembly of Pangea, since 1982. He obtained his B.Sc. degree PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased subduction was not only initiated within in University College Dublin, Ireland, before online at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/ the new Paleozoic oceans, but the rates of immigrating to Canada in 1975. He acquired Events/index.cfm. subduction of this relatively young oceanic a M.Sc. from Acadia University in 1977 and a lithosphere must have exceeded those of the Ph.D. degree from McGill University in 1982. Two contrasting end-member modes of already well-established subduction zones He teaches courses in structural geology, supercontinent formation, extroversion and within the exterior Paleopacific ocean. tectonics, and the evolution of the Earth. His introversion, are preserved in the geologic research has been supported by NSERC since record. The ca. 0.8-0.75 Ga breakup of To understand the processes leading to 1984. He has published over 220 scientific Rodinia was accompanied by preferential the formation of Pangea, we need to articles in academic journals, book chapters, consumption of the exterior ocean investigate the potential geodynamic linkages monographs, or geological field guidebooks, and that surrounded Rodinia. The exterior between the evolution of the Rheic Ocean has authored or co-authored more than 200 margins of the dispersing continental and the penecontemporaneous evolution conference presentations. He is currently editor fragments collided, resulting in the Late of the exterior (Paleopacific) ocean. This of the Geological Society of America Bulletin, Neoproterozoic assembly of Pannotia by evolution is recorded in the 18,000 km Terra and in January of 2011 will commence a two- extroversion. The interior oceans generated Australis orogen, which preserves episodes year research leave supported by a Killam between the dispersing continents formed of subduction-related orogenesis from 570 Research Fellowship. part of the Paleopacific oceanic lithosphere Ma until 230 Ma. that surrounded Pannotia.

The Late Neoproterozoic breakup of CSPG 2011 Membership Renewal Pannotia initially led to consumption of the exterior Paleopacific Ocean, but at ca. 480 Ma to 460 Ma, this motion was reversed and preferential subduction of interior oceans DID WE MISS YOU?

(e.g., Iapetus, Rheic, Uralian) led to the Your renewal notice was emailed formation of Pangea by introversion. These the first week of November. end-member models can be distinguished by comparing the Sm-Nd crust-formation ages You do not need your membership renewal form of accreted mafic complexes (e.g., ophiolites) W to renew: login to your CSPG account today NE ! in the collisional orogens formed during to renew your membership RE AY supercontinent assembly with the breakup OD age of the previous supercontinent. Most www.cspg.org T commonly accepted geodynamic models

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 11 technicaL Luncheons JOINT CSPG/CSEG DEC. LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

velocities in the laboratory significantly importantly will focus on future directions Rumblings from expanded the scope of issues we could in rock physics and the promising and critical explore on naturally occurring materials; role that laboratory measurements will have the laboratory: this helped to establish a new understanding in the development of new and innovative of seismic rock properties. Combining both technologies. past, present, and P- and S-wave data, along with some basic concepts of elasticity, provided the basis for BIOGRAPHy future lithology and fluid discrimination. Although Carl Sondergeld is multiple theoretical models provided an currently the associate SPEAkER understanding of rock and fluid behavior, it dean of the Mewbourne Carl sondergeld was the experimental confirmation of Biot- College of Earth and University of Oklahoma, Norman, USA, Gassmann theory that allowed rock physics Energy and the Curtis SEG Distinguished Lecturer to become the workhorse of the oil and gas Mewbourne Professor industry; it is now one of the most important at the Mewbourne 11:30 am tools for the analysis of prestack seismic data. School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, monday, december 13, 2010 University of Oklahoma. He earned a Ph.D. in calgary teLus convention centre FUTURE DIRECTIONS geophysics from Cornell University and a B.A. calgary, alberta New directions in rock physics research will and M.A. in geology from Queens College CUNY. extend the application of rock physics by Please note: the cut-off date for ticket incorporating petrophysical characterization He spent 19 years at the Tulsa Research sales is 1:00 pm, three business days before into our measurement and analysis of rocks. Center of Amoco Production Company where he event. Wednesday, december 8, 2010. csPg For example, the concepts of capillarity, conducted research in petro- and rock physics, member ticket Price: $36.00 + gst. non- wettability, and relative permeability are taught courses internally and internationally in member ticket Price: $40.00 + gst. rarely incorporated into seismic modeling. rock physics, AVO, and pore pressure prediction, However, all three properties exert primary and helped develop rock properties and AVO Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGGA PDH control on fluid saturation and distribution. forward-modeling software, a comprehensive credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// Other promising directions for future rock-properties database, a mobile core www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm. rock physics research includes laboratory characterization system (GEM), and an array measurements of production-induced strain sonic logging tool and processing system. He The complexity of rocks in nature, and its (in both reservoir and overburden rocks), holds 14 US patents. For one year he worked resultant imprint on rock properties, makes detailed examination of the effects of pore with BP-Amoco mainly in technology transfer and empirical laboratory studies necessary and microstructure on elasticity, examination as a technology advisor. relevant. Numerous efforts are underway of velocity behavior at temperatures and in academia and industry to try and use pressures equivalent to those found in deep He has been at the University of Oklahoma for 10 theoretical models to predict petrophysical basins, and the effects of CO2 and time on years, primarily teaching petrophysics, geological and seismic rock properties from microscale seismic wave propagation through reservoir well logging, and seismic reservoir modeling. He is images of rocks. However, modeling can rocks. Simultaneous measurements of the recipient of three departmental outstanding only honor the physics of the chosen model; multiple properties will provide stronger professor awards and the Brandon Griffith measurements are still needed to define and constraints for computational rock physics Engineering Professor Award. He has been calibrate the modeling physics. It is important models. Recent developments in imaging instrumental in building world-class research and to recognize the significant discoveries and technologies make it possible to image undergraduate instructional facilities at OU. technological advancements that are a pore microstructures at scales that have direct consequence of careful laboratory historically been impossible. Application and He currently conducts research on unconventional measurement on rocks. further development of these technologies reservoir rocks, in particular shales, and in the will allow us to extract more information areas of microstructural characterization, Historically, laboratory measurements have from smaller and smaller samples. The anisotropy, NMR, petrophysics, hydraulic fracturing, been used to develop an understanding practical aspect of this is that it should be and seismic reservoir modeling. He shares of the physical response of rock and fluid possible to make better use of drill cuttings responsibilities for an industry-supported research systems under various conditions (frequency, as a source of geophysical information. Finally, consortium in “Experimental Rock Physics” and in temperature, stress, sample size, etc.). measurements on new reservoir materials, directing a multidisciplinary gas shale study. He is The resulting data were used to provide e.g., coals, shales, hydrates, etc., will lead to an active member of the SPE, SEG, serves as the insights into the key controls governing rock new geophysical technologies. Faculty Advisor to the OU SPE student chapter, and behavior when filled with various fluids and coaches the OU Petrobowl team. buried below the surface. Early work was Our history is rich with examples of how conducted to develop a better understanding laboratory measurements have led to Sponsored by: of the correlations between compressional innovations in field-scale technologies. In velocities, composition, density, porosity, other words, if we can observe and quantify and pore fluid type; this work formed early the magnitude of an effect in the laboratory, interpretations on understanding sonic we have a basis for developing field-scale logs and seismic bright spots. The ability applications. This talk will highlight past to measure shear and polarized shear accomplishments in rock physics, and more

12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 technicaL Luncheons JANUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

region of Alberta, or above the regional exhibit with respect to scale, geometry, and Transgressive Paleozoic unconformity surface straddling the orientation. Alberta-Saskatchewan border. Low-relief, low- sandstone gradient paleo-surfaces tend to produce thin BIOGRAPHy but extensive, linear reservoir deposits (either Gerry Reinson, Ph.D., P.Geol., has over 30 years reservoirs – gradationally or sharp-based), but dissecting experience in the fields of petroleum geology, valley-fills are common also, usually of smaller environmental geology, and marine geology, controls on scale than in the high-relief situations. These having worked in both the public and private low-relief, transgressive deposits tend to be sectors as a research scientist, manager, and variability and present at inter-formational (i.e., Ostracod/ petroleum explorationist. His work experience Ellerslie) or intra-formational (i.e., Viking) includes employment with both major and junior oil occurrence in boundaries. companies and the Geological Survey of Canada. Dr. Mesozoic strata Reinson has been consulting for over 20 years, either Exploration strategies for delineating these independently or associated with a larger integrated of the WCSB coastal/nearshore transgressive reservoirs firm. His expertise lies in the fields of clastic and must strongly consider the nature of the carbonate sedimentology as applied to petroleum SPEAkER paleotopographic surface upon which exploration and exploitation, petroleum resource gerry reinson the transgression is occurring. Reservoir assessment, and environmental geology. He has Consulting Geologist continuity can be highly segmented or relatively published extensively, and regularly conducts field continuous along strandline, on both regional and laboratory courses, and technical seminars, 11:30 am, thursday, January 13, 2011 and local scales, depending on the type of primarily in the areas of clastic sedimentology, calgary teLus convention centre paleo-surface being transgressed. Further, modern sedimentary environments, and facies calgary, alberta linear (directional) “trendology” should not characterization of petroleum reservoirs. be a preemptive assumption in the prospecting Please note: the cut-off date for ticket sales for such reservoirs, nor should it be included Gerry Reinson is a registered Professional Geologist is 1:00 pm, monday, January 10, 2011. csPg necessarily in reservoir development strategies with the Association of Professional Engineers, member ticket Price: $42.00 + gst. non- on the more local scale. The Viking, Bluesky, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta (APEGGA). member ticket Price: $45.00 + gst. Ostracod, Dina, and Shaunavon examples are He is an active member of the Canadian Society of illustrated here to clearly demonstrate the Petroleum Geologists (CSPG), American Association Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGGA PDH variable regional trendology aspect, and the of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), and the Society for credit. Tickets may be purchased online at https:// range of properties that transgressive reservoirs Sedimentary Geology (SEPM). www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/index.cfm.

Coastal and nearshore transgressive sandstone deposits form significant hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in Alberta and Saskatchewan, both in terms of number of pools, and with respect to the sheer volume of contained oil and gas. The Viking, Bluesky, Dina (Wabiskaw), Ostracod (Ellerslie), and Upper Shaunavon are hydrocarbon-rich stratigraphic units that contain predominantly transgressive reservoirs. These reservoirs are highly variable in terms of size, geometry, and orientation, ranging from linear “ravinement” lag deposits and gradationally to sharp-based shorefaces, to channel-like point bars, tidal-deltas, and poorly defined ‘lobate’ sand deposits that fill re- entrants and relative lows.

Occurrence (preservation) and variability of transgressive reservoirs are governed principally by the interaction of two controlling factors: 1) rate of relative sea-level rise (more specifically, whether sea-level rise is continuous or sporadic) and 2) paleotopography (more specifically, variable relief of the surface being inundated). High-relief, high-gradient, antecedent surfaces will tend to favor deeply dissected valleys (thick in-fills) and sharp-based, perched shorelines. In the foreland basin of Western Canada such transgressive reservoirs tend to be present on paleo-surfaces that represent major breaks in the stratigraphic record, such as at the Jurassic/ Cretaceous boundary in the Pembina Highlands RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 13 technicaL Luncheons JANUARY LUNCHEON Webcasts sponsored by

formation consist of light-colored, tuffaceous Three newly discovered “death-pit” China’s Jurassic sediments deposited in alluvial, paludal bonebeds in the middle to upper portion and lacustrine-margin settings. Caliches of the formation preserve articulated-to- Park: The and calcretes are common, suggesting a associated skeletons in 1-2 meter thick seasonally wet-dry climate. The uppermost deposits of locally deformed and mixed, Shishugou 10-20 meters of the formation record a alluvial and volcanic mudstone. Each formation of coarsening-upward transition back into distal bonebed contains four or more non-avian alluvial fan deposits. Caliches are rare in theropod dinosaurs that are stacked one Xinjiang these uppermost beds, possibly indicating on top of another. Evidence indicates that less aridity, an increase in sediment supply, the “pits” were highly localized areas of SPEAkER or both. soft-sediment deformation and liquefaction david a. eberth caused by sauropod trampling. We surmise Royal Tyrrell Museum Although bentonites occur through most that over a period of days and possibly of the section, clinoptilolite-rich (zeolitic) weeks, small theropod dinosaurs, such as 11:30 am tuffs are mostly limited to the upper one- Guanlong and Limusaurs, became mired thursday, January 27, 2011 half of the formation, supporting our sequentially in the liquefied sediments filling calgary, teLus convention centre interpretation that wetlands and standing the “tracks.” A bias for small theropods in calgary, alberta bodies of saline water were present. these bonebeds, compared to their relatively 40Ar/39Ar dating of sanidine crystals from low abundance in the Shishugou Formation Please note: the cut-off date for ticket sales the tuffs indicates an age range of 161-159 overall, underscores that small theropods is 1:00 pm, monday, January 24, 2011. Ma for the upper one-half of the formation, are under-represented in Mesozoic fossil csPg member ticket Price: $42.00 + gst. and supports the interpretation that the assemblages collected from this and other non-member ticket Price: $45.00 + gst. Shishugou spans the Middle-Upper Jurassic ancient alluvial and paludal settings. boundary. The stratigraphic distribution Each CSPG Technical Luncheon is 1 APEGGA of vertebrate fossils indicates a significant BIOGRAPHy PDH credit. Tickets may be purchased online faunal transition through the middle of the at https://www.cspg.org/eSeries/source/Events/ formation, corresponding roughly to the index.cfm. inferred Middle-Upper Jurassic transition.

The Shishugou (Stone Tree Wash) Formation New dinosaurs from the Shishugou include (Middle to Upper Jurassic) is famous for its Guanlong wucaii, the world’s oldest known fossilized vertebrates and silicified trees, tyrannosauroid; Limusaurus inextricabilis, and consists of alluvial and paludal deposits a peculiar toothless ceratosaur (theropod) exposed along the flanks of the modern with gastroliths; and Haplocheirus sollers, Kelameili Shan, northeastern Junggar Basin, the oldest known alvarezsaurid dinosaur, a xinjiang Autonomous Region, China. The group that evolved small arms, hands, and formation and its spectacular fossils first reduced numbers of fingers in parallel with gained attention in the west as a result of the birds. Canada-China Dinosaur Project in the late 1980s. Subsequent international expeditions Vertebrate fossils occur in a variety of have helped decipher the geologic history preservational modes, underscoring David A. Eberth of the unit, and have revealed new, high- paleoecological differences within the (Ph.D., University of Toronto; M.A., profile taxa of dinosaurs. Most interestingly, formation. In general, the quality of University of California, Berkeley) some of the patterns of fossil preservation preservation is poorer in the lower Shishugou Royal Tyrrell Museum provide unique insights into the Shishugou’s than in the middle and upper beds, with Senior Research Scientist depositional history and paleoecology. deposits that are rich in fragmentary aquatic Sedimentary Geology and Paleoecology Most of the work on the formation has and terrestrial vertebrates, including sauropod taken place at Wucaiwan, made famous and theropod dinosaurs. This pattern likely Dr. David A. Eberth is a paleontologist and as the backdrop location in the opening reflects long exposure times and a greater geologist at the Royal Tyrrell Museum in scenes of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. degree of reworking typical of alluvial settings. Alberta, Canada, where he studies ancient There, the formation is ~400 meters thick, Fossils from the middle and upper portions of environments of fossil-bearing rocks. He has rests unconformably on the xishanyao the formation generally are better preserved participated in projects throughout the USA, Formation, and is unconformably overlain with skeletons that are more complete. Mexico, Argentina, Germany, China, Mongolia, by Cretaceous eolian sandstones and Skeletal remains often are found in association and Canada, including the arctic. His specialties conglomerates of an unnamed formation. with sheets and lenticular deposits of massive- include stratigraphy and sedimentology, to-faintly-bedded mudstone and sandstone, taphonomy, chronostratigraphy, bonebeds, and A lower redbeds interval in the Shishugou as well as with caliches and calcretes. These the evolution-creation controversy. The author Formation consists of upward-fining and associations suggest preferred preservation in of more than 65 peer-reviewed papers, David -coarsening clastic successions deposited in sheetflood deposits and a variety of overbank Eberth is also co-editor and a contributor for alluvial plain and alluvial fan settings. The settings including ephemeral water bodies and two recently published books: Bonebeds, and middle and most of the upper portions of the paleosols. New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs.

14 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 ROCk SHOP

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RESERVOTelIR 403 726 0666 SABLEPETROLEUM Fax 403 451 5380 DomesticCONSULTANTS and International INC. Shale Gas/Oil Shales Please call: Cell 403 815 0159 Conventional Vertical and Horizontal Wells Coal Bed Methane Caitlin Young [email protected] OilWELLSITE Sands - GEOLOGICALSAGD/Coring Programs Project Supervision SUPERVISION Tel:403.513.1227 SABLECONSULTANTS.COM Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: (403) 262-9229 Fax: (403) 265-0377 Website: www.progeoconsultants.com Conventional Wells Heavy Oil/Oil Sands SAGD Horizontal Coring Programs Coal Bed Methane Project Supervision RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 15 diVision taLKs ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION Sponsored by

In recent years, the Federal Department Shawna was a representative for the Canadian Fish friendly of Fisheries and Oceans and Alberta Energy Pipeline Association on a joint Industry- Environment have been interested in Fisheries and Oceans initiative to develop development partnering with industry. This has allowed risk-based tools for complying with the Federal Pembina to participate in some creative, Fisheries Act. In addition, she represents SPEAkER non-traditional projects that have had Pembina on the Grant Committee of Alberta shawna Mattison a positive impact on maintaining the Ecotrust, a unique partnership between the Pembina Pipeline Corporation integrity of fisheries. This talk will present corporate sector and the environmental examples of “good” and “bad” practices for community. Shawna has a M.Sc. from 12:00 noon development around fish habitat. It will also the University of Alberta. As a native of thursday, december 2, 2010 give some ideas for individuals to protect southeastern Alberta she didn’t see a lake or Centennial place fish and their habitat. fish until later in life. 3rd Floor Conference area 520 3rd ave sW, Calgary, alberta BIOGRAPHy INFORMATION Shawna Mattison is a professional geologist All lunch talks are free and open to the public. Each year in Alberta, hundreds of oil with 20 years experience in the environmental Please bring your lunch. For information or to and gas projects as well as agricultural field. She was a contaminant geologist with present a talk to the Environment Division, operations, municipal developments, and various consulting companies from 1990 to please contact Andrew Fox at andrew.fox@ mining activity disrupt or impinge upon 2003. Since 2003, she has been responsible megenergy.com. fish habitat. These activities can reduce for environmental matters at Pembina Pipeline fish populations as well as the diversity of Corporation. In her work with Pembina, she has fish in the ecosystem. Care and attention been responsible for environmental protection when planning projects can prevent habitat measures in a number of construction and damage. It is also possible to restore maintenance projects in or near fish habitat. damaged habitat in order to reduce Those experiences led to an interest in how pressures on fish populations. industry can do things better.

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16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 diVision taLKs INTERNATIONAL DIVISION Sponsored by

model developed in Karanambo #1. There Frank has recognized expertise in Devonian Exploration of a is a possibility of encountering conventional carbonates and has spent over six years in sandstone reservoirs in some of these Canadian frontier exploration. Mr. Crawford re-structured prospects. has completed major exploration projects in Guyana, Libya, Venezuela, West Africa, and Mesozoic rift Bringing this exploration project to Southeast Asia with Petro Canada, Home Oil the drilling stage has involved years of Company, Alconsult International, PDVSA, and basin in Guyana technical efforts employing a wide variety Veba Oil. of specialized studies. The formidable SPEAkER challenge of preparing the operations INFORMATION Frank Crawfod, p.geol. infrastructure, and mobilizing the rig and There is no charge. Please bring your lunch. Chief Geologist - Groundstar Resources equipment has taken much patient effort. The facilities for the talk are provided Developing a good relationship with the complimentary of EnCana and refreshments 12:00 noon Guyana Geology and Mines Commission by Geochemtech Inc. For further information Wednesday december 8, 2010 and the indigenous people allowed the or if you would like to give a talk, please encana amphitheatre, 2nd Floor Company to strategically adapt to the contact Bob Potter at (403) 863-9738 or east end of the Calgary tower Complex. changing conditions characteristic of the [email protected] or Trent Rehill at 1st street and 9th avenue s.e. international arena and work toward the (403) 606-6717 or [email protected], Calgary, alberta goal of obtaining a partner and drilling the or visit our new Face Book page (“CSPG current Apoteri K-2 exploration well. International Division”). The 11,000 sq. km. Takutu Basin is located in Guyana and adjoining Brazil. Between BIOGRAPHy 1981 and 1993, three oil companies have Mr. Crawford is an Explorationist with 25 drilled five exploration wells. Home Oil’s years experience in Canadian and international 1982 Karanambo #1 oil discovery led projects. His specialization is in structural Groundstar Resources Ltd. to negotiate geology and stratigraphy. He has established a 9,800 sq. km. PPL with the Guyanese a solid track record in finding oil and gas. Government in 2005.

The predominantly Jurassic rift basin contains over six kilometers of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous non-marine sedimentary rocks, including a salt section, floored by thick Triassic flow basalt. Intermittent CSPG International Division movement during the Jurassic concluded with major Tertiary deformation that formed the present structural framework comprised of a cross-basin arch, large fault- block uplifts, and a deep trough in Guyana. AFRICA 2011 This deformation produced fracturing in the shale and volcanic rocks that are now the focus of Groundstar’s and partner Call for Presenters Canacol Energy Ltd.’s main exploration objective. The January to June 2011 monthly meetings will

Significant efforts have been made to focus on the E&D&P activities in the Africa Region. understand the fractured reservoir. The Dust off your corporate roadshow, company has conducted DST and log fracture analyses by leading experts. The past conference papers or field trip “Rock Shots” findings from these studies have encouraged Groundstar to drill the deviated Takutu Oil and entertain Calgary’s premier and Gas Apoteri K-2 well 600 meters from Karanambo #1 in November-December International G&G&E group for 2010. 30 to 40 minutes over lunch. Seismic interpretation of a 2D grid of 2,536 line kilometers has yielded five additional Contact either Trent Rehill ([email protected]) structural prospects, namely: Karanambo or Bob Potter ([email protected]) for more information. (Apoteri K-2 well); Pirara River; and Rewa A, B, and C. They are all based on the fractured sedimentary-volcanic reservoir

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 17 diVision taLKs STRUCTURAL DIVISION Sponsored by

deep natural gas exploration in the Bullmoose This periodicity can be generalized into Folded Permo- – Brazion area of the adjacent subsurface. A dolowackestone – limestone intervals, which model of the mechanical stratigraphy of the produce a distinct mechanical stratigraphy. Pennsylvanian interval, combined with subsurface diagenetic Pervasive micro-fracturing is common in studies, and with subsurface and field studies the wackestone intervals and nearly absent carbonates in the of anticlines throughout the area produced a in limestones. Hinge thickening and thinning very effective exploration model. are also more common in the dolostone N.E. British intervals. Stratigraphic sections were measured Columbia between Onion Lake and Peck Creek, Diagenetically, it appears that Laramide between the interpreted top Mississippian deep burial, compression, and fracture Thrustbelt and the base of the Permian Fantasque development dominated. True reservoir Formation (Belloy) cherts. This interval was not encountered in outcrop. In the SPEAkER is referred to as the Belcourt / Taylor- subsurface, it is the result of Laramide scott Mclellan Flats in the subsurface and as the ‘Ksituan’ fracturing and fracture enlargement and Talisman Energy in outcrop. Facies and facies associations preservation through hydrocarbon migration were organized into a carbonate ramp and entrapment. The influence of normal 12:00 noon depositional model. faults the age of the Sukunka High is minimal. thursday, december 9, 2010 Fracture development in surface and 9th Floor, livingston place West The term ‘ramp’ is used to refer to a subsurface is, again, a function of mechanical 250-2nd st. s.W., Calgary, alberta relatively low-angel submarine shelf surface stratigraphy and is better developed in over which carbonate rocks accumulate. In dolostones. In the summers of 2005 and 2006, Talisman such a system, an abrupt slope break and field parties mapped several sections of accompanying reef lithologies are localized Structurally, the best outcrop analogue for Permo-Pennsylvanian outcrop in the front or completely absent. For the most part, the prolific anticlines producing from the ranges of the Monkman district of Northeast the Ksituan in outcrop follows these rules. Belcourt / Taylor Flats in the Monkman British Columbia. This was undertaken to Facies are fairly standard ‘ramp’ facies area is found in the Ganoid Range near refine reservoir models developed during with two exceptions. First, phylloid algal Monkman provincial park. The geometry of biostromes appear in the inner ramp and this culmination mimics many of those seen second, conglomeratic facies occur at the in the subsurface. First, there is a focusing base of the section and locally higher, and can of pervasive micro-fractures and possibly of HUGH REID’S appear in any part of the ramp depositional bedding-parallel slip in dolomitic intervals environment. between resistant limestone beds. Second, 2011 WINTER there are dramatic changes along strike in & SPRING The unique conglomerate facies occur in the dip of both anticline axial planes and association with the Sukunka High. The in the dip of anticlinal limbs and inter-limb COURSES Permo-Pennsylvanian onlaps this topographic angles. And third is the presence of double high, composed of Debolt Formation rocks. anticlines. NEW SHORTER The result of this onlap and erosion is DST COURSE a conglomeratic facies consisting of chert Synthesis of all these stratigraphic, diagenetic, (3 1/2 days) pebbles and large Debolt intraclasts in a and structural observations produced a useful grainy limestone matrix. Locally, this facies exploration model. Drilling directionally into January 25-28, 2011 & April 5-8, 2011 occurs higher in the section, interbedded dolomitic facies in the axial planar regions with ‘normal’ ramp facies. of folds has proven successful, provided a gas cap is present and large enough to 16 WAyS TO IDENTIfy ByPASSED Importantly, it does not appear that fault have protected open fracture systems from PAy fROm DST DATA movement associated with the development cementation. (more advanced, for those of the high had much influence on facies “comfortable” with DST charts) distributions within the Permo-Pennsylvanian BIOGRAPHy April 14-15, 2011 other than that of the conglomerate. Scott McLellan is a geologist by training, specializing in structural geology and Rather, there is a distinct periodicity sedimentology. He holds an M.Sc. from the HyDRODyNAmICS within all mapped sections, and there are University of Calgary. He started his career with (Oil and Gas Finding Aspects) often very abrupt vertical transitions from Shell before moving on to Remington Energy, April 26-29, 2011 shallower to deeper facies and back again, Dominion Energy, Suncor, and finally Talisman on a metre-scale. These are also present in Energy. Scott has been with Talisman Energy for In-house courses available the subsurface and some, marked by slightly the past five years working structural plays. He For course outline visit: phosphatic intervals, can be correlated has spent the last three of those years working www.hughwreid.com over 10’s of kilometers. This suggests a as a seismic interpreter in the Northeast British strong eustatic influence, perhaps from Columbia foothills and more recently in the 262-1261 continental glaciation during the Permo- Appalachian shale basin of Quebec. Pennsylvanian.

18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 diVision taLKs PALAEONTOLOGY DIVISION Sponsored by

look like, how the photogrammetric “Guide to Common Vertebrate Fossils from the techniques were employed, and what animals Cretaceous of Alberta,” recently published by APS. were involved in making the tracks. Under the direction of the USDA Forest Service INFORMATION Regional Palaeontologist, the volunteers also This event is jointly presented by the Alberta prospected for and collected fossils that Palaeontological Society, Mount Royal University, were found eroding out of the badlands. and the CSPG Palaeontology Division. For details or to present a talk in the future please contact BIOGRAPHy CSPG Paleo Division Chair Philip Benham at Vaclav Marsovsky has a degree in Engineering 403-691-3343 or [email protected]. and an interest in Palaeontology. Vaclav has been Visit the APS website for confirmation of event on the board of APS for over 15 years in several times and upcoming speakers: http://www. administrative roles. He was a contributor to the albertapaleo.org/. Figure 1. PIT Volunteers cleaning the trackway surface. Mammal trackways in Toadstool Geological Park, Nebraska

SPEAkER Vaclav Marsovsky

7:30 pM, Friday, dec 10th, 2010 Mount royal University, room B108 Calgary, alberta

Note: This talk will be held in conjunction with the Christmas Social event. If you wish to partake in this aspect of the evening please bring cookies or finger foods. Drinks will be provided.

Passport in Time (PIT) is a volunteer archaeology and historic preservation program of the USDA Forest Service (FS). PIT volunteers work with professional FS archaeologists, palaeontologists, and historians in national forests throughout the U.S. on such diverse activities as archaeological survey and excavation, rock art restoration, survey, archival research, historic structure restoration, oral history gathering, and analysis and curation of artifacts. The goal of PIT is to preserve the nation’s past with the help of the public. PIT volunteers contribute to environmental and historical research on public lands (US). Most of the programs are archaeological, few are paleontological.

Vaclav and Mona Marsovsky, along with about 20 other volunteers, gave their time at the Toadstool Geological Park to help document the mammal trackways before they succumb to the processes of erosion and the tracks are lost. The trackways were recognized a few years ago and have already started to degrade.

This presentation will give a general overview of the geology, show what the trackways RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 19 TWO COUPLES, ONE GOAL: INSPIRING OTHERS.

SAIT Polytechnic thanks Connie and Murray Cobbe and Barbara and David Johnson for their leadership and generosity. Both couples have donated $5 million each to education, through the Promising Futures™ Campaign in support of SAIT’s Trades and Technology Complex. In recognition of their gifts, the new home of the MacPhail School of Energy will be named the Johnson–Cobbe Energy Centre. Both Mr. Cobbe and Mr. Johnson are graduates of SAIT’s Petroleum Engineering Technology Program, and their combined contribution of $10 million will help create a centre of inspiration and transform the lives of many future students.

SAIT’s new Trades and Technology Complex will engage up to 8,100 more full and part-time students each year in hands-on, career-oriented training. It will also turn Calgary into a hub of learning and contribute signifi cantly to our economy — thanks to the generosity of the Johnsons and Cobbes.

sait-promising-futures.ca

2655657 7.375x9.875.indd 1 10/20/10 2:26:49 PM

PROJECT: 2655657 WS Donation FILE NAME: 2655657 7.375x9.875 EXECUTION: 2655657 7.375x9.875_CSPG PUBLICATION: CSPG Reservoir Date: December [Nov 17] TRIM SIZE: 7.3757”x9.875” AD TAG: unknown 3

b/di C M Y K UNICORNS IN THE GARDEN OF GOOD AND EVIL: Part 2 – Coal | By E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. Unicorns are beautiful, mythical beasts, much KerOgen sought after by us mere mortals. The same is MaCeral type Original OrganiC Matter true for petrophysical models for unconventional reservoirs. This is the second in a series of review Alginite I Fresh-water algae articles outlining the simple beauty of some Exinite II Pollen, spores practical methods for log analysis of the unusual. Cutinite II Land-plant cuticle COAL BASICS Land-plant resins Coal is a term used to describe a wide range Resinite II of organic compounds. Bituminous coal is Liptinite II All land-plant lipids; marine algae an organic sedimentary rock formed by Woody and cellulosic material from land plants diagenetic and submetamorphic compression Vitrinite III of peat bog material. It has been compressed Charcoal; highly oxidized or reworked and heated so that its primary constituents Inertinite IV material of any origin are macerals (Figure 1, Table 1). Table 1. Correlation between kerogen type, its source, and its maceral name. Macerals are organic matter names, somewhat akin to mineral names in the non-organic world. The carbon content of bituminous coal is around 60 to 80%; the rest is composed of water, air, hydrogen, and sulfur, which have not been driven off from the macerals. Bituminous coal or black coal is relatively soft, containing a tarlike substance called bitumen. It is of higher quality than lignite coal but of poorer quality than anthracite coal.

Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown variety with characteristics that put it somewhere between coal and peat. It is considered the lowest rank of coal, used almost exclusively as a fuel for steam-electric power generation. Lignite has a carbon content of around 25 to 35%, a high inherent moisture content – sometimes Figure 1. Coal rank depends on thermal maturity (Courtesy Kansas Geological Survey). as high as 66% – and an ash content ranging from 6% to 19% compared with 6% to 12% 1. moisture, 2. hydroscopic moisture: water for bituminous coal. 2. volatile matter, consisting of gases and held by capillary action within the vapors driven off during pyrolysis, microfractures of the coal, Anthracite is a hard, compact variety of mineral 3. fixed carbon, the nonvolatile fraction of 3. decomposition moisture: water held coal that has a high luster. It has the highest coal, and within the coal’s decomposed organic carbon content, between 92% and 98%, and 4. ash, the inorganic residue remaining compounds, contains the fewest impurities of all coals, after combustion. 4. mineral moisture: water that comprises despite its lower calorific content. Anthracite part of the crystal structure of hydrous is the most metamorphosed type of coal. Fixed carbon is also called carbon, dry coal, silicates such as clays. The term is applied to coals that do not give pure coal, or dry ash-free coal. The latter off tarry or other hydrocarbon vapors when term is the most descriptive. Dry ash-free Total moisture is analyzed by loss of mass heated below their point of ignition. coal is often abbreviated as “daf” or “DAF.” between an air-dried sample and the sample after driving off the inherent moisture with PROXIMATE ANALySIS Moisture is an important property of coal, heat. This is achieved by any of the following Proximate analysis of coal is a simple as all coals are mined wet. Groundwater methods: laboratory method for determining the and other extraneous moisture is known 1. heating the coal with toluene, components of coal, obtained when the coal as adventitious moisture and is readily 2. drying in a minimum free-space oven sample is heated (pyrolysis) under specified evaporated. Moisture held within the coal at 150°C (302°F) within a nitrogen conditions. The coal sample is extracted itself is known as inherent moisture and atmosphere, f r o m a c o r e a n d p l a c e d q u i c k l y i n a c a n i s t e ris analyzed quantitatively. Adventitious 3. drying in air at 100 to 105°C (212 to to preserve as much gas as possible. As moisture is removed in the lab by evaporation 221°F). defined by ASTM D 121, proximate analysis in air. Moisture may occur in four possible separates the coal into four groups (e.g., forms within coal: Methods 1 and 2 are suitable with low-rank Figure 2 [page 23], Table 2 [page 22], Table 1. surface moisture: water held on the coals but method 3 is only suitable for high- 3 [page 23]): surface of coal particles or macerals, (Continued on page 22...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 21 dePth (m) Proximate anaLysis canister ash (dry samPLe samPLe seam VoLatiLe Fixed FLoat % # toP Bottom ash moisture Wt%) tyPe density matter carBon Coarse and 1 390 948.20 949.00 15.86 3.22 33.17 47.75 16.37 43.52 1.82 Fine Cuttings Coarse and 2 392 962.20 963.40 21.85 4.46 30.19 43.50 22.82 44.86 1.69 Fine Cuttings 3 395 964.20 965.00 14.21 3.62 34.59 47.58 14.72 Fine Cuttings 57.26 1.62 4U 399 980.71 981.01 39.85 10.72 19.71 29.72 44.12 Core N/A 1.60 4U GG 981.01 981.09 32.83 9.40 22.85 34.92 35.92 Core N/A 1.93 4U 410 981.14 981.44 77.24 6.93 8.42 7.41 82.59 Core N/A 2.24 4U HH 981.65 981.71 35.67 8.02 19.92 36.38 38.53 Core N/A 1.82 4L 442 982.01 982.31 3.20 16.60 29.26 50.94 3.73 Core N/A 1.26 4L 443 982.31 982.61 1.72 22.32 29.06 46.90 2.10 Core N/A 1.22 4L 445 982.61 982.91 8.20 14.30 28.08 49.42 9.37 Core N/A 1.30 4L 446 982.91 983.21 7.07 9.79 30.32 52.82 7.76 Core N/A 1.28 4L 447 983.21 983.51 22.39 7.86 37.55 32.20 24.15 Core N/A 1.52 4L 449 983.51 983.81 4.65 10.28 28.55 56.52 5.13 Core N/A 1.29 4L 458 984.01 984.31 2.90 11.40 33.04 52.66 3.23 Core N/A 1.26 4L 482 984.31 984.61 1.57 12.92 31.82 53.69 1.77 Core N/A 1.26 4L 483 984.61 984.91 1.86 13.42 31.12 53.60 2 .11 Core N/A 1.25 4L 484 984.91 985.21 2.10 14.05 33.11 50.74 2.40 Core N/A 1.22 4L 501 985.21 985.51 15.61 10.71 31.05 42.63 17.28 Core N/A 1.37 5 T4 987.49 988.01 6.11 9.36 30.92 53.60 6.68 Core N/A 1.28 5 506 988.01 988.31 14.36 9.64 29.21 46.79 15.74 Core N/A 1.34 5 510/76 988.31 988.61 4.23 8.19 33.11 54.47 4.58 Core N/A 1.26 5 518 988.61 988.91 2.91 11.64 28.67 56.78 3.25 Core N/A 1.28 Coarse 6 521 996.00 997.00 17.26 5.95 30.28 46.51 18.29 49.94 1.61 Cuttings 6 523 996.00 997.00 10.34 6.15 32.91 50.60 10.98 Fine Cuttings 70.76 1.55 Coarse 6 531 997.00 997.50 21.37 4.04 29.81 44.78 22.23 34.04 1.87 Cuttings Table 2. Example of Proximate Analysis of several coal seams - data is in Weight %.

(...Continued from page 21) content of the coal because some carbon removed. Some mineral (ash) in the coal may rank coals as free air drying low-rank coals is lost in hydrocarbons with the volatiles. sink, reducing the apparent ash content. By may promote oxidation. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the comparing the ash analysis to the float-sink coke yield from a sample of coal. Fixed analysis with that from core analysis, the gas Volatile matter in coal refers to the carbon is determined by subtracting the contents can be normalized to reflect true components of coal, except for moisture, mass of volatiles, determined above, from ash contents of the coal cuttings. which are liberated at high temperature in the original mass of the coal sample. the absence of air. This is usually a mixture Vitrinite is the most common component of short- and long-chain hydrocarbons, Ash content of coal is the non-combustible of coal. It is also abundant in kerogen, aromatic hydrocarbons, and some sulfur. residue left after coal is burnt. It represents derived from the same biogenic precursors In Australian and British laboratories, this the bulk mineral matter after carbon, oxygen, as coals, namely land plants and humic involves heating the coal sample to 900 ± sulfur, and water (including from clays) peats. Vitrinite forms diagenetically by the 5°C (1,650 ±10°F) for seven minutes in a have been driven off during combustion. thermal alteration of lignin and cellulose in cylindrical silica crucible in a muffle furnace. Analysis is fairly straightforward, with the plant cell walls. It is therefore common in American procedures involve heating to 950 coal thoroughly burnt and the ash material sedimentary rocks that are rich in organic ± 25°C (1,740 ± 45°F) in a vertical platinum expressed as a percentage of the original matter, such as shales and marls with a crucible. These two methods give different weight. terrigenous origin. Conversely, carbonates, results and thus the method used must be evaporites, and well-sorted sandstones have stated. Float-Sink Analysis is used to separate non- very low vitrinite content. Vitrinite is absent coal cavings from cuttings samples. The in pre-Silurian rocks because land plants had Fixed carbon content of the coal is the crushed material is placed in a liquid with not yet evolved. carbon left after volatile materials are driven a density of 1.75 g/cc. The coal fraction is off. This differs from the ultimate carbon floated off and the non-coal sinks and is Vitrinite reflectance was first studied by

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 With this breakdown, the coal matrix density can be determined, and the other parameters follow from this value:

1: DENSMAcoal = Vlignite * 1.19 + V bituminous *

1.34 + Vanthracite * 1.47

An alternative method is a 3-mineral model using ash, fixed carbon, and moisture (Table

5, page 24). The GR is used to obtain Vclay, making a 4-mineral model relatively easy. Both models can be solved by crossplots. Examples are shown in Figure 4.

The mineral end points are not firm, so some experimentation and sample descriptions are needed. If a 3-mineral model is not possible, the analyst must decide on the correct coal type.

A dry-clay model can also be used, but the water term will include the clay-bound water, not just the free water. It can be removed by subtracting clay-bound water from the total to get the free-water answer.

The ash data points may vary with clay type and other noncombustible mineral content, so crossplots of lab ash content (by volume) versus log readings can help pin down these values. Figure 2. Example of well log showing location of coal layers analyzed by proximate analysis. Log curves are GR, CAL, PE, neutron, density, and density correction. CALCULATING COAL PROPERTIES coal geologists attempting to determine One log-analysis model calculates a The following equations are found in the coal the thermal maturity, or rank, of coal 3-mineral model from PE, density, neutron, assay literature and are based on correlations beds. More recently, it is used to study sonic crossplot methods (Table 4, page between core analysis values and log data. sedimentary organic matter from kerogen. 24) and solves for the fraction of lignite, Parameters can be tuned by making your own It is sensitive to temperature ranges that bituminous coal, and anthracite (or peat). (Continued on page 25...) correspond to hydrocarbon generation (60 to 120°C). This means that, with a suitable depth (M) nOn-COal calibration, vitrinite reflectance can be used seaM Canister # MOistUre as an indicator of maturity in hydrocarbon tOp BOttOM FraCtiOn source rocks. Generally, the onset of oil 1 390 948.20 949.00 56.58 0.77 generation is correlated with a reflectance 2 392 962.20 963.40 56.16 0.88 of 0.5 to 0.6% and the termination of oil generation with reflectance of 0.85 to 1.1% 3 395 964.20 965.00 45.10 1.05 6 521 996.00 997.00 51.27 1.01 VISUAL ANALySIS OF COAL LOGS Finding coal on logs is pretty easy. High 6 523 996.00 997.00 32.22 1.24 values of neutron porosity, density porosity 6 531 997.00 997.50 65.29 1.09 (low density), high sonic travel time (low Table 3. Summary table of Proximate Analysis for the example shown in Table 2 and Figure 2. velocity), and high resistivity are the clues (Figure 3). Gamma ray measurements are low in good quality coal and increase with clay (ash content).

COAL ANALySIS MODELS The use of well logs for analyzing coal deposits dates back many years. Most methods are based on a multi-mineral model which solves for moisture, volatile components, fixed carbon, and ash. These are the same components determined from coal cores or sample chips by proximate Figure 3. Visual analysis of logs for coal is relatively unambiguous. High neutron porosity, high density porosity analysis. (low density), high sonic, high resistivity, and clean gamma ray mean coal. Thresholds on each curve are used to trigger a coal flag. Three or more flags is a pretty good indication of the presence of coal. Some coals are very dirty (shaly) so the gamma ray and resistivity may not trigger.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 23 densma Phin dtc dtcma Pe

g/cc frac s/ft s/m s/ft s/m Anthracite 1.47 0.41 105 345 48 157 0.16 Bituminous 1.24 0.60+ 120 394 44 144 0.17 Lignite 1.19 0.54 160 525 50 164 0.20 Peat 1.14 0.26 0.25 Table 4. Matrix parameters for 3-mineral model – coal type.

densma Phin dtcma Pe

g/cc frac s/ft s/m cu Could vary if other Ash 2.65 0.00 55 182 1.8 minerals (e.g., calcite) (Quartz) are also present Ash Includes clay-bound water, 2.18-2.35 0.25 80 250 3.5 (Clay) varies with clay mineral Varies with coal type Carbon 1.19-1.47 0.60 120 394 0.2 (dry, ash-free value) Free water or “moisture,” Water 1.00 1.00 200 656 0.1 excludes clay-bound water Table 5. Matrix parameters for 3-mineral model – coal composition.

Figure 4. Density-neutron crossplot for coal analysis (bottom), density-sonic crossplot (top). End points are Ash, Fixed Carbon, and Water. Data points show the ash in this coal is mostly clay (log data falls to the right of the Ash point). DENSma – Uma and Mlith – Nlith crossplot models can also be used. (Illustration from Coal Evaluation Using Geophysical Well Logs, Walter H. Fertl and Marvin R. DeVries, CWLS Symposium, 1977).

Figure 5. Equations specific to a project area can be obtained by cross-plotting ash content vs. density log readings. This plot generated Equation 2a.

Figure 6. Example of coal log analysis results using a 3-mineral model for coal type (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) in right-hand track. Zones outside the coal are analyzed with conventional oil and gas models.

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 crossplots. Standard 3- and 4-mineral models using simultaneous equations, DENSma-Uma crossplots, or Mlith-Nlith crossplots (or equivalent math) are probably more practical when the core data correlations are not available.

Initial results are in volume fractions and are converted to weight fractions by using the density of each component.

Ash Content:

2: Vash = (DENS - DENSMAcoal) / (2.5 -

DENSMAcoal)

or 2a: Vash = 0.65 * (DENS - 1.00) (see Figure 5)

Fixed Carbon (dry coal):

3: Vfcarb = 0.512 * (1.0 - Vash)

Moisture (free water):

4: Vwtr = 0.461 - Vash

Volatile Matter:

5: Vvolatile = 1.0 - Vash - Vfcarb - Vwtr

Numerical Example:

Given: DENSMAcoal = 1.24 DENS = 1.36 g/cc

Vash 0.10 0.23

Vfcarb 0.36 0.39

Vwtr 0.47 0.23

Vvolatile 0.07 0.15

All proximate analysis results are repor ted in weight fraction or percent. To convert log analysis volume fractions to weight fractions, use the following:

6: WTash = Vash * DENSash

7: WTfcarb = Vfcarb * DENSfcarb

8: WTwtr = Vwtr * DENSwtr

9: WTvolatile = Vvolatile * DENSvolatile Figure 7. Example of a log analysis of an Alberta Foothills coal using a model for coal composition (fixed carbon, 10: WTcoal = WTash + WT fcarb + WT wtr + volatiles, moisture, and ash (2nd track from the right). These results can be calibrated to the proximate analysis WTvolatile from lab measurements. (Continued on page 26...)

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 25 (...Continued from page 25) Mass fractions are as follows (multiply by 100 to get weight percent):

11: Wash = WTash / WTcoal

12: Wfcarb = WTfcarb / WTcoal

13: Wwtr = WTwtr / WTcoal

14: Wvolatile = WTvolatile / WTcoal Weight percent is often used in reports:

15: WT% ash = 100 * Wash

16: WT%fcarb = 100 * WTfcarb

17: WT%wtr = 100 * WTwtr

18: WT%volatile = 100 * WTvolatile

Where: DENS = density log reading in a coal (g/cc)

DENSMAcoal = matrix density of a coal (g/cc)

DENSxxx = density of a component (g/cc)

Vxxx = volume fraction of a component (fractional)

WTxxx = weight of a component (grams)

Wxxx = mass fraction of a component (fractional)

WT%xxx = weight percent of a component (percent)

Numerical Example:

Given: DENSMAcoal = 1.24 DENS = 1.36 g/cc

Mass Volume Density Weight Fraction Ash 0.10 2.65 0.25 0.21 Fcarb 0.36 1.24 0.57 0.48 Wtr 0.47 1.00 0.37 0.31 Volatile 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 Coal 1.00 1.19

log examples: Figure 6 (page 24) is an example of log analysis using a 3-mineral model for coal type. Figure 7 (page 25) is an Move ahead of your example of log analysis using a model for coal competition composition. ABOUT THE AUTHOR in heavy oil evaluations. E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. is a Consulting Petrophysicist and a Professional Engineer with over 45 years of experience in reservoir RPS Boyd PetroSearch can help you reach the finish description, petrophysical analysis, and line faster by addressing your seismic challenges. management. He has been a specialist in the integration of well log analysis and petrophysics • 2D, 3D and 4D program modeling with geophysical, geological, engineering, and simulation phases of oil and gas exploration • Seismic project planning, design and management and exploitation, with widespread Canadian and Overseas experience. • Facies analyses and interpretation • Earth modeling • Stakeholder liaison • Government approvals His textbook, “Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook on CD-ROM” is widely used as a reference to

practical log analysis. Mr. Crain is an Honourary Member and Past President of the Canadian Please call: Damien Thenin 403.543.5381 or Larry Herd 403.543.5362 Well Logging Society (CWLS), a Member of Visit boydpetro.com or rpsgroup.com/canada Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA), and a Registered Professional Engineer with Alberta Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists (APEGGA). rpsgroup.com

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 Table 1. (Source: Aguilera, 2010).

Quadruple Porosity System in Shales. Evaluation Using Data from Wang et al, SPE 124253 (2009)

Item Chracteristic Barnett FWB Marcellus Haynsville

1* Total porosity of shale,  sh 0.05 0.065 0.12

2* Assumed fracture porosity, 2 0.005 0.005 0.005

3* Assumed porosity of hydraulic fractures,  hf 0.002 0.002 0.005

4* Total organic content by weight, TOC wgt 0.05 0.06 0.035

5* Total organic content by volume, TOC vol 0.10 0.12 0.07

6* Assumed porosity in organic matter,  TOC 0.10 0.10 0.10

7* Porosity of organic matter in shale, org 0.01 0.012 0.007

8* Porosity in nonorganic rock matrix,  m 0.033 0.046 0.103

9 Porosity with free gas,  free 0.017 0.019 0.017

10 Porosity of crushed sample,  x 0.0336 0.0469 0.1048

11 Fraction of total porosity made out of organic porosity, v org 0.2000 0.1846 0.0583 12 Fraction of total porosity made out of fractures, v 0.1000 0.0769 0.0417

13 Fraction of total porosity made out of hydraulic fracture porosity, v hf 0.0400 0.0308 0.0417

14 Percent of total porosity filled with free gas, v free 0.3400 0.2923 0.1417 15 Assumed Temperature, Deg F 180 130 320 16 Assumed pressure, psia 3800 2800 10000 17 Gas formation volume factor, Bgi, cf / scf 0.00419 0.00524 0.00194

18 Assumed S wi in free gas porosity, fraction 0 0 0

19 Assumed S wi total in composite system, fraction 0.3 0.3 0.3 20 Free original gas in place, reservoir cf / acre ft 740.67 827.81 740.67

21 Free original gas in place, OGIP free , scf / acre ft 176,780 157,921 381,710 SHALE GAS 22 Total original gas in place,OGIP t , scf/acre ft 363,883 378,101 1,885,708 23 Original gas in place adsorbed in matrix, OGIP adsorbed , scf/ acre ft 187,103 220,180 1,503,998 Part 4 - Log Analysis24 and Percent of freeShale gas Gas Petrophysics48.58 41.77 20.24 25 Percent of adsorbed gas 51.42 58.23 79.76 | By R. J. Spencer1,3, P. K. Pedersen1, C. R. Clarkson1, R. Aguilera2 1 2 3 Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Department of ChemicalData fromand Petroleum Wang et al,engineering, 2009. University of Calgary Alberta Innovates Technology Futures To start, it is important to emphasize that every shale is different and, as a result, each shale reservoir should be considered as a research project by itself. What works fine in a given shale gas reservoir might prove to be a major fiasco in another. An additional important point is that shales may comprise multiple porosity systems as shown on Figure 1. Under these conditions scaling of porosity and other properties has to always be taken into account.

There is general concensus among petrophysicists that the proper understanding of shale mineralogy is key for sound evaluation of these types of formations. This is an important issue that was introduced in part 3 of this series along with the key role that shale rock fabrics might play on the mechanical and flow properties of shale. However, there are some quick-look methods that provide Figure 1. SEM backscatter image showing the presence of pores within organic matter, with pores likely formed useful preliminary interpretations of shale as a resultFigure of hydrocarbon 1. SEM generation backscatter (Image provided image by R. Reed showing to Ruppel and the Loucks, presence 2008). of pores within organic matter, with pores likely formations. formed as a result of hydrocarbon generation (Image provided by R. Reed to Ruppel and Loucks, 2008). moveable and irreducible water saturations, potential within shale successions. Hickey wELL LOGS AND CORES and hydrocarbon saturation. Gamma ray and Henk (2008) indicate that the Barnett There are several methods available in activity, resistivities, and sonic and nuclear actually “consists of a variety of organic- the literature for estimating porosity, porosities tend to be high in shale gas rich lithofacies of siliceous, calcareous, permeability, water saturation, kerogen formations. By contrast Pe readings are or phosphatic composition.” Independent volumes, TOC, and volumes of adsorbed and generally low. Density readings are generally evaluation of each lithofacies is important free original-gas-in-place. These methods low, approaching 1.2 or 1.3 g/cm3. The to improve calculations of TOC, gas in generally apply integrated evaluations using geochemical log is important because it place, geomechanical properties, and extensive log suites. Some of these suites permits estimation of, for example, the performance forecasts. As an example of a might include, for example, NMR, gamma concentrations of silica, calcium, iron, quick calculation, Hickey and Kenk indicate ray, resistivity, density, neutron, different sulphur, potassium, magnesium, and that a good linear correlation exists, with types of acoustic logs, pe, geochemical logs, titanium. Clay content can therefore be a coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.81), and image logs. estimated independent of conventional log between TOC and measured grain density measurements affected by kerogen. Image in the Barnett Shale samples using the Notwithstanding the signicant advances logs can provide information related to the following equation: of logging equipment, it is important to presence, dip, and orientation of natural remember that the above well logs are fractures or fractures induced during (1) TOC (weight %) = 85.9 - 30.8 x b indirect sources of information. For this drilling operations. In some cases, relative reason, no matter how sophisticated information related to fracture apertures Where TOC is the total organic carbon and 3 the tools may be, their result should be might be estimated from image logs. b is grain density (g/cm ). calibrated with core data from at least some key wells. The problem is that there Different types of acoustic and electrofacies Hicky and Henk indicate that “there should is not a clear protocol for determining well logs might also allow calculating be a similar correlation between wire- shale porosity, permeability, and other shale geomechanical properties such as Young’s line bulk density and TOC when analyzed properties in the laboratory (Sondergeld Modulus (YM), Poisson’s ratio (PR), Biot’s within a known lithofacies context.” The et al., 2010). As a result, much has to be constant, and stress, which are of paramount key message is that a correlation has to be learned on the petrophysical evaluation importance on design of hydraulic fracturing developed independently for each shale gas from cores and logs. jobs (Miskimins et al., 2002). reservoir and each lithofacies.

The NMR log is of paramount importance in QUICk LOOk ANALySIS An outstanding quick-look method for all the evaluations because under favourable Some of the logs mentioned above (and older estimating TOC that has proved useful conditions, with knowledge of T2 spectral versions of them) have been used in the past in the past is an overlay of sonic and characteristics, it allows determination of for estimating intervals with gas-production (Continued on page 28...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 27 (...Continued from page 27) resistivity logs. The method has been used for estimating kerogen content in shales with reasonable results (Passey et al., 1990). However, as is always the case with empirical methods, it has to be used carefully and it has to be calibrated with direct sources of information. An example is presented in Figure 2, which shows in track 1 a gamma ray log, in track 2 a sonic-resistivity overlay and a separation of the two logs in the organic-reach interval. The relative scaling of the sonic and resistivity curves is 50 µsec/ft (164 µsec/m) and corresponds to one decade of resistivity. The values in the center of track 2 correspond to the R baseline (1 ohm-m) and t (100 µsec/ft) baseline values. This interval is at level of organic maturity 6-7 (LOM, Hood et al., 1975) and contains kerogen of Type II. The sonic and resistivity curves are overlain at a baseline interval corresponding to a fine- grained non-source rock. Track 3 shows

pyrolysis S2 values as defined by ‘Rock Eval’ (Espitalie et al., 1977). Track 4 shows TOC values. The big black dots represent core data (Source: Passey et al., 1990) and validate the interpretation for this example.

Basic equations used in Passey et al.’s method as a function of R baseline and t

baseline are: Figure 2. Sonic-resistivity overlay showing  log R separation in the organic reach interval. The relative scaling Figure 2. Sonic-resistivity overlay showing Δ log R separation in the organic reach interval. The relative of the sonic and resistivity curves is 50 µsec/ft (164 µsec/m) and corresponds to one decade of resistivity. The scaling of the sonic and resistivity curves is 50 µsec/ft (164 µsec/m) and corresponds to one decade of (2)  log R = log (R / R baseline) + 0.02 x values in the center of track 2 correspond to the R baseline (1 ohm-m) and t (100 µsec/ft)Δ baselinet (100 µsec/ft) values. 10 Thisresistivity. interval isThe at levelvalues of inorganic the center maturity of track (LOM, 2 correspondHood et al., to1975) the R6-7 baseline and contains (1 ohm-m) kerogen and of Type II (Source: (t – t baseline) Passeybaseline et al., values. 1990). This interval is at level of organic maturity (LOM, Hood et al., 1975) 6-7 and contains kerogen of Type II (Source: Passey et al., 1990).

and, reasoning for using this equation is because (Swi) for the Barnett Shale.” Although not of their concern that “excess conductivity mentioned explicitly by Zhao et al. (2007), it (3) TOC = ( log R) 10 (2.297 – 0.1688 x LOM) arises from the presence of clay minerals” is interesting, from a practical point of view, and this “significantly affects the slope of the that Archie’s equation can be represented where, relationship between the logarithmic of graphically by a Pickett plot from which  log R = curve separation resistivity and linear sonic transit time.” evaluations can be done using a ‘pattern R = measured formation resistivity, ohm-m Passey et al. (1990) also presented equations recognition’ approach. For example, pattern t = resistivity of non-source shales, µsec/ft for working with neutron and density logs. recognition has been used in the past TOC = total organic carbon, weight % Another quick look, yet reasonable for distinguishing intervals that might or LOM = Level of organic methamorphism evaluation approach for shale gas formations, might not produce natural gas from shales was presented by Zhao et al. (2007) who (Aguilera, 1978). The LOM, based on knowledge of vitrinite used resistivity, neutron, and sonic logs for reflectance (%Ro), is calculated using data estimating water saturation and a thermal INTEGRATED PETROPHySICAL published by Hood et al. (1975) from the maturity index (MI) in the Barnet shale. EVALUATION equation (Servipetrol, 2006): Rather than Waxman-Smits equation used There are several sophisticated integrated

by Passey et al. (1990), Zhao et al. (2007) methods and expert systems that have utilized Archie’s (1950) equation, with a been developed by operating companies ���� ��� value of m equal to 1.9 to account for some and service providers. Some of the well ��� ����� natural fracturing and n equal to 2.0. The logs that can be used for this purpose �4���� � ���� ������������������������ � Equation (4) fits very well Hood et al.’s log porosity was corrected using data from were mentioned above in the ‘Well Logs values of %Ro with a coefficient of whole cores analysis and crushed samples and Cores’ section. Generally x number of determination, R2 = 0.99. However for more with a reasonable fit. Their reasoning for equations with x number of unknowns can rigorous interpretations the LOM values using Archie’s equation is that “the Barnett be used in the calculations. have to be calibrated with measurements Shale, at least in the area of the gas window, from the actual reservoir under is mostly water wet. A water-wet rock In addition to porosity, water saturation, consideration. For interpretations involving has anion and cation transport under an drilling-induced and natural fractures, water saturation Passey et al. (1990) utilized electric field. Thus, the Archie equation geomechanical properties, facies, and TOC; the Waxman-Smits equation (1968). Their is applicable to estimate water saturation the integrated methods can determine

28 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010

(5)   orgmsh 2  hf

the weight fraction of different minerals these types of formations. For some where (φx) is the matrix porosity of a crushed including hematite, zeolite, potassium shales, significant porosity might also exist sample. The crushed samples represent only (6)  xm 1( org 2  hf ) feldspar, glauconite, siderite, calcite, apatite, as “intergranular” porosity between clay the matrix. They do not include the fractures anhydrite, pyrite, illite, smectite, chlorite, minerals in phyllosilicate framework pores and the porosity of the organic matter. Care plagioclase, quartz, kerogen, kaolinite, and as shown by Schieber (2010). must be exercised in the interpretation of salt (Jacobi et al., 2008). this matrix porosity because it is associated Because of the different storages mentioned only with the bulk volume of the matrix The above information can then be used above, the petrophysical model should system, not the bulk volume of the composite together with Langmuir isotherm for include multiple porosities. An example of porosity system. The stimulated reservoir estimating volumes of adsorbed and free gas total porosity (φsh) of a stimulated shale is volume (SRV) in gas shales is associated with originally in place, and possible productivity. given by (Aguilera, 2010): the hydraulic fracture porosity (φhf). An example is presented in Figure 3. Ambrose et al. (2010) have also discussed (5)(5)   orgmsh 2  hf Equations 5 and 6 are related to the organic issues associated with calculations of free porosity ratio, partitioning coefficient and and sorbed gas in shales related to volume where, hydraulic fracture porosity ratio as follows: (5)   orgmsh 2  hf occupied by sorbed gas.   org 2 hf As shale reservoirs always have to be φ2 = fracture porosity scaled to the bulk (7)(7) v ;; vv  hydraulically fractured and horizontal wells volume of the composite porosity org hf sh sh sh are drilled in many instances, an interactive system, fraction procedure that combines well logs, cores, φhf = porosity of the hydraulic fracture scaled where, reservoir modeling, and hydraulic fracturing to the bulk volume of the composite vorg = organic porosity ratio, fraction simulation might prove particularly useful porosity system, fraction v = partitioning coefficient (or fracture (Taylor et al., 2010). φorg = porosity of organic materials in shale porosity ratio), fraction scaled to the bulk volume of the vhf = hydraulic fracture porosity ratio For example, a combined use of many composite porosity system, fraction reservoir characterization tools mentioned φm = porosity of the matrix scaled to the The organic porosity ratio (vorg) indicates above can result in recommendations that bulk volume of the composite porosity what portion of the total shale porosity provide a significant increase in the net system, fraction. is contributed by the organic (kerogen) present value (NPV) of the assets under porosity. The partitioning coefficient (v) consideration. Although many complex (6)Matrix  porosityxm 1( (φm)org is given2 by: hf ) indicates what portion of the total porosity is methods are utilized, the final product made out of fractures. The hydraulic fracture (Continued on page 30...) shows forecasts of gas production rates and (6)(6)  xm 1( org 2  hf ) cumulative production vs. time as a function of hydraulic fracture spacing employed in the well design of the horizontal well. These data can then be used in economic models to optimize fracture spacing, multilateral considerations, and spacing between wellbores; and to evaluate the potential economics of new plays.

A wORD OF CAUTION ON SCALE CONSIDERATIONS In the case of shale gas formations, natural org  hf gas is generated in the shale and remains (7) v 2 ;; vv  org   hf  within the shale. Consequently the shale,  sh sh  sh in addition to being seal, is both source org 2 hf (7) vorg ;; vv hf  rock and reservoir rock. Gas is trapped sh sh sh and stored in shale in different ways (1) as adsorbed gas into the kerogen material, (2) free gas trapped in nonorganic inter- particle (matrix) porosity, (3) free gas trapped in microfracture porosity, (4) free gas stored in hydraulic fractures created during the stimulation of the shale reservoir, and (5) free gas trapped in a pore network developed within the organic matter or kerogen as shown on Figure 1. The latter is a new exciting discovery (Ruppeil and Loucks, 2008; Wang et al., 2009) for shales with significant practical implications that can help explain the larger than anticipated recovery of natural gas from some of Figure 3. Shale gas adsorption/desorption using Langmuir isotherm equation (Source: Bartenhagen, 2006). Figure 3. Shale gas adsorption/desorption using Langmuir isotherm equation (Source: Bartenhagen, 2006).

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 29 Table 1. (Source: Aguilera, 2010).

Quadruple Porosity System in Shales. Evaluation Using Data from Wang et al, SPE 124253 (2009)

Item Chracteristic Barnett FWB Marcellus Haynsville Swif = initial water saturation in free fluid 1* Total porosity of shale,  0.05 0.065 0.12 sh porosity system, fraction 2* Assumed fracture porosity, 0.005 0.005 0.005 2 v = partitioning coefficient (or fracture 3* Assumed porosity of hydraulic fractures,  hf 0.002 0.002 0.005 porosity ratio), portion of the total 4* Total organic content by weight, TOC wgt 0.05 0.06 0.035

5* Total organic content by volume, TOC vol 0.10 0.12 0.07 porosity made out of fractures

6* Assumed porosity in organic matter,  TOC 0.10 0.10 0.10 vfree = free gas porosity ratio, portion of the

7* Porosity of organic matter in shale, org 0.01 0.012 0.007 total porosity filled with free gas

8* Porosity in nonorganic rock matrix,  m 0.033 0.046 0.103 vhf = hydraulic fracture porosity ratio,

9 Porosity with free gas,  free 0.017 0.019 0.017 portion of the total porosity created by 10 Porosity of crushed sample,  x 0.0336 0.0469 0.1048 hydraulic fractures 11 Fraction of total porosity made out of organic porosity, v 0.2000 0.1846 0.0583 org vorg = organic porosity ratio, portion of 12 Fraction of total porosity made out of fractures, v 0.1000 0.0769 0.0417 the total porosity made out of pores 13 Fraction of total porosity made out of hydraulic fracture porosity, v 0.0400 0.0308 0.0417 hf within the organic matter, fraction 14 Percent of total porosity filled with free gas, v free 0.3400 0.2923 0.1417 15 Assumed Temperature, Deg F 180 130 320 φfree = free gas porosity, fraction 16 Assumed pressure, psia 3800 2800 10000 φhf = porosity of the hydraulic fracture 17 Gas formation volume factor, Bgi, cf / scf 0.00419 0.00524 0.00194 scaled to the bulk volume of the 18 Assumed S wi in free gas porosity, fraction 0 0 0 quadruple porosity system, fraction 19 Assumed S wi total in composite system, fraction 0.3 0.3 0.3 φm = porosity of the matrix scaled to the 20 Free original gas in place, reservoir cf / acre ft 740.67 827.81 740.67 bulk volume of the quadruple porosity 21 Free original gas in place, OGIP free , scf / acre ft 176,780 157,921 381,710 system, fraction 22 Total original gas in place,OGIP t , scf/acre ft 363,883 378,101 1,885,708

23 Original gas in place adsorbed in matrix, OGIP adsorbed , scf/ acre ft 187,103 220,180 1,503,998 φorg = porosity of organic materials in shale 24 Percent of free gas 48.58 41.77 20.24 scaled to the bulk volume of the 25 Percent of adsorbed gas 51.42 58.23 79.76 quadruple porosity system, fraction Table 1. Quadruple porosity system in shales. Evaluation using *data from Wang et al., SPE 124253 (2009) φTOC = porosity in organic matter, fraction (Source:Data Aguilera, from Wang 2010). et al, 2009. φsh = total porosity of shale, fraction φx = matrix porosity of the crushed sample, (...Continued from page 29) place at reservoir conditions (hydrocarbon fraction porosity ratio (vhf) indicates what portion of pore volume in matrix, fractures, and hydraulic φ2 = fracture porosity scaled to the bulk the total porosity is created by the hydraulic fractures), the free gas original-gas-in-place at volume of the quadruple porosity fracturing job. standard conditions (line 21), the total original- system, fraction gas-in-place (line 22), and the gas adsorbed The practical implications of Wang et al.’s in the matrix (line 23). These calculations REFERENCES work (2009) are enormous and are highlighted indicate, for the assumptions made above, that Aguilera, R. 1978. Log Analysis of Gas-Bearing in Table 1 that shows in lines 1 to 8 the same the percentage of free gas in the Barnett is Fracture Shales in the Saint Lawrence Lowlands data presented in their paper for the Barnett, close to 49%, 42% in the Marcellus, and 20% of Quebec. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper Marcellus, and Haynesville shales. The table in the Haynesville. The balance is adsorbed 7445 presented at the SPE 53rd Annual Fall also shows some additional assumptions and in the matrix system. The high percentages Technical Conference and Exhibition held in calculations, which can be easily reproduced are probably not unreasonable. For example, Houston, Texas, October 1-3, 1978. using equations 1 to 3 and some other basic the calculated log in Figure 3 shows that reservoir engineering concepts. Obviously the approximately 38 to 40% of the total gas is Aguilera, R. 2010. Flow Units: From conventional assumptions can be changed as needed in stored as free gas. to tight gas to shale gas reservoirs. Society of Figureorder to 1. evaluate SEM backscatterspecific areas imagewithin a showinggiven the presence of pores within organic matter,Petroleum with pores Engineers likely Paper 132845 presented formedplay. But asthere a result are some of hydrocarbon important messages generation Note (Image that the provided calculations by shownR. Reed in Tableto Ruppel 1 atand the Loucks, Trinidad and2008). Tobago Energy Resources in this table. For example, line 9 shows that can be performed, for example, every 10 cm Conference held in Port of Spain, Trinidad, June the free gas porosity is significant (1.7, 1.9, to come out with with a calculated log that 27-30, 2010. and 1.7% for the Barnett, Marcellus, and includes as many of the rows shown in the Haynesville shales, respectively). These values table as desired by the analyst. Ambrose, R. J., Hartman, R. C., Diaz-Campos, compare with a free gas porosity of 1.4% M., Akkutlu, Y., and Sondergeld, G. H. 2010. calculated for the Utica shale (Aguilera, 1978). ACkNOwLEDGEMENT New pore-scale considerations for shale gas Parts of this work were funded by the Natural in place calculations. Society of Petroleum The calculated porosity of the crushed samples Sciences and Engineering Research Council Engineers Paper 131772 presented at the (φx) in line 10 of Table 1 can be compared, of Canada (NSERC agreement 347825-06), SPE Unconventional Gas Conference held in in practice, with crush porosity laboratory ConocoPhillips (agreement 4204638), and Pittsburgh, Pa., February 23-25, 2010. results. The fractions of the total porosity the Alberta Energy Research Institute (AERI made out of organic materials porosity, agreement 1711). Their contributions are Bartenhagen, K. 2006. Wireline evaluation natural fractures, and hydraulic fractures (lines gratefully acknowledged. tecnhniques of shale gas reservoirs, RPSEA 11 to 13) are very important and add up to Forum, University of Oklahoma, December 5, 34, 29.23, and 14.17%, respectively (line 14). NOMENCLATURE 2006.

For some basic assumptions of temperature OGIPadsorbed = adsorbed original gas in place, (line 15), reservoir pressure (line 16), initial scf/acre.ft Espitalie, J., Madec, M., and Tissot, B. 1977.

water saturation within the free fluid porosity OGIPfree = free original gas in place, scf/acre.ft Source rock characterization method for

(line 18), and initial water saturation of the OGIPt = total original gas in place, scf/acre.ft petroleum exploration. Society of Petroleum

total composite system (line 19), it is possible Swi = initial water saturation in composite Engineers Paper 2935, 9th Annual Offshore to calculate in line 20 the free original-gas-in- system, fraction Technology Conference.

30 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 Jacobi, D., Gladkikh, M., LeCompte, B., Hursan, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, February 23-25, 2010. and fluid flow in gas shales. Society of Petroleum G., Mendez, F., Longo, J., Ong, S., Bratovich, Engineers Paper 124253 presented at the SPE M., Patton, G., Shoemaker, P. 2008. Integrated Taylor, R. S., Glaser, M., Kim, J., Wilson, B., Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held petrophysical evaluation of shale gas reservoirs. Nikiforuk, G., Noble, V., Rosenthal, L., Aguilera, in New Orleans, Louisiana, October 4-7, 2009. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 114925 R., Hoch, O., Storozhenko, K., Soliman, M., presented at the CIPC/SPE Gas technology Riviere, N., Palidwar, T. and Romanson, R. Waxman, M. H. and Smits, L. M. 1968. Electrical Symposium Joint Conference held in Calgary, 2010. Optimization of horizontal wellbore and conductivities in oil-bearing shaly sands. Society Canada, June 16-19, 2008. fracture spacing using an interactive combination of Petroleum Engineering Journal, June, p. 107- of reservoir and fracturing simulation. Paper 122. Hickey, J. J. and Henk, B. 2007. Lithofacies CSUG/SPE 137416 presented at the Canadian summary of the Mississippian Barnett shale, Unconventional Resources and International Zhao, H., Givens, N. B., and Curtis, B. 2007. Mitchell 2 T.P. Sims well, Wise County, Texas. Petroleum Conference held in Calgary, Alberta, Thermal maturity of the Barnett shale determined American Association of Petroleum Geologists Canada, October 19-21, 2010. from well-log analysis. American Association of Bulletin, v. 91, no. 4, p. 437-443. Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 91, no. 4, p. Wang, F. P. and Reed, R. M. 2009. Pore networks 535-549. Hood, A., Gutjahr, C. C. M., Heacock, R. L. 1975. Organic metamorphism and the generation of petroleum. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 59, no. 6. LeCompte, B. and Hursan, G. 2010. Quantifying Well Data Missing Quality? source rock maturity from rocks: How to get more than TOC from Delta Log R. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 133128 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Florence, Italy, September 19- 22, 2010.

Miskimins, J., Hurley, N. and Graves, R. 2002. A method for developing rock mechanical property logs using electrofacies and core data. Society of Petroleum Engineers Paper 77783 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in San Antonio, Texas, September 29-October 2, 2002.

Passey, Q. R., Creaney, S., Kulla, J. B., Moretti, F. J., Stroud, J. D. 1990. A practical model for organic richness from porosity and resistivity logs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, December. Let TGS complete the picture Ruppel, S. C. and Loucks, R. G. 2008. Black mudrocks: lessons and questions from the Canada Well Data is now available online, backed by TGS’ high Mississippian Barnett shale in the Southern quality standards and customer support. Midcontinent. The Sedimentary Record, June.

Schieber, J. 2010. Common themes in the • Standard curve LAS and LAS+ for bulk workstation loading formation and preservation of intrinsic porosity • Trustworthy data, meticulously QC’d to save you time in shales and mudstones – illustrated with examples across the Phanerozoic. Society of • Proprietary LAS and LAS+ digitizing to complete your project Petroleum Engineers Paper 114167. • Complete standardized directional surveys ready for mapping Servipetrol Ltd. 2006. The relationship between vitrinite reflectance and the level of organic metamorphism (LOM). Servipetrol Internal Report. www.tgsnopec.com/welldata | [email protected]

Sondergeld, C.H., Newsham, K.E., Comisky, J.T., Rice, M.C., and Rai, C.S. 2010. Petrophysical considerations in evaluating and producing Geophysical Geological Imaging shale gas resources. Society of Petroleum Products Products Services Engineers Paper 131768 presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Conference held in www.tgsnopec.com

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 31 t h 8WINTER A N N UA L EDUCATION CONFERENCE HOUSTON, TX • FEBRUARY 28-MARCH 4, 2011 Five Great Days of the Finest Geoscience Training for One Low Price

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BY BECOMING AN AAPG MEMBER SAVE $200 AND REGISTERING BEFORE JAN. 31st IN MEMORIUM: Dr. Oscar A. Erdman, P.Geol., CSPG Honourary Member | By Perry Kotkas, P.Geoph. days in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta doing Council, working on a geological field party fieldwork for the GSC and Gulf. in the Nordegg area, at wages of $2.85 per day, cooking over an open fire – transport Oscar was born in 1915, into an Estonian by horses of course. Geological field work immigrant farming family near Barons, in during the war years was critical to the southern Alberta. His early education on the war effort; the search was mostly for coal farm and in a small village during the Great and oil. According to Pearson and McMillan Depression of the 1930s gave him the basic (Professional Excellence, Honourary ethical and practical knowledge that would Membership article, Bulletin of Canadian be fundamental to his distinguished career as Petroleum Geology, Dec. 1993): “In 1943 a geoscientist in Canada. Oscar’s university Oscar moved to Ottawa and was employed education was punctuated by stints back on by the GSC specializing in structural geology the farm due to lack of funds. University in and stratigraphy as they relate to coal and Chicago was necessary at the time to enable petroleum prospecting in the foothills of the Oscar to pursue his education in petroleum Canadian Rockies. Perhaps the most notable and structural geology (authors note: Oscar contribution of field mapping and five reports was proud of the advances in geoscience was his involvement in the interpretation education in Canada, especially in Calgary of folded thrust faults in the foothills of the and Edmonton, since his days in university, Canadian Rockies.” Friend. Boss. Mentor. Oil Finder. Grandfather. and “it is a lot closer to home now.”) Father. Husband. Oscar Erdman was all of In 1946, Oscar was hired by ‘Canadian these things and, of course much more. He Oscar worked for the Geological Survey of Gulf Oil Company’ – one of the two first was one of the early geologists to work in Canada during WWII, as part of the war geologists hired by Gulf in Canada. His career Alberta, when summers meant horses, tents, effort. An interesting note is that his first field of 32 years as Chief Geologist, Exploration campfire-cooking, and measuring geological work, in 1941, was for the Alberta Research Manager, and Senior Exploration Advisor section in the mountains on foot. Oscar’s career continued through the glory days of Canadian exploration – literally from coast to coast to coast, and offshore.

Celebration of Life was the appropriate term as the large attendance of family, friends, colleagues, and former staff attended the memorial for and celebrated the life of Dr. Oscar Erdman, P.Geol. on August 17th in Calgary. Oscar was a highly celebrated geologist and CSPG Honourary Member, who passed away in Calgary on July 27, 2010 at the age of 95 years. Oscar is survived by his wife of 60 years (Sally), his daughter (Elizabeth) and sons (Ron and Ken), and six grandchildren.

Oscar graduated with B.Sc and M.Sc degrees in Geology from the University of Alberta in 1941, and a Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Chicago in 1946. He trained and mentored many young geoscientists during his career of 32 years with Gulf Canada and maintained an active interest in geoscience literally up until his passing last summer. Just a few weeks before his passing, Oscar had given the author a recent copy of the AAPG magazine depicting advances in geology and geophysics, mentioning that ‘both sciences certainly needed to be practiced together, didn’t they?’ We had spent the afternoon with a few relatives, including a current M.Sc. Earth Science student (Anita Gue) discussing geology and looking at photos of his early

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 33 encompassed Gulf’s major exploration parents advised we meet with “Uncle” Oscar (because there was no well control) to 2002, efforts in Canada, including notable fields who was a big-time geologist in Calgary where geoscience computer workstations such as Pincher Creek, Redwater, Stettler- (Chief Geologist for Gulf Canada at the were commonplace and well control was Big Valley Leduc fields, and exploration time). Oscar invited my mother and me to abundant. What changes he saw – and helped from East Coast offshore to Georgia Strait lunch in the grand dining room in the Palliser make happen. and north to the Beaufort Sea. Again, to Hotel and thrilled me with stories about the quote Pearson and McMillan: “by far more oil patch. I shall always remember that day Oscar and Sally enjoyed travelling, especially important than his technical achievements and the grandeur of that dining room – quite to visit family and friends. Their travels was his influence on exploration strategies. a day for a farm-kid from Barons. I followed included several cruises. On one particular His quiet, sage-like, inspirational, and his footsteps (but went to the ‘darkside’ of cruise to the eastern Mediterranean in later harmonious leadership produced scores of geophysics) and my son, nephew, and great years, they had the opportunity to visit highly qualified explorationists. His advice nephew are all in the business now. Oscar and picnic with family members they’d of was sought and always appreciated. When had more impact on our family than he course never met – including a relative who geologists, geophysicists, and engineers met, knows – although I was able to relate that had a striking resemblance to the author with Dr. Erdman’s cooperation, efficiency story to him a few weeks before his passing. (Oscar’s father and my grandmother were invariably resulted.” siblings.). Oscar and Sally were instrumental Oscar joined the CSPG in 1946 and APEGGA in connecting many family members from An interesting story – Oscar of course in 1947, was active in the AAPG, Petroleum North America to those in Europe. ‘sat’ many wells back in the day; he barely History Society, and a director of the avoided sitting a particular well in 1950… Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. Oscar and Sally were also active in and and instead had time to marry his bride He served on the APEGGA Council. Oscar great supporters of the Calgary community, Sally Cuthbert, in Christ Church in Calgary was awarded Honourary Membership in the family activities, and their church. They were (sixty-plus years later, Oscar’s memorial CSPG in 1992; he’d been a CSPG member able to spend many times with their family service was held in that same church). In for sixty-four years at the time of his passing. in Vancouver, Calgary, and elsewhere. His an article of the Petroleum History Society, memorial service allowed many of us whom Oscar remarked that “the night before our Oscar was active as a geologist for another he had mentored to say goodbye and ‘thank- wedding I had to remind my boss that I twenty-five years after his retirement, you’ – and to recognize a career in geology couldn’t leave to sit the well in the Stettler until the age of 87. He was always helpful, that was so distinguished and exhibited area…so he went instead.” inquisitive and had a very sharp mind right up professional excellence for so many, many to his passing. His memoirs include reference years. Another story dear to the author’s heart – to prices for gas at 10 cents/mcf and oil at back in 1967 I had heard about geology at a $1.00/bbl. Imagine a career that spanned the Oscar A. Erdman: B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. Geology, career fair in high school in Lethbridge, but decades from the 1940s – requiring surface CSPG Honourary Member. 1915 -2010. didn’t know much about the science. My geology extrapolation into the subsurface We honour you.

34 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 28th ANNUAL CSPG SQUASH TOURNAMENT February 3-5, 2011 World Health Club • 722 Edgemont Blvd NW This squash tournament is open to CSPG and CSEG members THERE IS A MAXIMUM OF 125 PLAYERS! GET YOUR ENTRY FORM IN EARLY TO AVOID DISAPPOINTMENT! Register online at www.cspg.org

EVENTS: Men’s & Women’s A, B, C, D, and Novice. ENTRY FEE: $ 75.00 Members (Members of the CSPG and CSEG, Spouse/Partner) $120.00 Non-Members • Two guaranteed matches (Saturday teams tourney), t-shirt, refreshments and food during the tournament, Saturday night dinner and draw prizes. New award this year: Spirit Award in honor of Cynthia Riediger. • Pre-tournament registration social will be at the Bow Valley Racquet Club (2nd Street and 5th Avenue S.W.) on Monday, January 31st at 5:00pm. Pick up your tournament kit and first draw time. Enjoy a free pint of ale with munchies. Generously sponsored by Sensor Geophysical Ltd. • All door prize draws Saturday evening – must be present to win. ENTRY DEADLINE: Early Bird Deadline January 3rd, 2011. Qualify for Early Bird Draw Prize. Registration Deadline January 26th, 2011. No refunds after this date.

REGISTRATION DETAILS: CSPG CSEG Member# ______Non Member Name: ______Email: ______Company: ______Phone: Daytime: ______Evening: ______Male Female Shir t size: S M L XL XXL Level/Frequency of Play: A B C D Novice Interested in Doubles Squash: Yes No ($25.00 extra for Doubles if playing singles as well) Will you be attending dinner: Yes No Meal Preference: Meat Veggie Guest Name: ______Male Female Shir t size: S M L XL XXL Level/Frequency of Play: A B C D Novice Interested in Doubles Squash: Yes No ($25.00 extra for Doubles if playing singles as well) Will you be attending the dinner: Yes No Meal Preference: Meat Veggie

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REGISTRATIONS TO BE SENT TO: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists tA t n : auqS s h uoT r neman t 600, 640 8 AVE SW, Calgary, AB T2P 1G7 P oh ne: ( 304 ) 462 - 0165 aF :x ( 304 ) 462 - 8985 (...Continued from page 33)

NOTICE OF ELECTION for Vice President for the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists

CSPG invites all voting members (Regular, Chair JACC Convention (2006); CSPG in Canada. CSPG also needs to continue Emeritus, and Honorary) to vote for the Vice General Chair 2010 GeoCanada Convention developing other PD opportunities for the President, CSPG Executive Committee 2011. (2010). membership through training courses, field trips, and technical meetings on topics of The electronic poll opens at noon MTS Tuesday Other professional activities: specific interest to the membership. Another November 16th, 2010 and closes at 4 PM Advisory Editor, Journal of the Geological challenge that CSPG faces is to continue the MTS December 2nd, 2010. Your vote must be Society of London (1995-2001); Technical re-invigoration of the Society’s publications electronically registered via the electronic ballot advisor to the Newfoundland Geological with the development of new special sent to you via email. If you require assistance, Survey (1996-1999); Director of the publications that will build on the historical please call CSPG at 403.264.5610 during office Canadian Geological Foundation; legacy of the CSPG and the solid foundation hours. Member and Co-chairman of the AAPG that the Bulletin and Reservoir provide. CSPG Distinguished Lecturer Selection Committee must also increasingly engage the younger CSPG is pleased to present Mark Cooper and (2001-Present); Poster co-chair for AAPG professionals in CSPG and those that will Robin Mann as candidates for Vice President. Convention in Calgary (2005). Teaching on join over the next decade. The CSPG must the Petroleum Geoscience M.Sc. course become the premier point of professional CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT: and undergraduate field-mapping courses at technical contact for young professionals and MARk COOPER the University of Aberdeen (2010-present). ensure that it both meets their needs and Reviewing manuscripts from a wide variety utilizes the energy and enthusiasm that they of international geosciences journals. offer. This is the only way in which to ensure Teaching industry courses for Nautilus and the long-term viability of the CSPG. Finally international oil and gas companies in North CSPG needs to continue to develop key America, Europe, and Africa. Exploration relationships with other geoscience societies Advisor to Petromanas Energy in Albania. both in Canada and abroad to strengthen the CSPG technical knowledge base and to offer publications: diverse, quality services to CSPG members. Published over 50 papers in peer-reviewed journals, co-edited a book on Inversion CANDIDATE FOR VICE-PRESIDENT: Tectonics, have presented many papers ROBIN MANN and posters at conferences, led field trips and have presented many industry training courses including some for CSPG and CSEG. education: Research: structural geology and tectonics B.Sc. in Geology, Imperial College, London notably in fold and thrust belts, petroleum (1974); Ph.D. in Geology, University of geoscience, and basin analysis. Internationally Bristol (1978). known expert on the tectonics of fold and thrust belts and inversion structures. experience: Lecturer in Geology, University College awards: Cork (1980-1985); Geologist, BP in London, CSPG Link Award joint winner (1997); AAPG Calgary, and Bogota (1985-1994); Structural Haas-Pratt Distinguished Lecturer (1999- Specialist, PanCanadian Petroleum (1994- 2000); CSPG Tracks Award (2000); AAPG 2002); VP Global New Ventures and Middle Matson Award co-author (2002); CSPG East, EnCana (2002-2007); Independent Tracks Award (2003); CSPG Presidents Robin Mann, Chairman and Chief Executive Consultant (2007-Present); Honorary Award (2006). Officer, AJM Petroleum Consultants Professor of Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen (2009-Present). Vision: education: The CSPG has returned to a stable fiscal 1977, Bachelor of Science (Honours) professional Memberships: condition following the work of the past Geology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova CSPG, AAPG, APEGGA, GSL, GA. few Executives and the challenges before Scotia; 1979, Master of Science Geology and the Society have now evolved to issues of Geophysics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Cspg activities: providing relevant services to the membership Ontario. Link Lecture Tour (1998); GeoCanada and tackling the changing demographics of our Technical Committee CSPG Rep (2000); industry over the next few years. Specifically, When I finished my undergraduate degree new edition of the CSPG Geological Highway CSPG needs to continue to strengthen the in 1977, the CSPG was a formidable Map (2000); CSPG Publications Committee annual convention and to strive to make the organization, a voice for petroleum geology (1999-2004); CSPG/CSEG Convention technical content more applicable to the across Canada and an organization where Technical co-chair (2003); CSPG General changing nature of the hydrocarbon business people wanted to put their name forward

36 RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 and run for the various positions within Association of Petroleum Geologists leading one of the largest volunteer sports the organization. Times change, but a solid (AAPG); Member of the AAPG Division of organizations in Canada has developed my reputation should just get stronger – I’d like Professional Affairs. belief that there are two primary types of to reignite this passion. volunteers, the doers and the strategists. I am a member of the same professional The doers are the technical types who love Work experience: organizations you are, and like you, each to get involved in committees and deliver I am a professional geologist with more organization has a different value to me: the details that make things happen for the than 30 years of experience in geological APEGGA provides regulatory guidance, membership – the doers are the heart and and management positions in the petroleum AAPG provides international perspectives, soul of the organization. Then there are industry. In addition to co-founding, and CSPG connects me to learning and the strategists. These people are big-picture managing, and directing TSx-listed oil and development plus adds a very strong thinkers who look after the business of the gas companies (Moreland Oil and Gas, Canadian element to geology. I believe in business and work with the staff to make Westward Energy), I have taken on the CSPG as a scientific organization and I believe the organization run. They chart a course roles of Vice President Exploration, Chief we should raise its profile as such. Think and, most importantly, promote the work Operating Officer, and Chief Financial ‘education’ versus ‘advocacy’ and ‘facts’ the doers are doing to provide programs and Officer. I have worked on the exploration instead of ‘politics’. The oil and gas industry information to the membership at large. and production side of the industry has a bad reputation and faces constant (Amoco, Aquitaine, and Westward Energy) attacks; this will continue until someone All organizations must wrestle with the from 1977 to 1997. In 1984 I co-founded the makes an effort to raise the earth science question of how to get as many people geological consulting firm of Hume Mann & literacy, and specifically petroleum industry engaged as possible and then have them all Associates which later became AMH Group literacy, of the media and the general heading in the same general direction. As with the addition of Engineering services population. Over the years, the CSPG has everyone has busy lives, no one wants to add and then AJM Petroleum Consultants. My built a good foundation for educating within more things to the to-do list unless they are exploration and consulting careers were academic arenas. We need to continue and things for which they hold a passion. CSPG intertwined from 1984 through 1997, but expand through all mainstream and modern has done great work over the past few years from 1997 I have been exclusively providing methods of communication to bring facts to enable our doers – we now need to build geological consulting services to Canadian into the geological side of the petroleum the promotion skills of our strategists. A and international clients. In 2004 I became industry debate. Not only will this produce membership that is informed about activities CEO of AJM Petroleum Consultants and more productive social debate on important that are relevant to them is positioned to continue to offer geological expertise issues, it will serve to raise the profile of the become passionate. as well as managing a business of 60 CSPG, building our credibility as a scientific employees. organization and, properly directed, will increase and augment our volunteer base. The remaining Executive Committee of One of the most important things I have CSPG has been acclaimed for 2011. CSPG is learned over my career is the value of Cspg activities and/or related pleased to announce the following: ‘business sense.’ As a practicing geologist publications or research: who moved into the consulting business at 1999–Present, Chairman of the CSPG President: a relatively young age, I quickly discovered Insurance Committee; 2005, CSPG Service Kirk Osadetz, Geological Survey of Canada that building and running an organization Award. Past President: requires a business approach to enable Dr. John Varsek, Cenovus Energy Inc. growth while keeping everything on the I have been a member of the CSPG for over straight and narrow. My scientific expertise 33 years, yet have only been involved in the Finance director: was necessary to help find oil and gas, or as society in a minor way. While I have always Darren Aldridge, Baker Hughes Incorporated a sales commodity in the case of consulting, believed in what the CSPG stands for, my assistant Finance director: but science alone doesn’t make for a other numerous volunteer commitments and Andrea Hood, geoLOGIC Systems Ltd. successful business. Many highly technical leadership roles had not previously left me Program director: entities, both private and public, flounder enough time to do justice for the Society… Brett Norris, Transglobe Energy Corporation and struggle when the business of the until now. business is not properly taken care of. assistant Program director: Other professional activities/Board Jon Noad, Murphy Oil Corporation Over the past few years the CSPG has positions: services director: taken very positive steps to build in a 1999 – 2004, President of the Minor Hockey Chris Seibel, Nexen Inc. business approach. With a solid base in Association of Calgary (now Hockey assistant services director: place for membership, we now need to Calgary); 2004 – 2004, Board Member of Michelle Hawke, BP Canada make that strong business platform relevant Hockey Alberta; 2010, Board Member of to members. We need to use it to deliver the Hockey Alberta Foundation; 2010, Board communications director: programs that are efficient and effective. Member of Magnetic North Theatre Festival; Jim E. Barclay, Conoco Phillips Canada 1987 – 1990, Board Member of Moreland assistant communications director: professional Memberships: Oil & Gas; 1992 – 1997, Board Member Stephen Hubbard, U of Calgary Member of the Canadian Society of of Westward Energy; 1997 – 2004, Board outreach director: Petroleum Geologists (CSPG); Member of Member of Seventh Energy; 2004 – 2007, Steve Dryer, Whiskey Jack Resources Inc. the Association of Professional Engineers, Board Member of Castlerock. Geologists, and Geophysicists of Alberta assistant outreach director: (APEGGA); Member of the American Numerous years of volunteer work and Simon Haynes, Statoil Canada Ltd.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 37 ROAD TO RECOVERy – recovery 2011 Convention Update | By Aileen Lozie, Paul MacKay, Rob McGrory, and Satyaki Ray

This year’s joint annual convention, recovery This year’s integrated session topics include Oil place of the convention. It will provide improved 2011, will take place May 9-13, 2011 at the Calgary Sands, Tight Oil, Shale Oil, Shale Gas, Tight Gas, communication between the exhibitors and

TELUS Convention Centre in Calgary, Alberta Coal Bed Methane, and CO2 Management. More de le g at e s , for t he pur pose of showc a sing e me rging and with 2010 coming to a close, the 2011 specialized sessions will also have a place at this technologies and the latest developments in the organizing committee felt a convention update year’s convention and topics will fall into the applications already in use. was in order. categories of emerging technologies, conventional, environment, and business/economics. The goal PUBLIC OUTREACH NEw CONVENTION VENUE of this year’s technical program is to broaden recovery 2011 is pleased to have Earth Science Members told the convention committee that the technical diversity of the talks and sessions for Society (ESfS) on board again at this year’s you wanted to be closer to downtown, and we’ve to reflect the broadening and integrating of the convention. After last year’s success, we are listened! Conveniently located downtown, the geoscientist’s role. excited to have them team up with the convention Calgary TELUS Convention Centre will play host and look forward to sharing in their success. to this year’s convention and boasts over 122,000 CALL FOR ABSTRACTS square feet of space. The move to the Calgary recovery 2011 is looking for technical COMMITTEES TELUS Convention Centre will provide this year’s presentations from Canadians and International The convention’s success relies heavily on the convention committee with new social event industry professionals and academia. The Call support and dedication of committee volunteers. opportunities, new sponsorship opportunities, for Abstracts is open and the deadline to submit If you are interested in volunteering for this and many additional new opportunities. your abstract for consideration is Friday, January year’s convention, please email Carmon Graefer 14, 2011. For more information on how to submit at [email protected] or visit the TECHNICAL PROGRAM your abstract, please visit www.geoconvention. website for more information. We work in integrated teams today and regularly com and visit the Call for Abstracts page under interact with peers from different disciplines Conference. For more information on this year’s upcoming including geology, geophysics, petrophysics, convention, recovery 2011, please visit the environment, and regulatory. Thus, the goal for SPECIAL EVENTS website at www.geoconvention.com or email recovery 2011 is to emphasize integrated topics Those who attend recovery 2011 won’t be [email protected]. in conventional and unconventional resources in disappointed with this year’s social program. both local and global sessions while continuing to Luncheons, icebreakers, after parties, networking include previous interesting topics such as emerging receptions, and the annual Core Meltdown are all technologies and frontier exploration. We want part of this year’s convention. to leverage diverse ideas and assimilate them in a Canadian, US, and international context to create EXHIBIT HALL economic and environmental success. The exhibit hall will be the central gathering INSIDE THE CSPG | By Colin Yeo A few issues ago we introduced Paul MacKay needed for the students to remain and discuss Paul is quite complimentary about the students as the CSPG’s General Co-Chair for the opportunities in the petroleum industry. he met. They are attentive, enthusiastic, annual convention, recovery 2011. What and serious about their future. He reports was not mentioned was that Paul was a While the students were interested in the that environmental geology, focused on “Distinguished Lecturer” on the University talk, they were primarily motivated by the groundwater, is of great interest to these Outreach Program. Speakers are recruited opportunity to hear about potential careers in students. He estimates that one third of the from the Society and donate their time to the oil and gas industry. Many of them would students are interested in petroleum, one travel to universities across Canada. The like to pursue these careers but are not sure third in the mineral industry, and one third CSPG provides flights and accommodation. how to go about it. Paul took the time to in environmental issues. The latter group is explain that while their formal education is driven by a cause. Paul did not feel the oil Paul visited McMaster University (50 students), ending, life in the oil and gas industry is all about industry was under attack for its involvement the University of Toronto (30 students), and continuous learning and the CSPG is the source with oil sands or climate change. These Queen’s University (60 students) where he of that professional development. Perhaps students are economically driven and career spoke to students about his work on the more importantly for these job-seekers is that oriented. Issaran oil field in Egypt. He gave an overview the CSPG is an excellent place for networking. of the geological setting and explained how Connections are made at the CSPG. Paul Paul thoroughly enjoyed his trip. He feels it is fractures both trap and enhance productivity encourages everyone to become student his obligation to reach out to students and that from the field. members as this is another sign of commitment senior members of the profession must give that potential future employers may look at and back to the system. The CSPG thanks Paul and On behalf of the CSPG, he also provided it also helps tie their university and faculty to all the other Lecturers who give so selflessly of pizza and pop, which was the incentive the CSPG and perspective future recruiters. their time and skills.

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 11 • DECEMBER 2010 39 Earthworks Seismic Inversion Deterministic and Stochastic inversion in Petrel

The new Earthworks Seismic Inversion plug-in for Earthworks Seismic Inversion plug-in for Petrel includes: Petrel is an ultra-fast full featured seismic inversion • Inversion of pre- and post-stack seismic data software enabling effective use of impedance data in the reservoir modeling workfl ow. The plug-in is fully • Several optional algorithms for both deterministic and integrated with Petrel using Petrel native data objects, stochastic inversion and makes advanced seismic inversion accessible and • Functionality for inspecting results and better understand useable to the Petrel user community. the geophysical uncertainty in reservoir modeling

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