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Le Segrete Stanze Del Potere: I Comites Consistoriani E L’Imperatore Tardoantico

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Le Segrete Stanze Del Potere: I Comites Consistoriani E L’Imperatore Tardoantico View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Research Information System University of Turin Maria G. Castello Le segrete stanze del potere: i comites consistoriani e l’imperatore tardoantico. Ringraziamenti Questo volume è l’esito della ricerca sviluppata durante il mio dottorato e non a- vrebbe visto la luce senza la preziosa guida di Sergio Roda al quale esprimo tutta la mia gratitudine per la fiducia accordatami. Nello sviluppo di questa ricerca fonda- mentali sono stati i confronti e le discussioni con Peter Brown, Lellia Cracco Ruggi- ni, Rita Lizzi Testa, Arnaldo Marcone e Domenico Vera a cui va la mia più sentita riconoscenza. Indispensabili per il sostegno offertomi, dal punto di vista scientifico e umano, sono stati Silvia Giorcelli Bersani e Filippo Carlà. Infine, il mio ringrazia- mento a chi ha contribuito materialmente alla redazione di questo libro: Mattia Bal- bo, Giulia Masci e Carla Scilabra. Infine, grazie a Rei e ad Axel: il libro è anche loro. Indice 9 Prefazione 13 Introduzione 21 Capitolo I L’età dei costantinidi 1.1. I ministri della burocrazia palatina dall’origine alla stabilità istituzionale, 23 – 1.1.1. Il quaestor sacri palatii, 23 – 1.1.2. Il magister of- ficiorum, 45 – 1.1.3. I responsabili delle finanze imperiali, 73 – 1.2. La di- nastia costantiniana: un reclutamento in evoluzione, 79 – Appendice I- Philoumenus e Palladius, 106 – Appendice II-Flavius Nemesianus, 114 – Appendice III-Saturninius Secundus Salutius, 122 131 Capitolo II L’età dei Valentiniani 2.1. Il reclutamento dei Valentiniani: ascesa politica dei comites consistoriani, 136 – 2.1.1. Valentiniano. La nuova strada della burocrazia palatina, 139 – 2.1.2. Graziano. Il successo del patronatus, 159 – 2.1.3. Valente. La costruzione di un apparato amministrativo, 174 – Appendice IV-Il magisterium officiorum di Siburius, 185 – Appendice V-Flavius Claudius Antonius e Proculus Gregorius, 192. 203 Capitolo III L’età di Teodosio I 3.1. Il reclutamento teodosiano: il trionfo del pragmatismo, 204 – Tabella riassuntiva-I funzionari Teodosiani, 236. 239 Capitolo IV I comites consistoriani di IV secolo. Alcune riflessioni 7 8 Indice 245 Appendice Tabelle prosopografiche Tavola Prosopografica I - I Quaestores sacri palatii, 245 – Tavola Prosopografica II - I Magistri Officiorum, 248 – Tavola Prosopografica III - I Comites Sacrarum Largitionum, 251 – Tavola Prosopografica IV - I Comites Rei Privatae, 254. 257 Indice delle fonti 269 Bibliografia Sergio Roda Prefazione Il volume di Maria G. Castello affronta, con taglio tanto originale quanto rigoroso, una delle problematiche più significative del com- plesso universo del potere tardoantico: e cioè i meccanismi - istituzio- nali e non - di selezione dei vertici dell’amministrazione imperiale. In particolare l’attenzione è incentrata sui quattro principali dicasteri pa- latini, rispettivamente guidati dal magister officiorum, dal quaestor sacri palatii, dal comes rei privatae e dal comes sacrarum largitio- num, le cariche cioè nate in età costantiniana al fine di mettere ordine negli officia e negli scrinia della nuova burocrazia imperiale, elimi- nando le incrostazioni e le deficienze del passato e regolandone le rin- novate funzioni. Veri e propri ministri nel senso per molti aspetti mo- derno del termine, i quattro comites consistoriani rappresentarono nel corso del tempo un vero proprio potere complementare, e talvolta an- tagonista, nell’articolato dispiegarsi dei molteplici centri d’autorità in cui si frammentava la gestione politica tardoromana. Meno vincolate dai tradizionali rigidi meccanismi dei cursus a cui accedevano i mem- bri degli ordini senatorio e, fino alle soglie del IV secolo, equestre, l’acceso alle quattro elevatissime funzioni era aperto a uomini nuovi che avevano rapidamente percorso il cammino della fiducia imperiale e che una volta pervenuti a ricoprire la carica erano in grado di eserci- tare un enorme potere di influenza spesso in piena libertà da condizio- namenti politici terzi. La forza caratterizzante di tali funzioni risiedeva appunto nella peculiarità, loro riservata nel tortuoso panorama delle cariche tardoantiche, di avere regolare accesso alla persona degli im- peratori, che nella prospettiva ideologica avviata da Diocleziano e Co- stantino erano assurti ad una dimensione di sovranità monocratica di tipo orientaleggiante intrinsecamente inaccessibile. Di qui la rilevanza del ruolo storico di magister, quaestor e comites che tuttavia necessi- tava finora di più approfondita analisi, nonostante la vasta letteratura in proposito affastellatasi fin da quando il tardo impero si è affacciato prepotentemente all’attenzione degli studiosi. Tale letteratura, in effet- ti, ha sostanzialmente privilegiato il coté giuridico-istituzionale sfor- 9 10 Sergio Roda zandosi di definire per ciascun ministero le specifiche competenze, i limiti di azione burocratica, la struttura degli uffici a cui erano prepo- sti, la rilevanza legale dei loro interventi. Molto meno si è riflettuto invece sulla forza di pressione politica che ciascuno di tali incarichi era in grado di esercitare sia in direzione dell’imperatore sia in dire- zione degli altri soggetti attivi nelle dinamiche del potere tardoantico, dai senatori, all’esercito, dalla chiesa cristiana alle burocrazie locali, prefettizie, vicariali o provinciali. Altrettanto superficiale è stato l’approccio alle problematiche del reclutamento, la cui importanza è evidentemente proporzionale alla rilevanza dei ruoli a cui la selezione consentiva di accedere. Il lavoro di Maria G. Castello consente di ovviare in maniera esau- riente a tali lacune: il peso storico dei comites consistoriani viene sot- toposto ad analisi minuziosa su un arco cronologico che va dalla loro istituzione in età costantiniana all’epoca di Teodosio I, facendo ricorso a tutte le fonti disponibili (nonché alle tecniche di indagine prosopo- grafica per tutti i personaggi noti che nel IV secolo rivestirono i mini- steri palatini) su una base di perfetta conoscenza delle problematiche dell’epoca e della già menzionata, fitta bibliografia specifica a tali funzione dedicata. Lo studio esamina l’atteggiamento variabile dei di- versi imperatori, evidenziando ad esempio come il peso di discrimi- nanti quali la competenza, l’origine geografica, il rango sociale, la provata fedeltà, il credo religioso, la prospettiva di acquisire consenso od ottenere supporto, mutasse di volta in volta, di situazione in situa- zione, di epoca in epoca. Di particolare interesse, in questo senso, la verifica della quanto mai modesta influenza del fattore religioso nelle scelte dei ministri, nonostante l’epoca fosse sicuramente caratterizzata da tensioni di tipo ideologico/religioso, le quali però – evidentemente – non intervenivano se non in modo marginale nella determinazione degli indirizzi di politica amministrativa. Nella sostanza la scelta di magistri, quaestores e comites sembra prevalentemente suggerita dall’esigenza di armonia interna al complesso sistema degli uffici di palazzo: il funzionamento degli scrinia e l’efficacia di un’azione co- ordinata delle diverse burocrazie sono l’obiettivo di fondo a cui il po- tere imperiale tende e, in funzione di tale obiettivo, vengono indivi- duate le persone meglio in grado di garantirne il conseguimento. Se a questa meticolosa opera di selezione, di momento in momento calibra- Prefazione 11 ta e corretta in relazione alle contingenze politiche, corrispondesse poi davvero un’effettiva azione dei ministri in perfetta coerenza con gli indirizzi della politica imperiale è altro tema significativo dell’analisi di M. G. Castello, che si propone altresì come un nuovo, utilissimo strumento di comprensione delle meccanismi interni al palazzo tar- doimperiale e della pragmaticità con cui vi si operava di là da ogni co- loritura strumentale, ideologica o propagandistica. Il gioco del gover- no tardoantico per la molteplicità, l’eterogeneità e l’equivalenza delle forze in campo non è riconducibile a schemi ripetitivi né a dinamiche facilmente catalogabili: esso si dipana in un continuo affrontarsi e riaggregarsi di soggetti plurali che dispongono ciascuno quantomeno di un potestà di interdizione rispetto agli altri e che si rincorrono in una competizione per la leadership che non di rado si tramuta in un gara per la sopravvivenza come attori protagonisti sul palcoscenico del potere: i comites consistoriani tale ruolo da protagonisti, anzi talo- ra da veri e propri mattatori della scena, lo seppero interpretare con grande abilità politica e seppero con grande attitudine approfittare del- la loro posizione anomala di singolare privilegio all’interno delle più segrete stanze del governo dell’impero. M. G. Castello ci accompagna e ci guida con cura e chiarezza a meglio conoscerli e a valutarne più a fondo capacità, competenze e talenti politici. Sergio Roda Università degli Studi di Torino Introduzione Comites consistoriani: una rivoluzione tardoantica Una delle peculiarità dell’età tardoantica è l’esistenza di quello che è stato efficacemente definito un fascio di poteri. A differenza delle fasi precedenti della storia di Roma, tale epoca non fu caratterizzata da un solo vertice di comando, come furono, generalizzando e voluta- mente semplificando, il senato in età repubblicana, l’autorità del prin- cipe (seppur in regime di compromesso con il senato) durante l’alto impero o l’esercito nel periodo compreso fra la fine del secondo seco- lo e gli esordi del quarto. Ciascuno di questi soggetti istituzionali,
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