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Razvoj Obavještajnih Sustava I Službi U Rimu

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Razvoj Obavještajnih Sustava I Službi U Rimu SVEUČILIŠTE U ZAGREBU FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Odsjek za arheologiju Ivana Lučića 3 Jurica Triplat Razvoj obavještajnih sustava i službi u Rimu Diplomski rad Mentor: dr. sc. Mirjana Sanader Zagreb, ožujak 2016. ~ 1 ~ Sadržaj I. UVOD ................................................................................................................................................. 4 II. ZAHVALE ........................................................................................................................................ 5 1. POČETCI OBAVJEŠTAJNIH SUSTAVA I SLUŽBI NA BLISKOM ISTOKU ....................... 6 2. OBAVJEŠTAJNI SUSTAVI I SLUŽBE U REPUBLIKANSKOM RIMU ................................. 9 2. 1. RANA REPUBLIKA ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 PUNSKI RATOVI ........................................................................................................................... 14 Hanibal i dobra upotreba obavještajnih sredstva ........................................................................ 17 Rimski uspjesi na obavještajnom polju ........................................................................................ 21 2.3 KASNA REPUBLIKA ..................................................................................................................... 27 Strateške informacije i službe koje ih prikupljaju ........................................................................ 27 Taktičke informacije i službe koje ih prikupljaju ......................................................................... 35 3. OBAVJEŠTAJNI SUSTAVI I SLUŽBE U CARSKOM RIMU ................................................. 45 3.1. CURSUS PUBLICUS ...................................................................................................................... 45 3.2 PROVINCIJSKI UPRAVITELJ I NJEGOV OFFICIUM .......................................................................... 53 Beneficijarijska koplja. ................................................................................................................. 56 3.3 FRUMENTARII ............................................................................................................................... 58 Prvi spomeni i rana zaduženja ..................................................................................................... 58 Dvostruka pripadnost i dvostruka odanost ................................................................................. 60 Zadaće frumentarija kroz 2. i 3. stoljeće ...................................................................................... 63 Napredovanja ............................................................................................................................... 66 Ukidanje službe frumentarija ....................................................................................................... 67 3.4. SPECULATORES ........................................................................................................................... 68 3.5. EXPLORATORES ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.6. KASNOANTIČKE OBAVJEŠTAJNE SLUŽBE – AGENTES IN REBUS ET NOTARII ................................. 70 ~ 2 ~ 4. SPOMENICI SPEKULATORA I FRUMENTARIJA S PODRUČJA HRVATSKE ............... 78 1. AURELIUS VALERIANUS .................................................................................................................. 80 2. CAIUS APPULEIUS ETRUSCUS ......................................................................................................... 81 3. TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS IANUARIUS ..................................................................................................... 82 4. LUCIUS VALERIUS AUGUSTALIS ...................................................................................................... 84 5. TITUS TI[---] .................................................................................................................................. 85 6. CAIUS APULEIUS TERENTIANUS ..................................................................................................... 87 7. CAIUS ALLIUS ................................................................................................................................. 88 8. LUCIUS FADIENUS FUSCUS ............................................................................................................ 89 9. LUCIUS ARIUS PROCULUS .............................................................................................................. 90 10. PUBLIUS AELIUS AMYNTIANUS ..................................................................................................... 91 11. TITUS VARRONIUS MARO .............................................................................................................. 92 12. CAIUS VIBIUS IULIANUS ................................................................................................................ 94 5. SAŽETAK I ZAKLJUČAK ........................................................................................................... 95 6. POPIS SLIKA I TABLI ............................................................................................................... 103 7. POPIS KRATICA ......................................................................................................................... 105 8. POPIS IZVORA ............................................................................................................................ 106 9. POPIS LITERATURE ................................................................................................................. 111 ~ 3 ~ I. Uvod Obavještajni sustavi i službe oduvijek su bili važna potpora državnom vodstvu u ostvarivanju nacionalne sigurnosti i političkih ciljeva. Glavna zadaća obavještajnih službi je prikupljanje i analiza informacija važnih za vođenje državne politike i ratovanja. Oblici obavještajnoga djelovanja i organiziranja isprva su bili razvijani zbog ratnih potreba. Velika carstva svoju su moć zasnivala i na prikupljanju strateški važnih informacija; teritorijalna osvajanja drugih zemalja zahtijevala su vojne, geografske, gospodarske, kartografske i sl. obavijesti o njima. Veliki tehnološki napredak ostvaren tijekom 20. st. u mnogočemu je promijenio način rada obavještajnih službi zbog bolje mogućnosti prikupljanja i obrade informacija, no to ne znači da obavještajni sustavi i službe tijekom ranijih povijesnih epoha, gdje takva razina tehnologije nije bila dostupna, nisu imale podjednako važnu ulogu u potpori državne politike i ratnog umijeća. O ovom radu prikazat ćemo razvoj obavještajnih sustava i službi u Rimu, od skromnih mu početaka sve do vrlo razvijenog sustava u kasnoj antici. Interes povjesničara i arheologa za ovu temu može se primjetiti još od ranog 20. st, a daleko najveći interes zabilježen je tijekom druge pol. 20. st. Tijekom pisanja rada korištena su ponajprije kapitalna djela vezana uz ovu tematiku te veći broj zasebnih znanstvenih članaka, kao i djela grčkih i rimskih antičkih pisaca koji direktno ili indirektno spominju podatke vezane uz odabranu temu rada. U prvom redu treba spomenuti F. Dvornika i njegovo nezaobilazno djelo Origins of Intelligence Services u kojemu daje pregled razvoja obavještajnih sustava i službi od drevnih bliskoistočnih carstava do razvijenoga srednjega vijeka, a koje je bilo okosnica izrade ovoga rada. Isto tako, ovdje treba navesti i rad N. J. E. Austina i N. B. Rankova Exploratio – Military and political intelligence in the Roman worlds from Second Punic War to the battle of Adrianople te djelo R. M. Sheldon Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome koje je, doduše, namijenjeno nešto široj publici. Djela antičkih pisaca također su vrlo važan izvor informacija. Za period republike posebno se ističu Apijanova Historia Romana, Cezarov korpus od pet djela (Commentarii de bello Galico, Commentarii de bello Civili, De bello Alexandrino, De bello Africo, De bello Hispaniensi), Ciceronova pisma i govori , Livijevo djelo Ad urbe condita te Polibijeve Histories. Za carski period izdvojili bismo Amijana Marcelina (Res Gestae), Tacita (Historiae, Annales), Svetonija (De vita Caesarum), skup povijenih djela ~ 4 ~ objedinjenih u Scriptores Historiae Augustae te pravna djela objedinjena u zakonicima kasne antike (Corpus Iuris Civilis, Codex Theodosianus). Rad je podijeljen na nekoliko poglavlja počevši s poglavljem o počecima obavještajnih sustava i službi na Bliskom Istoku, nadalje o razvoju istih u rimskom republikanskom periodu te carskom periodu, dok je posljednje poglavlje posvećeno pojedinačnim spomenicima rimskih obavještajnih službi s područja Hrvatske. II. Zahvale Autor se svima zahvaljuje na pomoći i iskazanoj podršci tijekom pisanja rada. Mentorici dr. sc. Mirjani Sanader na pomoći oko odabira teme i pribavljanja kapitalnih djela, dr.sc. Heleni Tomas koja mi je omogućila pristup knjižnicama Francuske, Britanske i Američke arheološke škole u Ateni te dr.sc. Dinu Demicheliju na pomoći oko natpisa s područja Hrvatske. ~ 5 ~ 1. Početci obavještajnih sustava i službi na Bliskom Istoku Prije nego počnemo s opisivanjem razvoja rimskih obavještajnih sustava i službi, valja se najprije posvetiti modelima obavještavanja koji su, i prije osnivanja Rima, već bili u upotrebi u Bliskoistočnim carstvima. Obavještajni sustavi i službe na Bliskom istoku zabilježene su prilično rano, a
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