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The Final Pagan Generation transformation of the classical heritage Peter Brown, General Editor I. Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, by Sabine G. MacCormack II. Synesius of Cyrene: Philosopher-Bishop, by Jay Alan Bregman III. Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, by Kenneth G. Holum IV. John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late Fourth Century, by Robert L. Wilken V. Biography in Late Antiquity: The Quest for the Holy Man, by Patricia Cox VI. Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt, by Philip Rousseau VII. Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, by A. P. Kazhdan and Ann Wharton Epstein VIII. Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul, by Raymond Van Dam IX. Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition, by Robert Lamberton X. Procopius and the Sixth Century, by Averil Cameron XI. Guardians of Language: The Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity, by Robert A. Kaster XII. Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East, A.D. 180–275, by Kenneth Harl XIII. Holy Women of the Syrian Orient, introduced and translated by Sebastian P. Brock and Susan Ashbrook Harvey XIV. Gregory the Great: Perfection in Imperfection, by Carole Straw XV. “Apex Omnium”: Religion in the “Res gestae” of Ammianus, by R. L. Rike XVI. Dioscorus of Aphrodito: His Work and His World, by Leslie S. B. MacCoull XVII. On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity, by Michele Renee Salzman XVIII. Asceticism and Society in Crisis: John of Ephesus and “The Lives of the Eastern Saints,” by Susan Ashbrook Harvey XIX. Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, by Alan Cameron and Jacqueline Long, with a contribution by Lee Sherry XX. Basil of Caesarea, by Philip Rousseau XXI. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini, introduction, translation, and historical commentary by C. E. V. Nixon and Barbara Saylor Rodgers XXII. Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, by Neil B. McLynn XXIII. Public Disputation, Power, and Social Order in Late Antiquity, by Richard Lim XXIV. The Making of a Heretic: Gender, Authority, and the Priscillianist Contro- versy, by Virginia Burrus XXV. Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius’s “Life” and the Late Antique City, by Derek Krueger XXVI. The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine, by Sabine MacCormack XXVII. Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems, by Dennis E. Trout XXVIII. The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran, by Elizabeth Key Fowden XXIX. The Private Orations of Themistius, translated, annotated, and introduced by Robert J. Penella XXX. The Memory of the Eyes: Pilgrims to Living Saints in Christian Late Antiquity, by Georgia Frank XXXI. Greek Biography and Panegyric in Late Antiquity, edited by Tomas Hägg and Philip Rousseau XXXII. Subtle Bodies: Representing Angels in Byzantium, by Glenn Peers XXXIII. Wandering, Begging Monks: Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity, by Daniel Caner XXXIV. Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D., by Noel Lenski XXXV. Merovingian Mortuary Archaeology and the Making of the Early Middle Ages, by Bonnie Effros XXXVI. Qus . ayr ‘Amra: Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria, by Garth Fowden XXXVII. Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity: The Nature of Christian Leadership in an Age of Transition, by Claudia Rapp XXXVIII. Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity, by Brouria Bitton-Ashkelony XXXIX. There Is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire, by Michael Gaddis XL. The Legend of Mar Qardagh: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq, by Joel Thomas Walker XLI. City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria, by Edward J. Watts XLII. Scenting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination, by Susan Ashbrook Harvey XLIII. Man and the Word: The Orations of Himerius, edited by Robert J. Penella XLIV. The Matter of the Gods, by Clifford Ando XLV. The Two Eyes of the Earth: Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran, by Matthew P. Canepa XLVI. Riot in Alexandria: Tradition and Group Dynamics in Late Antique Pagan and Christian Communities, by Edward J. Watts XLVII. Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa, by Leslie Dossey XLVIII. Theodoret’s People: Social Networks and Religious Confl ict in Late Roman Syria, by Adam M. Schor XLIX. Sons of Hellenism, Fathers of the Church: Emperor Julian, Gregory of Nazianzus, and the Vision of Rome, by Susanna Elm L. Shenoute of Atripe and the Uses of Poverty: Rural Patronage, Religious Confl ict, and Monasticism in Late Antique Egypt, by Ariel G. López LI. Doctrine and Power: Theological Controversy and Christian Leadership in the Later Roman Empire, by Carlos R. Galvão-Sobrinho LII. Crisis of Empire: Doctrine and Dissent at the End of Late Antiquity, by Phil Booth LIII. The Final Pagan Generation, by Edward J. Watts LIV. The Mirage of the Saracen: Christians and Nomads in the Sinai Peninsula in Late Antiquity, by Walter D. Ward The Final Pagan Generation Edward J. Watts university of california press University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. University of California Press Oakland, California © 2015 by The Regents of the University of California Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Watts, Edward Jay. The fi nal pagan generation / Edward J. Watts. p. cm. — (Transformation of the classical heritage ; LIII) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-520-28370-1(cloth, alk. paper) — isbn 978-0-520-95949-1 (electronic) 1. Paganism—Rome. 2. Christianity and other religions—Rome. 3. Rome—Religion. I. Title. II. Series: Transformation of the classical heritage ; 53. bl432.w38 2015 292.07—dc23 2014014003 Manufactured in the United States of America 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In keeping with a commitment to support environmentally responsible and sustainable printing practices, UC Press has printed this book on Natures Natural, a fi ber that contains 30% post-consumer waste and meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). To my parents, Dan and Karen Watts Contents List of Illustrations xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 1. Growing Up in the Cities of the Gods 17 2. Education in an Age of Imagination 37 3. The System 59 4. Moving Up in an Age of Uncertainty 81 5. The Apogee 105 6. The New Pannonian Order 127 7. Christian Youth Culture in the 360s and 370s 149 8. Bishops, Bureaucrats, and Aristocrats under Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius 167 9. Old Age in a Young Man’s Empire 191 10. A Generation’s Legacy 213 Notes 221 Bibliography 305 Index 321 Illustrations 1. The Serapeum site / 2 2. Coin image of Serapis enthroned in temple / 3 3. Coin images of different Roman temples, 2nd–4th century ad / 20 4. Temple of Hanuman, Mathura, India / 21 5. The Birla Mandir, Jaipur, India / 21 6. Rural temple, Jaipur, India / 22 7. Coin images of sacrifi cial scenes, 1st century bc– 4th century ad / 27 8. Evolution of Constantinian portraiture on coins, 310–26 / 41 9. Sol Invictus on Constantinian coinage / 45 10. Coins of Valentinian and Valens / 131 11. Coin of Procopius / 134 12. Coins of Theodosius I and Gratian from Concordia series (379–83) / 177 13. Coin of Arcadius crowned by God / 178 14. Theophilus standing atop bust of Serapis / 214 xi Acknowledgments I have accumulated many debts over the three years I have worked on this project, and I owe far more thanks than I can ever possibly give. I have long wanted to write a book that examines a generation whose voice has been drowned out by the louder or more interesting ones that came before and after it. This is perhaps a preoccupation of every mem- ber of Generation X, a generation that was named after a baby boomer rock band by a baby boomer author and now has seen its voice some- what eclipsed by the much larger cohort of millennials. This is that book—but it would never have taken shape without a great deal of help. I must fi rst thank two institutions that have supported this work. The project began when I was working at Indiana University, and it was sup- ported there by a fellowship from the College Arts and Humanities Institute in 2011 and by the History Department’s Roman History fund. In 2012, I moved to the University of California, San Diego. At UCSD, I have received teaching releases and fi nancial support from the Depart- ment of History, the offi ce of the Dean of Arts and Humanities, and UCSD’s new Hellenic Studies Center. I have also benefi ted greatly from conversations with my new colleagues in the Department of History and the members of the San Diego Hellenic Cultural Society. I am espe- cially thankful to Carol Vassiliadis for her remarkable support of Byz- antine studies in San Diego. I have benefi ted greatly from the undergraduate and graduate stu- dents who participated in the seminars on which this book is based and xiii xiv | Acknowledgments where some of its ideas were fi rst vetted.
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