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From Clone to Bone: the Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00326-2 - From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J. Asher and Johannes Müller Index More information Index aardvark, 39 afrotherian. See Afrotheria acanthodian, 182 and affinities of Afrodon, 51 scales, 153 Afrotherian Acanthoracida, 193 thoracolumbar count, 241 Acanthostega, 314 agnathan, 11, 169, 183 polydactyly, 305, 317 derivation of jaws, 183 Acanthothoraci, 194 pharyngeal denticles, 183 Achoania, 195 pharyngeal teeth, 139 acipenserid. See Acipenseridae Akmonistion, 180, 182 polyploidy, 157 Alcinonyx, 241 scales, 153 algae, 125 Acipenseridae, 154 alligator. See Alligator mississippiensis actinopterygian, 4, 9, 135, 154. Alligator mississippiensis, 343 See Actinopterygii allometry, 106 basal forms, 142 in mammal dentary, 211 dentition, 185, 190, 199 allotherian replacement, 195 relationships of, 50 dermal denticles, 198 Ambondro mahabo, 49, 58 ectodysplasin signalling in, 138 Amia, 195 fins, 149 amniote, 26, 27, 28 pectoral, 137 atlas/axis complex, 245 relationships with other vertebrates, 38 caudal vertebrae, 243, 247 scale development, 153 conserved body plan, 280, 292 Actinopterygii, 2, 185 digit reduction, 343 actualism, 9, 136 embryonic pharyngeal pouches, 292 adapisoriculid, 51 limb development, 261, 262 and affinities of Afrodon, 51 polydactyly, 305 Adapisoriculus, 51 prepollex/prehallux, 307 adaptation relationships of, 279 rate of, 83 relationships with other vertebrates, 2–4, 38 adaptive landscape, 84 ribs, 279, 282, 283 adaptive radiation, 60, 62 scapula, 286 Afrodon, 51 vertebral number, 147 Afrosoricida, 55, 57 Wolffian ridge, 289 afrosoricidan. See Afrosoricida amphibian, 2, 4, 25 Afrotheria, 39, 48 body elongation, 144 apomorphies of, 51 dentition, 177 relationships of, 39 prepollex/prehallux, 307 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00326-2 - From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J. Asher and Johannes Müller Index More information 364 Index Anas species selection in, 127 domestica, 353 artiodactyl, 39 platyrhynchos, 343, 353 thoracolumbar count, 241 Anaspida, 169 Australidelphia, 50 Andreolepis, 192 australidelphian. See Australidelphia Andreyevichthys, 196 dispersal into Australia, 53 angiosperm, 25 Australosomus, 154 Anguilliformes, 152 australosphenidan, 44 anlagen, 302, 305 Aves, 9, 26, 27 of avian digits, 304 cell-labelling studies, 285 of dentary, 213 dermal skeletal elements, 285 of turtle carapace, 281, 289, 293 digit identity, 311 of turtle scapula, 287 wing development. See avian wing anteater. See Tamandua tetradactyla avian hindlimb Antiarchi, 193, 194 metatarsals II-IV, 340 anuran, 306 tarsometatarsus, 340 limb development, 270 avian wing, 138, 328–55 ape, 5 anterior necrotic zone, 347 Aphanius anatoliae, 152 apical ridge. See Apical Ectodermal Ridge Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER), 349 (AER) in the marsupial forelimb, 261, 262–4 carpometacarpus, 338, 340 in the marsupial hindlimb, 264 carpus, 328, 329–34 polydactyly, 310, 313 distal carpus, 334–8 resemblance to carapacial ridge, 289 metacarpals, 334–8 apoptosis, 315 proximal carpus, 335 in chickens, 146 cell death, 347–8 in limb patterning, 310, 311 chondrogenic foci, 355 in marsupial limbs, 264 claws, 340, 348, 351 Apteryx, 354 comparison with hindlimb, 340 australis, 354 digit, 314, 328 owenii, 354 digitus alulae manus, 329, 346 archaeocete, 243 digitus majoris manus, 329 Archaeopteryx lithographica, 338, 352 digitus minoris manus, 329, 343 digit reduction, 340 ectopic digit, 344 phalangeal formula, 352 digit homology, 304–5, 339–54 archosaur, 2, 340, 347. See Archosauria digit phenotype, 340, 348–54 digit reduction, 340 digit position, 339 digits, 353 digit reduction, 340 relationship to turtles, 279 by claw loss, 352 Archosauria, 340 by phalangeal loss, 352 Arthrodira, 193, 194 by size reduction, 352 arthrodiran. See Arthrodira comparison with non-avians, 346 dentition, 193 element X, 339 dentition development, 195 embryonic hexadactyly, 345 arthropod, 247 embryonic pentadactyly, 345 molecular clock, 55 frame shift, 305, 343, 355 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00326-2 - From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J. Asher and Johannes Müller Index More information Index 365 handplate, 348 genome intercalary element, 348 chromosome type, 27 mesopodium, 329 repetitive elements in, 26 metacarpals, 338, 346 size of, 25–6 nomenclature, 330–5 molecular clock, 55 os carpi radiale, 335 relationship to theropod dinosaurs, 9 os carpi ulnare, 335 relationship to turtles, 279 phalangeal formula, 352–4 relationships with other vertebrates, phalanx-forming region, 355 2–4 pisiform, 335 sacrum, 245 postminimus, 346 secondary cartilages, 212 pre-axial polydactyly, 344 wing development, 9. See avian wing prepollex, 346 Birgeria primary axis, 343–4 stensio¨i, 144, 147 processus extensorius, 346 bivalve, 91 processus pisiformis, 339 bony fish, 2, 4 radiale, 335 boreosphenidan, 44 radius, 328 Bothriolepis, 193 rescue of digit I, 344 Bradypus, 237 ulna, 328, 335 Branchiostoma, 2 ulnare, 335 Bustylus, 51 ungual, 349 butterfly fish, freshwater. See Pantodon wrist, 328. See mesopodium buchholzi Zone of Polarizing Activity, 348 axial skeleton, 95 caecilian, 2 of mammals, 8, 230–48 body elongation, 144 of Saurichthys, 10, 159 Cairina moschata, 353 axolotl, 177 Calchides, 347 Callichthyidae, 154 basilosaurid, 243 Callorhinchus. See chimaera bat, 68, 230, 257 Caperea, 237 limbs, 301 marginata, 239 forelimb development, 268 Capromys pilorides, 57 wing, 138 capybara. See Hydrochoerus bear, 122 Carcharinidae, 180 Belonidae, 150 Carnivora, 38, 152 bichir, 144. See polypterid face length, 151, 159 bird, 100, 311, 329, 352. See Aves thoracolumbar count, 241 beaks, 151 carnivoran. See Carnivora conservation of odontogenic signalling carnivore pathways, 167 prehallux, 306 digit reduction, 351 prepollex, 306 evolutionary rate, 97 thoracolumbar count, 241 feather development, 178 carp feather patterning, 179 scales, 152, 157, 159 flight, 97 carpalia, 331 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00326-2 - From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J. Asher and Johannes Müller Index More information 366 Index carpus necrotic zones of limb, 347, 348 of birds, 329–34 pisiform, 347 of urodeles, 330 primary axis, 343 3 3 cartilaginous fish, 2, 4 talpid (ta ) mutant, 310 Cassuarius cassuarius, 354 wing development, 305, 328, 355 catfish, 152 chimaera, 138 catfish, armoured, 154 Chinese soft-shelled turtle. See Pelodiscus catshark, 150 sinensis cave bear. See Ursus spelaeus chiropteran Caviidae, 347 os falciforme, 309 centrale, 331 prepollex, 306 Cercopithecus, 243 Chlamydoselache, 182 Cetacea Chlorurus, 124 absence of pelves, 233 Choloepus, 237 origin of, 64 didactylus, 347 cetacean. See Cetacea hoffmanni, 237, 347 body size, 62 chondrichthyan caudal vertebrae, 243 dental lamina, 182, 189 fluke, 243 dentition, 179, 193 increased lumbar count, 242 dermal denticles, 177, 179, 198 polydactyly, 305 ectodysplasin signalling in, 138 rate of molecular evolution, 55 heterodont dentition, 169 Cetartiodactyla, 39, 48 pharyngeal denticles, 183 apomorphies of, 50 placoid denticles, 173 Chalcides chalcides, 343, 352 scale patterning, 198 chicken, 10, 27, 328, 344, 353. See Gallus scale replacement, 179 apoptosis, 146 tooth development, 167 BAMBI expression, 352 Chondrichthyes, 2, 193 chick chondrification Apical Ectodermal Ridge, 262 in limb development, 304, 310 axial skeleton, 148 chordate, 2, 8 dentition, 171, 197 species selection in, 127 jaw articulation, 207 chrysochlorid, 47 limb development, 270 cichlid, 10, 169, 171 limb position, 149 dentition, 192, 197 phalangeal formula, 354 development, 184, 186 tooth restoration in, 167 diversity of, 171 dentary, 224 pharyngeal, 176, 183 distal carpus, 338 jaws, 151 ectopic digit, 344 tooth shape diversity, 185 element X, 339 cingulate, 47 foot, 349 clam, 92 frame shift, 343 claws genetic mechanisms, 136 in birds, 340, 352 induction of phalanges, 351 in crocodilians, 352 limb position, 149 in fossil birds, 352 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00326-2 - From Clone to Bone: The Synergy of Morphological and Molecular Tools in Palaeobiology Edited by Robert J. Asher and Johannes Müller Index More information Index 367 in hoatzin, 353 in vertebrates, 283 in Neornithines, 352 desman, 307 in talpid moles, 311 swimming, 307 coelacanth, 2 tibial sesamoid, 313 Coelodonta antiquitatis, 20 deuterostome, 4, 67 condylarth, 46, 47 developmental bias conodont, 169. See Conodonta in mammal axial skeleton, 231 dentition, 193, 194 developmental constraints, 305, 346 pharyngeal denticle co-option, 198 and pleiotropy, 106 odontodes, 169 in birds, 97 Conodonta, 169, 183, 193 in mammal axial skeleton, 231, 232 coral, 121, 125 in marsupial limbs, 260, 271, 273 Craniata, 311 in the notochord, 106 craniate. See Craniata in turtle shell evolution, 280 crinoid, 119 developmental genetics, 8, 9, 304 crocodile. See crocodilian Diabolepis, 196 dermal ossification of the trunk, 283 Diacodexis, 50 relationship to turtles, 279 diapsid, 2, 26 crocodilian, 27 dentary, 224 digit reduction, 352 relationships with other vertebrates, 38 manus, 340
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