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Team X (Team Ten), Fue Un Grupo De Arquitectos Y Otros Participantes Invitados a Una Serie De Reuniones Que Se Iniciaron En Julio De 1953 En El Congreso C.I.A.M

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Team X (Team Ten), Fue Un Grupo De Arquitectos Y Otros Participantes Invitados a Una Serie De Reuniones Que Se Iniciaron En Julio De 1953 En El Congreso C.I.A.M team HISTORIA CONTEMPORANEA ORIGENES El Team 10 o Team X (team ten), fue un grupo de arquitectos y otros participantes invitados a una serie de reuniones que se iniciaron en julio de 1953 en el congreso C.I.A.M. IX (Aix en provence, Francia), desde donde introdujeron sus doctrinas al urbanismo. Se dieron a conocer con el Manifiesto de Doorn, en el que reflejaban sus ideas de arquitectura y urbanismo. Los integrantes del Team X exponían, discutían -a veces efusivamente, llegando a la afrenta- y analizaban problemas arquitectónicos, de manera que sus escritos no constituían dogmas, sino ideas y opiniones. La formación oficial del Team 10 se produce realmente el 30 de junio de 1954 en las oficinas centrales de la UNESCO en París, posterior por tanto al congreso de Aix (1953) y cinco meses después de la reunión del grupo en el “Encuentro de Doorn” (29 - 31 enero de 1954). PRECURSORES Alison y Peter Smithson (Inglaterra). Georges Candilis (Grecia). Shadrach Woods (E.U.A). Aldo Van Eyck (Holanda) Jaap Bakema (Holanda) Alison y Peter Smithson Peter Smithson (Stockton-on-Tees 1923-2003) y Alison Smithson (Alison Gill) (Sheffield 1928- 1993) fueron dos arquitectos y urbanistas ingleses que trabajaron activamente en los aspectos teóricos de la arquitectura de las décadas de los 50 y 60. Están considerados cofundadores del brutalismo, y formaron parte del Team 10, un grupo de arquitectos que desde su primera reunión en 1954 ejerció, mediante sus publicaciones, una gran influencia en el urbanismo de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. En otras disciplinas artísticas, también formaron parte del Independent Group en 1956. Peter Smithson estudió arquitectura en la Universidad de Durham entre 1939 y 1948, junto con un programa en el Departamento de Planificación Urbana de dicha universidad, entre 1946 y 1948. Alison cursó sus estudios de arquitectura en la misma universidad entre 1944 y 1949. La importancia de esta pareja de arquitectos estriba más en su trabajo teórico sobre la arquitectura y el urbanismo que en la construcción de edificios, pero entre sus proyectos destacan el Golden Lane Housing (Londres, 1952), donde la composición abierta y compleja del barrio pretende romper con los principios de zonificación propios del racionalismo de principios de siglo, y la urbanización Robin Hood Gardens en Londres, construida entre 1966 y 1972. La disposición curvilínea y abierta de los edificios, organizados en torno a un gran jardín, materializa finalmente el concepto de lo que para los Smithson debe ser la arquitectura. Obras construida Los proyectos construidos de la pareja incluyen: Smithdon High School, (Norfolk) (1949-1954) Sugden House, (Watford) (1955-1956) Exhibición "House of the Future" (1956) Edificio de la revista The Economist, (Londres) (1959-1965) Garden building, (Oxford) (1968) Ampliación de la casa de Lord Kennet (Londres) (1968) Urbanización Robin Hood Gardens (Londres) (1969-1972) Escuelas de arquitectura e ingeniería de la Universidad de Bath (1988) Museo Cantilever-Chair de la Bauhaus (Alemania) Georges Candilis Georges Candilis nació en Baku en 1913. Estudio arquitectura en Atenas y conoció a Le Corbusier durante sus estudios en el IV CIAM en 1943 en Atenas. Como resultado de esto Le Corbusier lo designo como líder de ASCORAL (Assemblée de constructeurs pour une rénovation architecturale) en 1943. En 1945 se unió a la oficina de Le Corbusier donde se convirtió en uno de los más importantes colaboradores de la misma. Fue el arquitecto encargado de la construcción de la Unité d’Habitation en Marsella (1945-52). En 1951 con Shadrach Woods y el ingeniero Henri Piot se convirtió en lider de ATBAT – Afrique en Motocco, ATBAT Afrique es la rama de ATBAT, Atelier des bâtisseurs fundada en 1947 por Le Corbusier y otros personajes de renombre mundial. Este atelier fue concebido como un centro de investigación interdisciplinaria donde arquitectos, ingenieros y técnicos odian trabajar juntos. Originalmente este fue creado para poder construir La Unidad Habitacional de Marsella. Por la situación política tan problemática y tensa en Tangiers la oficina cierra y Candilis regresa a Paris para abrir su propia oficina junto con los ingenieros Paul Dony, Piot y los arquitectos Yugoslavos Alexis Josic y Woods. Con la cual gano muchas competencias y realizo muchos proyectos tanto en Francia como en sus territorios ocupados. Su principal puesto en el despacho fue el de representante oficial, contacto con constructores y políticos. En los primero años del Team Ten sus principales contribuciones fueron relacionadas a la idea de Habitat de plus grand nombre, una idea que saco con Michel Ecochar con quien el y Woods presentaron sus estudios en el IX CIAM en 1953. Este con el ATBAT recibieron mucha atención y critica positiva. En los finales de los cincuentas Candilis y Woods desarrollaron la idea de habitat évolutif, integrando con esto temas sobre el crecimiento y el cambio a nivel de habitación individual o casa. Como miembro del Team Ten representaba y mantenía la comunicación entre ellos el CIAM y Le Corbusier. Despues de la disolución del CIAM organizo varias reuniones con el Team 10. La última reunión de este grupo fue de carácter informal en su casa de campo en Bonnieux. Después de la disolución de su despacho en 1969 Candilis siguió practicando como arquitecto y desarrollo algunas proyectos en el medio oriente de turismo, centros, desarrollos habitacionales, escuelas y casas de verano. En 1977 publico su libro de retrospectiva Bâtir la Vie. Murio en Paris en Mayo de 1995. Obras y proyectos 1956: Reordenamiento urbano de Bagnols-sur-Cézeen Rhonetal. 1963: Reconstrucción del centro de Frankfurt. Entre sus obras se cuentan las viviendas realizadas junto a Dony, Josic y Woods en Marruecos. El proyecto para Le Mirail en Toulouse. El reordenamiento urbano de Bagnols-sur-Céze en Rhönetal comenzada en 1956 junto a los arquitectos Bodiansky - Woods y Piot sobre el casco histórico de la ciudad donde se incluyeyon instalaciones culturales y deportivas. El ordenamiento de los centros de Frankfurt, Atenas, Sévres y Fort Lamy (Chad). El ordenamiento turístico de la costa del Languedoc. En 1963 gana el concurso para la construcción en Berlín de la Freie Universitât. Shadrach Woods Shadrach Woods (30 de junio de 1923 a 31 de julio de 1973) fue un arquitecto estadounidense , urbanista y teórico. Formado en ingeniería en la Universidad de Nueva York y en literatura y filosofía en la Trinity College de Dublín, Woods se unió a la oficina de Le Corbusier en París en 1948. Asignados al proyecto para elUnité d'Habitation , entonces en construcción en Marsella, Francia, Woods trabajó junto con el arquitecto griego nacido en Azerbaijan George Candilis, con quien más tarde formaría una asociación duradera. Con Candilis y el ingeniero Vladimir Bodiansky, Woods diseñó y construyó viviendas en todo el norte de África durante su mandato como jefe de la oficina de Casablanca de ATBAT-Afrique (Atelier des Bâtisseurs). Las ideas desarrolladas durante el curso de este trabajo dieron lugar a una propuesta ganadora para la Operación millones, un concurso de vivienda social en Francia, en 1954. Encargado por el estado de bienestar para diseñar miles de viviendas suburbanas, Woods y Candilis se unieron al arquitecto yugoslavo Alexis Josic para crear en 1956 la empresa Candilis- Josic-Woods.1 Entre los principales proyectos de construcción de la empresa destacan la ampliación de la aldea de Bagnols-sur-Cèze y el desarrollo del barrio de Le Mirail en Toulouse, en Francia y, con Manfred Schieldhelm, la Universidad Libre en Berlín. Al mismo tiempo, Candilis y Woods participaron en los trabajos del Team X, un grupo de arquitectos que surgió de las reuniones del CIAM en los años de posguerra. Woods es quizás más conocido por ser un pensador y escritor. Ha publicado numerosos ensayos sobre temas urbanos, incluida la explicación de sus conceptos de "madre" y "web", y participó en la Trienal de Milán 1968, por invitación del arquitecto italiano y su compañero miembro del Team X, Giancarlo de Carlo. Después de la disolución de la empresa en 1969, Woods regresó a Nueva York. Impartió conferencias en Harvard y en Yale. Hasta su prematura muerte en 1973, continuó trabajando como arquitecto y planificador urbano en proyectos como el Lower Manhattan Expressway y la renovación del barrio del Soho. Su libro El Hombre de la Calle: una polémica sobre Urbanismo fue publicado póstumamente por Penguin en el año 1975. Los dibujos de Woods y los documentos están en poder de los Archivos del Departamento de Dibujos y de la Biblioteca Avery de Arquitectura y Bellas Artes, en la Universidad de Columbia. Proyectos Representativos Ampliación de la aldea de Bagnols-sur-Cèze y el desarrollo del barrio de Le Mirail en Toulouse, en Francia y, con Manfred Schieldhelm, la Universidad Libre en Berlín. Al mismo tiempo, Candilis y Woods participaron en los trabajos del Team X, un grupo de arquitectos que surgieron de las reuniones de CIAM en los años de posguerra. Los distintos cerramientos opacos de ladrillo u hormigón prefabricado, junto con los transparentes o translúcidos de vidrio, permiten crear dife rentes grados de apertura de los espacios entre sí y con el exterior. Por último, un dintel a modo de arquitrabe, sin función estructural, resigue el perímetro exterior de la propuesta, unificando los diferentes paramentos y reforzando, junto a las cúpulas, la unidad de este paradigma del “estructuralismo” holandés. PLANTA BAJA SECCIONES Vista Aérea Alzados Accesos Universidad libre de Berlín La propuesta laureada es un proyecto compacto, ex- tenso y de baja altura, tal y como queda reflejado en los paneles y la gran maqueta presentados (. Éstos abarcan esquemas conceptuales del edificio, dibujos de integración del conjunto en su entorno, plantas generales, y encuadres particulares de la propuesta a menor escala. La Universidad Libre de Berlín es un edificio-sistema.
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