ATBAT

Shadrach Woods began his career on the building site of the Unité d'Habitation in as part of the Atelier des Bâtisseurs (ATBAT), a group of architects and engineers charged by with producing the construction drawings for the building. In 1951, with construction on the Unité coming to a close, Woods crossed the Mediterranean to set up an office with the architect and the engineer Vladimir Bodiansky in Morocco. Known as ATBAT-Afrique, the group developed a concept of “habitat for the greatest number” and built projects throughout North Africa in the following years, mostly housing for both indigenous and European inhabitants.

Above: Two housing types emerge in the Carrières Centrales project in . Both the Nid d’abeilles (left) and Sémiramis (right) feature enclosed patios that give privacy to their Muslim inhabitants. With Bodiansky’s tower building (not pictured), the structures frame a public open space.

#4 and Le Corbusier Late 1950s

Le Corbusier took Woods into his office despite his lack of experience in architecture. The master and his theories had a lasting impact on the design and thought of Woods, particularly in the areas of housing and urbanism.

#2 Shadrach Woods and Georges Candilis at the Unité d’Habitation c. 1949-1950

Woods met the Azerbaijan-born architect Georges Candilis while working on the Unité in Marseille. The two formed a long, productive partnership that lasted until 1968.

#13 ATBAT Modulor grid 1951

Among the ideas Woods borrowed from Le Corbusier was the Modulor. From this model, Woods and Candilis derived proportions and dimensions for their North African projects.

#10 Shadrach Woods, Georges Candilis and Pierre Mas “Contribution to the Study of the Habitat” 1953

In this text, Woods and Candilis develop the architectural concept of “habitat,” which “insures to man the accomplishment of his spatial, physiological, spiritual and emotional needs and protects him from weather and atmospheric conditions,” and also “integrates individual and family life into the manifestations of social and collective life.”

#17 Carrières Centrales buildings, Ecochard grid housing and bidonvilles c. 1953

This photograph shows the buildings of Woods and Candilis in the foreground with the low-rise housing constructed by the planner Michel Ecochard and the shantytown beyond. Candilis believed multilevel collective housing was suitable for the migrants because most of them came from a region where communal living was an acceptable building form.

#7 Carrières Centrales, Casablanca 1952

These three buildings, constructed in the Carrières Centrales of Casablanca, contained one hundred dwellings and eight shops. They represented Candilis’ and Woods’ most significant project in North Africa and had enormous influence on a generation of European architects.

#15 Nid d’abeille section 1952

The most visually engaging and structurally inventive of the Casablanca buildings is the Nid d’abeille, so called because the staggered, suspended terraces of its façade resemble a beehive. Each unit included one of these high-walled patios, which were dedicated to the cooking and sanitary functions of the dwelling, as well as two interior rooms.

#16 View of Sémiramis corridor 1952

Woods and Candilis modeled the Sémiramis building on traditional Moroccan communities. Privacy was a central concern, and the apartments are almost entirely sealed off from the exterior. With their high walls, the corridors resemble the narrow streets of the medina.

#11 Proposal for joined Nid d’abeille and Sémiramis 1953

This unrealized proposal joins two of the building types realized at the Carrières Centrales into one structure.

#5 Alison and Peter Smithson, “Collective Housing in Morocco,” Architectural Design 25 January 1955

ATBAT-Afrique’s built work, though limited, had a profound influence on the discourse of in Europe. These buildings made an enormous impact at the ninth meeting of CIAM at Aix-en-Provence in 1953, which Candilis and Woods attended.

#8 Housing at Sidi bel Abbès, Algeria 1954

The work of ATBAT-Afrique was not limited to Morocco. In Algeria, the group constructed numerous residential units for the French colonial population. The experience provided Woods with an opportunity to further develop his ideas about housing “for the greatest number.”

#19 Housing under construction, Balata, 1957

ATBAT was also involved in projects in the Caribbean, the site of investigations into housing in tropical climates.

#20 Tropical housing perspective 1957

As in Morocco, sensitivity to intense sunlight and airflow were key to the designs for housing in tropical climates. The pavilion-like structures were efficiently constructed but also responsive to local traditions and topography.

#22 Tropical School construction diagrams 1957

Because most French colonies lacked the technological capabilities to mass- produce buildings efficiently, Woods and Candilis proposed to create structures from prefabricated metal components.

#33 View of Iran housing model 1956

Woods’ investigations of housing for Muslims extended beyond North Africa. With Candilis, he proposed low-cost dwellings for oil workers in the port city of Abadan, Iran. The project included clusters of low-rise, pinwheel-like structures, which were to be built from prefabricated elements and local brick.

FRENCH HOUSING

After returning from Morocco in 1954, Woods and Candilis partnered with Alexis Josic from Le Corbusier’s office. The new partnership of Candilis-Josic- Woods entered competitions for mass housing in , winning several major commissions. Drawing from their experiences in North Africa, they created designs for economical and flexible units capable of being combined into buildings of various scales. These blocks resisted the slab-like appearance of many other housing projects in France by including large windows, balconies, setbacks and recessed entrances.

Above: In their mass housing projects, Candilis-Josic-Woods strove to use efficient building techniques and systems. In a collaboration with Jean Prouvé, experimental modular metal panels were applied to a building in the Parisian suburb of Le Blanc-Mesnil.

#18 Business contract between Shadrach Woods, Georges Candilis and Alexis Josic 1960

After returning to France, Woods and Candilis organized their own studio with the Yugoslavia-born architect Alexis Josic in 1956. Their partnership lasted for twelve years.

#24 Opération Million proposal 1954

Faced with a housing crisis, the French government launched the design competition Opération Million in 1954. The challenge was to design housing units costing one million francs—half the average cost of an apartment at that time—with a defined square footage. Candilis-Josic-Woods won first prize, along with a commission for 2,500 dwellings in the Paris region.

#25 Model of Opération Million apartment 1955

#23 “Operation Million – France” Architecture d’aujourdhui 1954

This article documents the prize-winning entries from the Opération Million competition. In Candilis-Josic-Woods’ first-place design, modular blocks can be joined in a variety of ways at their circulation cores. The buildings can thus be composed to frame and protect open spaces.

#28 + #29 Views of housing at Bobigny 1960

In the Parisian suburb of Bobigny, Candilis-Josic-Woods designed and built 735 apartments as part of the Opération Million commission. The development was distinguished by its combination of high- and low-rise housing blocks and the construction of shared amenities like a shopping center and playgrounds.

#32 Exhibition of Bobigny housing 1960

A solution to the French housing crisis required the cooperation of the government, architects and charitable organizations. The religious group Emmaus, led by the social reformer the Abbé Pierre, subsidized the construction of Candilis-Josic-Woods’ Bobigny housing. These projects were promoted at public expositions like the one seen here.

#26 Floor plan with calculations c. 1961

The state-led program for mass housing was governed by the strict definition of dwelling types, ranging from a 22 m2 studio to a 92 m2 multi-bedroom apartment. In this sketch, probably for housing at -le-Mirail, scrawled square footage calculations are a reminder that Candilis-Josic-Woods’ designed within a rigid system of norms.

URBAN EXTENSIONS

Following their success with Opération Million, Candilis-Josic-Woods took on the task of designing entire new towns. These projects were conceptualized as self- sufficient, organic extensions to existing urban areas. Woods proposed centering developments around a service “stem” of communal facilities and infrastructure. Residential cells clustered around these “stems” would remain temporally viable for the lifespan of the family, while the “stem’s” spaces would be free to change according to quicker cycles of social and economic demand. These projects exemplify Woods’ ideas about a “habitat’” that exists beyond individual dwellings, incorporating schools, commercial centers and cultural facilities.

Above: Bagnols-sur-Cèze was a new town developed by Candilis-Josic-Woods to house the staff of France’s first nuclear power plant. The development won the nation’s first Prix d’Urbanisme.

#34 “Bagnols-sur-Cèze” Techniques et Architecture 6 1958

Candilis-Josic-Woods received the commission to expand the southern French town of Bagnols-sur-Cèze following the development of France’s first nuclear research center nearby. Required to design housing for an additional 7,000 inhabitants, the firm created a new town of towers, villas and “semi-rural” housing extending southward from the existing one.

#35 Bagnols-sur-Cèze commercial center 1961

When designing the extension of Bagnols-sur-Cèze, the firm went beyond housing to include supplemental services necessary to render the new town self- sufficient. The commercial center is one of these amenities, along with schools, athletic complexes, community meeting spaces and cultural facilities.

#37 Team X Meeting in Bagnols-sur-Cèze July 1960

The first meeting of Team X after the termination of CIAM was organized by Candilis-Josic-Woods and took place in Bagnols-sur-Cèze. In the context of the in-progress extension, the firm focused discussions on the creation and transformation of new habitats, integrated into existing urban and regional structures. In this photograph, the partners showcase their plans for the La Viste development in Marseille, which they presented at the meeting.

#41 Jaap Bakema, Invitation to Otterlo conference July 1961

The planning meeting for this proposed revisiting of Otterlo took place in Drottningholm, on the outskirts of Stockholm, Sweden. Aboard Ralph Erskine’s boat, participants discussed the concept of the Team X Primer, which would be compiled in the coming year.

#50 Plan of Caen-Hérouville proposal 1961

With the momentum generated by Bagnols-sur-Cèze, Candilis-Josic-Woods entered competitions for urban extensions in Caen, France, and Bilbao, Spain. In this unrealized project for Caen-Hérouville, the firm developed its first large- scale application of Woods’ “stem” concept, using it to organize circulation and access to housing.

#64 Presentation of Toulouse-le-Mirail proposal June 1961

In 1961, Candilis-Josic-Woods won the competition for a 100,000-unit extension to the city of Toulouse. Their branching “stem” approach contrasted with other entries employing orthogonal geometries. Here, Toulouse mayor Louis Bazerque presents the first prize to project architect Georges Candilis.

#57 Site plan of Toulouse-le-Mirail 1961

The massive extension is situated to the southwest of the existing city of Toulouse. Existing topography was key in shaping the site plan. The “stem” unfolds along the course of an embankment running north-to-south, and a small stream running west-to-east, both of which were treated as natural linear parks.

#58 “Toulouse-le-Mirail” L’Architecture d’Aujourd’hui 101 1962

The choice of the Candilis-Josic-Woods design for Toulouse-le-Mirail was regarded as a triumph for progressive architectural concepts. Widely published, the project was the main item for discussion at the Team X meeting held at Royaumont in 1963 and the site of a group meeting in 1971.

#63 Toulouse-le-Mirail brochure 1976 This promotional brochure highlights the multiple residential clusters that compose Toulouse-le-Mirail. Apartments are grouped around an elevated pedestrian walkway—an interpretation of the “stem” by Candilis that diverged from Woods’ conception of a more simple “open urban space, defined by building, at the natural ground level, paved and planted appropriately”.

#59 Aerial view of Toulouse-le-Mirail c. 1965

Though originally intended to house 100,000 people, only one-fifth of the Mirail project was eventually built in the years from 1962 to 1972. In time, the project faced strong opposition from local officials, many of whom criticized the development’s enormous scale and lack of social services.

#49 Couvent Saint-Julien l’Ars, France 1965

In 1961, Candilis-Josic-Woods collaborated with Jean Prouvé on a convent for the Benedictine community near Poitiers, France. The modern structure was constructed between 1964 and 1965.

#65 View of Vallée de Belleville model 1962

Candilis-Josic-Woods was involved in the developing postwar leisure culture in France, as shown in this unrealized project for a ski resort. Collaborating with Charlotte Perriand, the firm designed a terraced formation of vacation units, which cling to the mountainside and are accessed by monorail.

#94 Plan of Hamburg Steilshoop, Germany Photograph of model Nov. 1966

In this competition design, “stem” is integrated into two rectangular grids and woven into existing street patterns. Open-sided perimeter blocks provide varied degrees of publicity and privacy within the new urban project. The intersection of the L-shaped development offers access to public transportation.

#90 + #91 CENECA Bresse-Revermont regional development proposal panels and booklet 1967

Among the most ambitious of the firm’s projects was the proposal for the development of the Bresse-Revermont region. In response to the French effort to create new population centers as alternatives to existing cities, Candilis-Josic- Woods produced a plan to rethink the urban-rural divide and what they termed as the “rural habitat.”

GERMANY

Extending the principles of the “stem,” Woods explored the re-creation of urban fabric through the matrix-like “web.” This grid-like strategy provided a framework of circulation, supporting spaces that could house an unlimited variety of programs. In the firm’s work, this approach is most striking in projects for the reconstruction of central Frankfurt and the Free University building. Highly influential for Wood’s contemporaries, the German “web” projects presage current strategies for the fluid occupation of cities and landscapes, in matrix, carpet, ground, and field schemes.

Above: Collaborating with Manfred Schiedhelm and Jean Prouvé, Candilis-Josic-Woods designed a prefabricated metallic system that forms the exterior structure of the Berlin Free University. The corrosive Cor-Ten material gave the building its nickname: “die Rostelaube,” or “the Rustbucket”.

#74 Ground floor plan, Frankfurt-Römerberg 1963

In this proposed restructuring of Frankfurt’s war-devastated center, “web” takes the form of a three dimensional grid, scaled to pedestrian movement. As an extended ground plane, this grid connects to existing streets and links between a mixed-use fabric of programs.

#73 Frankfurt diagram 1963

Part of a series of explanatory diagrams, this drawing shows the continuity of movement envisaged between the new urban development and its surroundings, including the adjacent river.

#72 View of Frankfurt model 1963

The “web” is composed of stacked decks interspersed with open spaces. The density of the blocks mimics the fabric of the original medieval city, while the height of the development is also scaled to its neighborhood.

#79 Berlin Free University plans Shadrach Woods, Candilis-Josic-Woods: Buildings for People c. 1967

“Web” attained built application in the Berlin Free University, located in the Dahlem district of Berlin. One of the firm’s most renowned projects, the carpet- like building incorporates facilities for various departments within a single structure, encouraging cross-disciplinary exchanges.

#78 Berlin Free University article Architecture Plus January/February 1974

In this article marking the completion of the Berlin Free University in 1974, shortly after Woods’ death, the architectural community celebrated one of the only built incarnations of the “mat building” and mourned one of its creators.

MILAN TRIENNALE

Widely considered to be the “thinker” of his firm, Woods was a prolific writer, lecturer and teacher. Beginning in the early 1960s and lasting until his death, Woods published numerous articles and taught at several universities, including Yale, Cornell and Harvard. In 1968, Candilis-Josic-Woods was invited to exhibit at the fourteenth annual Milano Triennale, organized by Team X member Giancarlo di Carlo. For their installation, Woods presented the firm’s work as explorations of comprehensible, human-oriented habitats in the face of urban crisis. His observations would be pursued in writings and lectures in ensuing years, with a culminating synthesis in book-length polemic The Man in the Street, which appeared posthumously in 1975.

Above: At the XIV Milano Triennale on the theme of “the greater number,” an installation by Candilis-Josic-Woods featured the work of the firm alongside polemical observations on global issues of population growth, migration, governance, and ecology.

#71 Letter of invitation from Paul Rudolph May 1961

Dean Paul Rudolph invited Woods to teach a studio at Yale in the spring of 1962, marking the beginning of his long involvement in academia as a critic and lecturer.

#66 Shadrach Woods at the Yale School of Art & Architecture Spring 1962

Invited by Paul Rudolph to serve as a visiting critic, Woods taught at Yale in the spring of 1962. Among his students was the architect Charles Gwathmey, pictured here.

#120 Lecture poster, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1967

#122 Lecture poster, “Waiting for Printout” 1962

In his lectures and writings, Woods rejected the information-driven reliance upon the compilation and computation of data – what he termed “waiting for print-out” – and encouraged architects to “build in uncertainty.” This meant to act without understanding completely the environment in which one worked, as well as to design in a manner that could accommodate the unpredictable future.

#148 Draft manuscript, “The techno-sociological hang-up” 1967

#70 Correspondence with Georges Candilis June 1962

Woods’ frequent stints as a teacher and lecturer caused strain within the firm. In this correspondence, Candilis expresses concern about Woods’ absences from Paris and his increasingly theory-oriented frame of mind, which sometimes manifested as hostility to the firm’s projects.

#98 “Le retour à la sauvagerie” Nouvel Observateur May 13, 1965

This conversation between Woods and polyvalent French writer Roger Vailland appeared days after the death of Vailland at age 57. Against suburbanization, both believe in the urgency of recuperating possibilities for true urban life – for “if we have no more cities,” comments Vailland, “then we revert to the savage state.” The text would be republished in Architecture d’Aujourd’hui in 1967, and in a condensed translation in Perspecta 11.

#88 Non-Ecole de Villefranche stationery 1966

Woods’ involvement with Fluxus artist Robert Filliou came through his collaborator Joachim Pfeufer, who designed the Poîpoîdrome with Filliou in 1963. Their relationship led to the establishment of the “Non-School” in the Provençal town of Villefranche. As a spontaneous institution, the “Non-School” would theoretically hold unscheduled lectures and engage in unsolicited research.

#102 Photos of Candilis-Josic-Woods installation, XIV Milano Triennale 1967

Titled “Urbanism is everybody’s business,” the Candilis-Josic-Woods installation took form as a series of informational panels mounted on a “web”-like grid of red metal frames. Illustrations of global crisis were interspersed with projects from the firm’s portfolio. The installation argued that urbanism—conceived in the broadest sense—was imperative in organizing the world’s spatial resources in an equitable manner.

#118 Sketches of population wheels for Triennale 1967

One of the elements in the Triennale installation, these spinning “population wheels,” which illustrated the uneven distribution of global resources.

#101 Milan Triennale occupation statement 1968

Soon after the installation of the exhibitions at the Milan Triennale of 1968, students occupied the building and prevented the exposition’s scheduled opening. Once the protestors were expelled and the interior repaired, the Triennale finally opened on June 23rd.

#113 L’Urbanistica come problema di interesse collettivo (Urbanism is Everybody’s Business) Book 1968

This book was published in Italian, English, and Germany versions to accompany the Candilis-Josic-Woods display at the Milan Triennale. Referring to the ecological plight of Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean, Woods suggests that “at the scale of the universe, the world is an island.” The equitable global distribution and organization of space is the object of urbanism, making it “everybody’s business.”

#121 Lecture poster, Rice University April 1970

Woods’ lecture “What U can do” echoed the themes of the Milan triennale show, addressing ecology, population, migration and resources. “U” stood for urbanism—the central subject of the lecture—as well as forming a call for populist involvement. The talk found a receptive audience in this highly liberal, politically active campus.

#114 What U Can Do 1970

Woods’ lecture of April, 1970 was published as a pamphlet-style book, part of an ongoing Architecture at Rice series. The graphic layout by Peter Papademetriou paired Woods’ provocative slides with a politically suggestive red typeface and an earthy-brown paper. A horizontal format was chosen “so that you would really have to hold it to read it,” Papademetriou explains.

NEW YORK

In1968, Woods left the Candilis-Josic-Woods partnership and moved his practice to New York. Called upon by city officials to consult on the Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX), Woods surprisingly supported the controversial project, putting him at odds with local community groups. After the cancellation of LOMEX, he pursued proposals for the redevelopment of the SoHo district and returned to the design of public housing in a project for Frederick Douglass Circle. He continued working in New York until his death in 1973. At the Team X meeting the following year, the choice of theme—the responsibility of the architect—reflected Woods’ legacy.

Above: An offshoot from his work on LOMEX, this proposal for SoHo reorganized the street pattern into super-blocks containing internal service areas for shipping and receiving. Four-story plinths accommodate light industry and are surmounted by a superstructure of residential buildings.

#132 Books from Woods’ urban design library c. 1969

This selection of books from the library of Woods’ New York office hints at the wide span of his urban interests. Volumes on sociology, economy, history, and ecology reside alongside urban planning manuals and classic architectural texts, such as Le Corbusier’s Les trois établissements humains.

#135 LOMEX Cross-Manhattan Expressway booklet November 1969

The Lower Manhattan Expressway was a long-standing proposal to build a highway connecting the Williamsburg Bridge to the Holland Tunnel. The project would have required the demolition of hundreds of buildings and the relocation of thousands of residents. Opposed by Jane Jacobs and Donald Judd, among others, the project was finally rejected in 1969.

#133 Lower Manhattan Expressway organization chart 1969

Hired by the City of New York to produce a ‘plan for planning’ of the Lower Manhattan Expressway Corridor, Woods created numerous charts to organize the relationships required for such a complex project. He ultimately produced a document describing the process by which a complete twelve-month study of the joint use of the expressway could be conducted.

#142 “What do you mean, megastructure?” Typewritten note and article from New York Magazine 1969

In this note, Woods defends the project for LOMEX as a ‘micro-organism’ bringing together multiple uses, rather than an overbearing ‘mega-structure’ that would overwhelm its surroundings. Woods believed that urban transformation of the area was inevitable, and that the sunken expressway and its accompanying air-rights buildings could direct and organize this change to benefit the greatest number.

#144 Business budget 1972

After returning to New York in 1968, Woods set up his own studio, bringing with him several associates from Paris, including Joachim Pfeufer, Jerry Barr, and Waltraude Schleicher, with whom he lived.

#130 Notes for Frederick Douglass Circle project c. 1969

Aside from LOMEX and his SoHo redevelopment plan, his later projects included an unbuilt housing complex on Frederick Douglass Circle in Upper Manhattan, developed in collaboration with local architect Max Bond.

#123 Lecture schedule 1969

When he was based in New York, Woods continued lecturing widely, as well as taking on a professorship in architecture at .

#125 Harvard studio description c. 1972

With his students, Woods explored questions on the relation between industry and the city. The theme of this studio reflects the global concerns of his lectures and writings, as well as relating directly to his proposal for the SoHo district of New York.

#145 Team X Berlin meeting correspondence February 1973

His health failing, Woods was not able to attend the “matrix meeting” of Team X, held on the site of the nearly completed Berlin Free University. The attendees, who included the Smithsons, Aldo Van Eyck and Giancarlo di Carlo, sent tape recordings of the proceedings to Woods in New York.

#147 Peter Smithson, “Shadrach Woods, 1923-1973” Architectural Design 11 November 1973

Woods’ sudden illness and death in 1973 drew an outpouring of support from his colleagues and community. Fellow Team X member and close personal friend Peter Smithson prepared this collaged obituary. “Of Woods let me just say that his first and last works alike give a marvelous sense of starting bravely out,” he wrote, “with his death a generation falters.”

READING TABLE

Shadrach Woods’ criticism stood out for its fresh tone, witty logic, and above all, for the heartfelt passion that Woods brought to his subject. This selection of writings and lectures spans Woods’ career, addressing topics that range from the Corbusian legacy to the global city. Throughout, Woods evidences a profound love for the life of cities and buildings and a belief in the power of architecture and urbanism—convictions that would inform his life’s work.

#44 “Stem” Architectural Design 5 1960

Over the course of his career, Woods advanced two major models of organizational form: the spine-driven “stem” and the matrix-like “web.” “Stem” was first presented in this Architectural Design issue on the work of , guest edited by Peter and Alison Smithson. The article prefaced a presentation by Georges Candilis of the firm’s recently completed Bagnols-sur-Cèze project.

#89 “The Discovery of Architecture,” lecture at Manuscript and audio recording November 7, 1963

In this lecture, delivered at Yale, Woods seeks no less than to discover the meaning of architectural work. “Architecture, like any other poetry, is an art, and art is functional,” he says. “The function of art is illumination.” He argues that built form always influences society, for better or worse. Architects and urbanists must develop new strategies in organizing dwellings, ways, and places for an open society being achieved in the twentieth century.

#97 “Conversation on Urbanism,” Perspecta 11 1967

This text, based on a conversation between Shadrach Woods and polyvalent French writer Roger Vailland in Paris in 1964, first appeared in the Nouvel Observateur on May 13, 1965. In counterpoint to the future-oriented tone of other writers in Perspecta 11, the conversation between Woods and Vailland reaffirms the value of certain qualities already existing in cities, railing against the alienation of American-style suburbs.

#99 “Why revisit the Pavilion Suisse?” Architectural Forum June 1965

In this article, Woods reexamines the ideas and theories developed by Le Corbusier, as manifested in his famous Paris dormitory. He argues that society has failed to rise to the level of development expected by the pure beauty of this building. “If the Swiss Pavilion seems to us to be remote,” he notes, “it is because our view of the programs and solutions of building has been entirely transformed since it was built.”

# 111 Manuscript for “The Incompatible Butterfly” 1968

On June 7, 1968, Woods delivered “The Incompatible Butterfly” as the eighth annual Walter Gropius lecture at Harvard University at the invitation of Jerzy Soltan, chairman of the department of architecture at the school. The lecture formed part of the GSD’s two-day 12th Urban Design Conference on the theme of “New Communities: One Alternative.” At the time, Woods was a visiting critic in the department of urban design at the Harvard GSD.

#143 [repro] The Man in the Street cover 1975

This book, published in 1975 after his death, is a book-length synthesis of many of Woods’ ideas. The book culminates in the proposal for a “global city,” in which national and regional authorities would be replaced by municipal-type political structures, with direct responsibility to community groups.