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Bryozoan and Coral Terminology

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120 IIWERTEBRATE FOSSILS l-colyx ) counter sePtum-.L$ 2-septum KL) counter-loterol septum-29 3-fossulo counter quodront*30 4--growth line olor fossulo-31 5-epitheco (A) olor septum*32 6-septol cordinol quodront-33 7-interseptol ridge cordinol fossulo-34 B--coro llite (C) cordinol sePtum-35 9-simple corol disseoiment-36 I O-opicol end dissepimentorium-37 I l-minor septum tobulo-38 l2-mojor septum tobuloriurn-39 l3-oxiol boss thecorium-40 l4-oxiol complex trobeculo--41 l5-lcmello l6-medion lomello I 7-tobello I B-inner woll lp-sf6rseTsns 20-phyllotheco septum--42 2l --cycthotheco' 22-tobulo corino---43 23-columello discohtinuous septum-44 24-protosepto 24o-olor septum (A I plotform---45 24b---cordinol septum (C colycol pit--46 /{6-66unfsr -acompound septum (K) corol-47 24d. --counter-lotero I septum ( KL) corollum--48 Z5-isi phonofossu lo coro llite-49 26-rnetoseptum 27-tertiory sep holotheco-50 l-tc. 4-14. Morphologic terms commonly applied to.rugose corals. The various tems are expiained briefly in the accompanying alphabeticaiiy arranged list, cross-indexed to the figule by numbers, alar fossula (31). Gap in calyx in position of an apical end (10). Pointed proximal extremity of a alar septum or adjoining it. corallite where growth begins. alar septum (24a, 32). Protoseptum located - axial boss (13). Central prominence in calyx about midway between cardinal and counter formed by an axial structure. septa, generally identifiable by pattern of axial complex (14). Differentiated structure in inserted new septa which join it pinnately on central part of thecarium formed by twisted the cotrnter sicle. (Continued on next !tagr.) COELE},{TERAT'ES 1e1 (Fig. a-74 eontinued.) \ f)counter septum-28 inner edges of septa, by tabellae and lamellae, inner wall (18). Partition approximately paratlel I /,tKL)counter-loterol or by abruptly deflected parts of tabulae. to epitheca, which may develop in various ways | septum-29 / ,/ calycal pit (a6). Localized depression in central inside thecarium. quodront-3O (7). / -counler part of calyr<. interseptal ridge Longitudinal elevation ./ fossulo-31 calycal platform (45). Flat or gently sloping part on exterior of epitheca corresponding in position '-olqr of calygal floor. to space between two septa. (Al olor septum-32 calyx (1). Bowl-shaped depression at summit of a Iamella (15). Radially disposed wall in central - 6616li6ql quodront-33 corallite, chiefly formcd by upper edges of part of corallite forming part of axial complex; scpta. may or may not be joined to a septum. - cotdinol fossulo-34 cardinal fossula (34). Gap in caiyx in position of major septum (1-2). Any protoseptum or meta- cordinol septum-35 the cardinal septum; rnay be open, when septum, distinguished from minor septa by -(C) edges of adjoining septa do notjoin, or closed, oreqter lcnofh - dissepiment-36 when they unite. median lamella (16). Wall in axiai complex in ---4i ss e or m e n to r i u m- 3 7 cardinal quadrant (33). Part of thecarium be- plane of counter and cardinal sepra. -/' tween cardinal septum and either of alar septa. metaseptum (26). Any major septum other than cardinal septum (24b,35). Protoseptum which is a protoseprum. tobuloriurn-39 adjoined pinnately on both sides by newly minor septum (11). Generally short, secondarily inserted septa. introduced septum belonging to a cycle which carina (43). Smali flangelike projection on side makes appearance nearly simultaneously be- trobeculo-41 of septum, formed by thickened trabecula. tween major septa. columella (23). Relatively solid axial structure. phyllotheca (20). Inner waIl formed by abrupt compound coral (47). Skeleton of a colonial bending and union of axial edges of septa. coral. protoseptum (24). Clne of the first-formed six continuous septum (42). Radial wall of corallite septa. formed of laterally adjoined trabeculae, or of septal groove (6). Longitudinal furrow on uninterrupted fibers or laminar tissue. exterior of epitheca in position of a septum. corallite (8, 49). Skeleton formed by an indi- septum (2). Radial wall generally extending vidual coral polyp, whether solitary or forming from peripheral edge of corallite partly or part of a colony. entirely to its axis, but in some species not corallum (48). Skeletal deposit of a coral colony. extended to the periphery. counter-lateral septum (24d, 29). Protoseptum simple coral (9). Equivaient to solitary; not adjacent.to counter septum on either side. colonial. counter quadrant (30). Part of thecarium be- siphonofossula (25). Gap in calyx formed by tween counter septum and either of alar septa. localized abrupt depression of tabulae adjacent counter septum (24c, 28). Protoseptum opposite to largely suppressed cardinal septum. cardinal septum. stereozone (19). Thin or thick band of relatively cyathotheca (21). Inner wall fomed by sharp dense calcareous deposits which is formed in corol--47 deflections and union of tabulae. various ways within thecarium. acompound iliscontinuous septum (44). Radial wall formed tabella (17). Steeply inclined tabula--like lamina corollum-48 of trabeculae which are not solidly joined in central part of thecarium, generally forming together, or wall which is interrupted longi- part of an axiai complex. corollite---49 tudinaliy or peripherally. tabr:Ia (22, 38). Convex, plane, concave, or dissepiment (36). Vesicle typicaily occurring in irregular lamina extending across thecarium holotheco-50 margindl parts of thecarium, with convexly transversely, or developed only in central part curved wail toward axis of corailite. of thecarium. The various terns are explained dissepinentarium (37). Part of thecarium tabularium (39). Part of corallite occupied by I to the figure by numbers, occupicd by dissepiments. tabulae. Pointed proximal extremity of a epitheca (5). Outer wall of corallite. tertiary septum (27). Equivalent to minor septum growth begins. fossula (3). Gap or depression in floor of calyx. in classification which d:signates protosepta Centrai prorninence in calyx growth line (4). Marking on epitheca, such as as primary and metasepta as secondary. L\ial structure. slight ridge or depression parallel to margin of thecarium (40). Interior of a coraliite, consisting 14). Differentiated structure in cal1x, defining a former position of this edge. of entire space enclosed by epitheca, or equiva- f thecarium formed by twisted holotheca (50). Generally wrinkled lamina lent to such space if external wall is lacking. rtinued on nexl !ogr.) deposited by colonial corals to cover base of trabecula (41). Row of calcite fiber bundles com- corallum. prising a main structural element of septa. -l INVER'TEBRATE FOSSIL$ Diophrogm Diophrogm AutoPore Amolgomote wal Frc. 5=3. !OSSILS x.62 INVER'|BBRAIE 2-monticule D)+--r-s6s6slqsrn6 G Dekayella Prasopora 4-tongential section J-longi tudi nol slction 6-outoPore or zo@clum 7- mesopore 8-.cystiphrogm 9*-diophrogm Prasopora Prasopora 1 O---oconthoPore ll-omolgomotewo.ll l2-moture region l}-imrn6furs 1s9166 kutoPore or zooeci um section I 6-longitudinol ser:tion Dekayella H Dekayella bryozoans. (A-F) prasopora conoidea ulrich, Middle Frc. 54. srrrJ*]"i'i"rtures of trepostome L^++^- nf znarirm (.s-r) .op, ^..l ";.*'c L'l;.lJi." ci:J.;ru;""*.'"' '1q',."^"j5* :*'::": "i*:-",",T,:i"T,:t T:'#: ilTi;:'?; [i#ili"f iG;il;i'""tio"', xr0"(c-1) 2'.\''l':tu:'Y:'1].,':l"1I"lj"i,,?.:il; ;l;i"d:in'firuil;:;;A;il;;;; oi 'o"i"'' xr' (H' 'I) tangentiar and ronsitudinar sections, X10. Terminology is explained below' diaphragm. (9). Thin piatform extending trans' acanthopore (10). Minute tube parallel to auto- versely across an autopore or mesopore' pores in mature region of colony, commonly region (13), Interior part of colonial proiecting at surface as a short spine' immature the proximal (initial) part u-"tg"-ut" wall (11). Coalesced wall between structure containing autoporcs, characterized by thin-walled adjacent autopores, between autopores ano of tubes having widely spaced diaphragms; area mesoPoresr or between mesoPores' autoPores. autopore (6, 14)- Relatively large tube or of budding of longitudinai section (5,16)' Thin slice ofcolony ch-amber occupied by one of the main zooids cut parallel to autoPore tubes' the colony; also termeci zooecium' of (12). Peripheral part of colony (3), Caicareous lamina, generally mature region coenelasma the distal (terminal) part ot auto- wrinkled, secreted at the base of a colony' containing characterized by thickened cystiphragm (8). Curved thin wall forming a po..r, walls and"olr-only by presence of mesopores, acantno' vesicle along the side of an autopore; com- and more closely crowded diaphragms' monly in a uniformly oriented vertical series pores, mesopore (7). Tube parallel to autoPores, com- within the autoPore. -S BRYOZOANS t63 so as to intersect the surface nearly at region which are distinctly more slender (1). right angles As shown by the begin- than the average. Also, these have more nings of the tubes, the individual zooids closely crowded diaphragms than the secrete which them originate by budding normal-sized tubes (1). Such small tubes from previously formed members of the are termed mesopores (7), for clearly they colony. As each animal builds a calcareous are unlike the large ones called autopores wall around itself, it moves gradually up- (pores or tubes standing by themselves, ward, abandoning the first-formed part of that is, main ones). As among modern its tube. At rather widely spaced intervals, bryozoan colonies, Dekayella which contain special- the autopore tubes are blocked offby cross ized individuals associared with thl nor- g), partitions (diaphragms, and each such mal animals, the trepostomes evidently partition represents a temporary floor se- included more than a single type of zooid. creted by the zooid. The diaphragms, This differentiation, or polymorphism, is therefore, are built in succession, each common among colonial invertebrates. representing a temporary halt in the build- A tangential section of the Dekayella ing of the trrbes. It follows thaf the portion colony (11) intersects the autopores and of any tube below the last-form.a aia- mesopores approximately at right angles phragm has been vacated by the zooid and thus serves to show the transverse and is not occupied by living tissue.
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    FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS FROM THE GLEN DEAN LIMESTONE (MIDDLE CHESTER) OF SOUTHERN INDIANA by JOHN UTGAARD T. G. PERRY Indiana Department of Conservation GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Bulletin No. 19 1960 STATE OF INDIANA HAROLD W. HANDLEY, GOVERNOR DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION E. KENNETH MARLIN, DIRECTOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN B. PATTON, STATE GEOLOGIST BLOOMINGTON ___________________________________________________________________________________________ BULLETIN NO. 19 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ FENESTRATE BRYOZOANS FROM THE GLEN DEAN LIMESTONE (MIDDLE CHESTER) OF SOUTHERN INDIANA BY JOHN UTGAARD T. G. PERRY PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA BLOOMINGTON, INDIANA December 1960 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ For sale by Geological Survey, Indiana Department of Conservation, Bloomington, Ind. Price $1.25 2 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN B. PATTON, State Geologist MAURICE E. BIGGS, Assistant State Geologist MARY BETH FOX, Mineral Statistician Coal Section Charles E. Wier, Geologist and Head G. K. Guennel, Paleobotanist S. A. Friedman, Geologist Harold C. Hutchison, Geologist Richard C. Neavel, Coal Petrographer William C. Richardson, Geological Assistant Drafting and Photography Section William H. Moran, Chief Draftsman Robert E. Judah, Geological Artist-Draftsman Micky P. Love, Geological Draftsman John E. Peace, Senior Geological Draftsman George R. Ringer, Photographer Educational Services R. Dee Rarick, Geologist and Head Geochemis try Section R. K. Leininger, Spectrographer and Head Maynard E. Coller, Chemist Louis V. Miller, Coal Chemist E. M. Craig, Geochemical Assistant Geology Section Robert H. Shaver, Paleontologist and Head Henry H. Gray, Head Stratigrapher William J. Wayne, Head Glacial Geologist Allan F. Schneider, Glacial Geologist Geophysics Section Maurice E. Biggs, Geophysicist and Head Robert F. Blakely, Geophysicist Charles S. Miller, Instrument Maker Albert J. Rudman, Geophysicist Joseph F.
  • Chapter 5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Paleontology of Grand Canyon National Park

    Chapter 5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Paleontology of Grand Canyon National Park

    Chapter 5. Paleozoic Invertebrate Paleontology of Grand Canyon National Park By Linda Sue Lassiter1, Justin S. Tweet2, Frederick A. Sundberg3, John R. Foster4, and P. J. Bergman5 1Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences Flagstaff, Arizona 2National Park Service 9149 79th Street S. Cottage Grove, Minnesota 55016 3Museum of Northern Arizona Research Associate Flagstaff, Arizona 4Utah Field House of Natural History State Park Museum Vernal, Utah 5Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona Introduction As impressive as the Grand Canyon is to any observer from the rim, the river, or even from space, these cliffs and slopes are much more than an array of colors above the serpentine majesty of the Colorado River. The erosive forces of the Colorado River and feeder streams took millions of years to carve more than 290 million years of Paleozoic Era rocks. These exposures of Paleozoic Era sediments constitute 85% of the almost 5,000 km2 (1,903 mi2) of the Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and reveal important chronologic information on marine paleoecologies of the past. This expanse of both spatial and temporal coverage is unrivaled anywhere else on our planet. While many visitors stand on the rim and peer down into the abyss of the carved canyon depths, few realize that they are also staring at the history of life from almost 520 million years ago (Ma) where the Paleozoic rocks cover the great unconformity (Karlstrom et al. 2018) to 270 Ma at the top (Sorauf and Billingsley 1991). The Paleozoic rocks visible from the South Rim Visitors Center, are mostly from marine and some fluvial sediment deposits (Figure 5-1).