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OPCW Technical Secretariat Verification Division S/634/2007 28 March 2007 ENGLISH only REPORT OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH MEETING OF THE VALIDATION GROUP FOR THE UPDATING OF THE OPCW CENTRAL ANALYTICAL DATABASE 27 AND 28 MARCH 2007 1. The Validation Group (hereinafter “the Group”) met for the 25th time on 27 and 28 March 2007 to discuss the evaluation of new analytical data for possible inclusion in the OPCW Central Analytical Database (OCAD), and to consider related matters. Mr Hugh Gregg of the United States of America chaired the Meeting. 2. The evaluators for the analytical techniques evaluated new data and sent their written reports to the coordinators for each analytical technique. The table below lists the names of the coordinators who were present at the Meeting, along with the technique for which each is responsible. Technique Coordinator Mass spectrometry (MS) Mr Edward White (United States of America) Gas chromatography (retention Mr Martin Söderström (Finland) index) GC(RI) Infrared (IR) spectrometry Mr Colin Pottage (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) 3. These coordinators provided an evaluation summary to the Group for discussion at the Meeting. The evaluators finalised the evaluation of the analytical data and confirmed that the approved data are technically valid. 4. The Group forwarded lists of the validated analytical data to the Director-General for appropriate action (see Annexes 1 and 2). 5. The Technical Secretariat (hereinafter “the Secretariat”) requested that the Group discuss the data on several chemicals, already in the OCAD, that are neither from scheduled chemicals nor are they analytical derivatives of scheduled chemicals. The Group recommends that the Secretariat seek further guidance on the possible inclusion in the OCAD of data on non-scheduled chemicals that may be relevant in the analysis of chemical weapons-related samples. The Group recognised that technically valid data of some non-scheduled chemicals are already included in the OCAD (see Annex 3). CS-2007-5124(E) distributed 20/04/2007 *CS-2007-5124.E* S/634/2007 page 2 6. The Group, after obtaining more information regarding IR spectrum 04-1-0242v, which was initially evaluated at the 23rd meeting of the Group, recommends that this spectrum now be accepted. 7. The Secretariat reported that the decision concerning data on scheduled chemicals, submitted to the Executive Council (hereinafter “the Council”) at its Forty-Eighth Session, was postponed to the next Session. 8. The Secretariat reported that the PDF Version 10 (Electronic Version 8) of the OCAD should be ready for release by the end of 2007. 9. The Secretariat informed the Group that the OCAD project involving the creation of a relational database is ongoing, and that work is continuing on the creation of a working database that contains analytical data on relevant non-scheduled chemicals. The Group will also request that the Secretariat submit this database to the Group’s coordinators as part of the authentication process. 10. The naming rules for several analytical derivatives of lewisites (Schedule 1.A.05) were discussed, and names for specific analytical derivatives of lewisites were established. The “Rules for Naming Compounds in the OPCW Central Analytical Database” were updated (see Annex 4, paragraph 2.13). 11. Following the discussion on this matter that took place at the Ninth Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Board (subparagraph 3.3(c) of SAB-9/1, dated 14 February 2007), the Group discussed the possibility of establishing a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) database for potential inclusion in the OCAD. Mr Martin Söderström agreed to lead an effort to poll several laboratories and create a proposal for the Group to consider at its next Meeting. 12. The following analytical data are available for evaluation: MS 16-2-0028 to 16-2-0059, 04-2-0071, 07-2-1930, 07-2-1931, 07-2-2385, 18-2-0073, 07-2-2350 GC(RI) 16-4-0067 to 16-4-0095 13. Additional data are expected for nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR), MS, GC(RI), and IR. 14. The Group appointed evaluators for the analytical techniques. Annex 5 to this report lists the evaluators by analytical technique. The evaluators agreed to send their written evaluation reports to the appointed coordinators no later than 4 September 2007. The coordinators agreed to send evaluation summary reports to the Group’s Chairperson and to the evaluators no later than 11 September 2007, so that the reports can be discussed at the Group’s next Meeting, which is scheduled for 18 and 19 September 2007. The evaluators agreed to come to that meeting prepared to finalise the evaluation of the analytical data referred to in paragraphs 12 and 13. 15. The Group would like to welcome Mr R. S. Verma (India) as the new evaluator for MS data. S/634/2007 page 3 Annexes: Annex 1: List of Approved Data Recommended for Inclusion in the OPCW Central Analytical Database Annex 2: List of Technically Valid Data Not Recommended for Inclusion in the OPCW Central Analytical Database Annex 3: Non-scheduled Chemicals in the OPCW Central Analytical Database Annex 4: Rules for Naming Compounds in the OPCW Central Analytical Database Annex 5: List of Evaluators by Analytical Technique S/634/2007 Annex 1 page 4 Annex 1 LIST OF APPROVED DATA RECOMMENDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE OPCW CENTRAL ANALYTICAL DATABASE Note: In the last column of the tables that follow in this and the next Annex, “A” means “accepted”; “B”, “accepted subject to minor corrections”. A “1” under the “Column” heading means an HP5 or an SE54 column. TABLE 1. LIST OF APPROVED MS DATA OPCW Chemical Name Schedule Decision Code 04-2-0374r Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2.B.04 A 04-2-0450 Nonyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0452 Decyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0453 1-Methylnonyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0454 Cyclopentyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0455 Cyclohexyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0456 Cycloheptyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0457 2-Methylcyclohexyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl 1.A.03 A ethylphosphonothiolate 04-2-0458 Cyclooctyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0459 tert-Butyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0460 3-Methylbutyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl ethylphosphonothiolate 1.A.03 A 04-2-0461 1,1-Dimethylpropyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl 1.A.03 A ethylphosphonothiolate 08-2-0117 O-Cyclopentyl S-ethyl methylphosphonothiolate 2.B.04 A 09-2-0013r Butyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0015r Cyclohexyl N,N-diethylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0023r Cyclohexyl N,N-dipropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0024r 2-Ethylhexyl N,N-dipropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0028r Propyl N-ethyl-N-methylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0029r sec-Butyl N-ethyl-N-methylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0038r Methyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0039r Ethyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0040r Propyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0041r Butyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0042r Pentyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0043r Hexyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0044r Isopropyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0045r Isobutyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0046r 1-Ethylpropyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0047r 3-Methylbutyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0048r Cyclohexyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0049r sec-Butyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0051r Octyl N-methyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0061r 3-Methylbutyl N-isopropyl-N-methylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0064r Hexyl N-isopropyl-N-methylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0066r Octyl N-isopropyl-N-methylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0074r 3-Methylbutyl N-ethyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0075r Hexyl N-ethyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A S/634/2007 Annex 1 page 5 OPCW Chemical Name Schedule Decision Code 09-2-0079r Isopropyl N-ethyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0080r 1-Ethylpropyl N-ethyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0081r Octyl N-ethyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0086r Pentyl N-ethyl-N-isopropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0089r Isobutyl N-ethyl-N-isopropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0090r 1-Ethylpropyl N-ethyl-N-isopropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0092r Octyl N-ethyl-N-isopropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0094r Hexyl N-ethyl-N-isopropylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 09-2-0099r Butyl N-isopropyl-N-propylphosphoramidocyanidate 1.A.02 A 14-2-0024 Octyl methylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0025 1-Methylheptyl methylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0026 1-Ethylpropyl ethylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0027 3-Methylbutyl ethylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0028 1,2-Dimethylbutyl ethylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0029 Cyclohexyl isopropylphosphonochloridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0030 4,4-Dimethylcyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate 1.A.01 B 14-2-0031 Cyclopropylmethyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate 1.A.01 B 14-2-0033 2-Dipropylaminoethyl methylphosphonofluoridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0034 2-Diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonofluoridate 2.B.04 B 14-2-0036
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    Category XIV—Toxicological Agents, Including Chemical Agents, Biological Agents, and Associated Equipment *(a) Chemical agents, to include: (1) Nerve agents: (i) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonofluoridates, such as: Sarin (GB): O-Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 107–44–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); and Soman (GD): O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate (CAS 96–64–0) (CWC Schedule 1A); (ii) O-Alkyl (equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n- Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphoramidocyanidates, such as: Tabun (GA): O-Ethyl N, N- dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (CAS 77–81–6) (CWC Schedule 1A); (iii) O-Alkyl (H or equal to or less than C10, including cycloalkyl) S–2-dialkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n- Propyl or Isopropyl)aminoethyl alkyl (Methyl, Ethyl, n-Propyl or Isopropyl)phosphonothiolates and corresponding alkylated and protonated salts, such as: VX: O-Ethyl S-2- diisopropylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolate (CAS 50782–69–9) (CWC Schedule 1A); (2) Amiton: O,O-Diethyl S-[2(diethylamino)ethyl] phosphorothiolate and corresponding alkylated or protonated salts (CAS 78–53–5) (CWC Schedule 2A); (3) Vesicant agents: (i) Sulfur mustards, such as: 2-Chloroethylchloromethylsulfide (CAS 2625–76–5) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (CAS 505–60–2) (CWC Schedule 1A); Bis(2- chloroethylthio)methane (CAS 63839–13–6) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,2-bis (2- chloroethylthio)ethane (CAS 3563–36–8) (CWC Schedule 1A); 1,3-bis (2-chloroethylthio)-n- propane (CAS
  • Investigation and Risk Assessment of Ships Loaded with Chemical Ammunition Scuttled in Skagerrak

    Investigation and Risk Assessment of Ships Loaded with Chemical Ammunition Scuttled in Skagerrak

    Investigation and risk assessment of ships loaded with chemical ammunition scuttled in Skagerrak TA-1907/2002 Tørnes John Aa, Voie Øyvind A, Ljønes Marita, Opstad Aase M, Bjerkeseth Leif Haldor, Hussain Fatima Investigation and risk assessment of ships loaded with chemical ammunition scuttled in Skagerrak (TA-1907/2002) Preface The current report gives a description of the investigation carried out by Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) of the wrecks dumped in Skagerrak after World War II with chemical ammunition on board. The aim of the investigation was to give an evaluation of the conditions of the dumped wrecks and to assess whether the chemical warfare agents have leaked out from the wrecks. This was done by using a remote-operated vehicle with video cameras. Sediment samples were collected and analysed with respect to chemical warfare agents and some related compounds. Temperature and sea current at the sea bottom was measured. This made it possible to give a rough estimate of the risks associated with leaking ammunition. Some recommendation for further work is also given. FFI, Kjeller, November 2002 Bjørn A Johnsen Director of Research 3 Investigation and risk assessment of ships loaded with chemical ammunition scuttled in Skagerrak (TA-1907/2002) 4 Investigation and risk assessment of ships loaded with chemical ammunition scuttled in Skagerrak (TA-1907/2002) Contents 1. Summary..................................................................................................7 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................
  • Justin Pals.Pdf

    Justin Pals.Pdf

    MECHANISMS OF MONOHALOGENATED ACETIC ACID INDUCED GENOMIC DNA DAMAGE BY JUSTIN A. PALS DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Sciences in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Michael J. Plewa, Chair Professor Benito J. Mariñas Professor A. Layne Rayburn Brian K. Miller, Director of Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant ABSTRACT Disinfection of drinking water stands among the greatest public health achievements in human history. Killing or inactivation of pathogenic microbes by chemical oxidants such as chlorine, chloramine, or ozone have greatly reduced incidence of waterborne diseases. However, the disinfectant also reacts with organic and inorganic matter in the source water and generates a mixture of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) as an unintended consequence. Since they were first discovered in 1974, over 600 individual DBPs have been detected in disinfected water. Exposure to DBPs is associated with increased risks for developing cancers of the colon, rectum, and bladder, and also for adverse pregnancy outcomes including small for gestational age and congenital malformations. While individual DBPs are teratogenic or carcinogenic, because they are formed at low concentrations during disinfection, it is unlikely that any one DBP can account for these increased risks. While genotoxicity and oxidative stress have been suggested, the mechanisms connecting DBP exposures to adverse health and pregnancy outcomes remain unknown. Investigating mechanisms of toxicity for individual, or classes of DBPs will provide a better understanding of how multiple DBPs interact to generate adverse health and pregnancy outcomes. Monohalogenated acetic acids (monoHAAs) iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA), and chloroacetic acid (CAA) are genotoxic and mutagenic with the consistent rank order of toxicity of IAA > BAA > CAA.