Cyanobacterial Bio-Indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan

國立臺南大學 1 「環境與生態學報」第 2 卷第 2 期（民國 98 年）：1~26 Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan

Chia–Lien Lee Lu-Ye Township Public Health Center Yen Lee Life Science Institute, National Taitung University

Abstract

Monitoring and controlling river water quality have become key issues in industrialized countries. Application of cyanobacteria diversity could make up for the shortage of diatom bio-indicator in monitoring of river water quality. This study was to monitor cyanobacterial genus abundance and diversity in two major rivers (Beinan and Taiping river) in Taitung county, expect to find the relationship between levels of water pollution and cyanobacterial bio-indicators. Chroococcales was found to be the most numerous and species richest cyanobacteria in both rivers, which were either dominant in proportion or quantity from upstream (unpolluted) to downstream (polluted) area. The ecological distribution of cyanobacteria in Taitung county main rivers were different from research results of other countries (Nostocales dominated in polluted basin and Oscillatoriales dominated in unpolluted basin). Negative correlation was found between WQI (Water Quality Index) with relative abundance of Microcystis sp. and Stanieria sp.; On the other hand, positive correlation was found between WQI and relative abundance of Dermocarpella sp.. Results of regression analysis showed the combination of relative abundance of Microcystis sp., Stanieria sp. and Dermocarpella sp. might be an appropriate bio-indicator for river water quality monitoring.

Key words: Cyanobacteria, Bio-indicator, Taitung county, Beinan river, Taiping river, 2 環境與生態學報

Introduction

Monitoring and controlling river water quality have become key issues in industrialized countries since 1970s. USA adapted Federal Water Pollution Control Act(FWPCA) in 1972； EU(European Union) approved Surface Water Directive and Water Frame Directive in1975 as well as 2000 separately；Taiwan Legislative Yuan passed Water Pollution Prevention Act in 1974. At present, for monitoring river water quality, most countries still emphasize on physiochemical methods (temperature, pH, amount of dissolved oxygen, suspended solid, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, etc.). However, recent years biological findings pointed out the analysis of physical and chemical factors are unable to appraise the pollutant regarding ecosystem's cumulative effects （Watanabe, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992; Whitton, 1991, 1995; Asai, 1995; Parikh, 2006）. Some bio-indicators were introduced as long-term indices supplement to short-term physiochemical indices in the task of river water quality monitoring after execution of Water Frame Directive in EU (phytoplanktons, river benthonic organisms, non-vertebrates, fish, etc.) (Liang et al., 2002). In monitoring long-term water quality changing condition, three major algae population of river system (phytoplanktons, cyanobacteria, and diatoms) were chosen for their dominant, fast growth, easily to collect and preserve, sensitive to environmental and ecological changes (such as small-scale, low polluted river water quality and nutrient changes)（Skulberg, 1995；Whitton and Kelly, 1995; Rosemond, 2000; Rott et al., 2003；Parikh, 2006）. In the past, mainly benthic algae, whether in the suitable situation, the floating algae (phytoplanktons) were applied in some large-scale river’s ecology monitor (Ziglio et al., 2006). Diatoms were the most widely applied benthic algae, and its merit already received the large affirmative (McCormick and Cairns, 1994; Reid et al., 1995; Stevenson and Pen, 2003). For water surveillance only needs to identify the collected diatoms to its genus names (Wu, 1999; Kelly, 1998; Hurlimann and Niederhauser, 2002). Many biological indicators were established upon the diversity of diatoms or species uniformity (eveness), and community composition. Such as; GDI (general diatom index), DAI (diatom assemblage index for organic pollution), GI (generic index of diatoms), IBD (indice biologique diatomique), TDI (trophic diatom index) etc.（Dokulil et al., 1997; Kwandrans et al., 1998; Montesanto et al., 1999; Eloranta and Soininen, 2002）. These systems demonstrated river benthic diatoms in water surveillance was already a mature biological indicator. As for the floating algae, they belong to main food web in rivers. They hold important status in ecology, the same with other algae, they have very high sensitivity to contaminating materials. However the rivers or brooks Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 3 belong to lotic system, causes it difficult to collect floating algae. Meanwhile floating algae need massive samples in application, hence increases the cost of water surveillance (Kohler and Descy, 2003). Therefore their application in the water surveillance is rare (Friedrich et al., 1998; Ibelings et al., 1998). The related research literature is also scare (Mercado, 2003; Gao, 2005). Therefore researches limited mostly to either sampling chlorophyll a concentration or algal group density (cell number or colony number), and lacks the algal community identification (Kelly and Whitton, 1998; Ziglio et al., 2006). On the other hand, the distribution of floating algae was commonly used as the ecologyical and biological indicators for the lentic lakes or reservoirs, and relevance to the water quality, therefore have many research literatures (Voros and Padisak, 1991; Lo and Tsai, 1992; Wu, 1993; Michael and Paerl., 1994; Chang et al., 1995). The diatom, green alga, as well as cyanobacteria composed the three major groups of river algae. The water quality or the nutrient change will affect algae ecological distribution (Kelly and Whitton, 1998). However, cyanbobacteria didn’t popularly recognized as the biological indicator. In fact the cyanobacterial relative richness has high relationship to river water temperature and flow rate in small rivers compared to other algae (Kelly and Whitton, 1998). Scholars also discovered similar cyanobacterial IBD (indice biologique diatomique) in Spain (Aboal et al., 2002). They found, in non man made pollution or low pollution river, diatom biological indices were usually lower than the expected value (because of the cyanotoxic effect). This result showed that the diatom biological indicator really has its deficiency. Perhaps the diatom and the cyanobacteria can cooperating the insufficiency (Douterelo et al., 2004). Taiwan rivers are opposite to other country river systems, they are small rivers. In the past, the reservoir biological indicator researches were done primarily by using floating algae (Zhuang, et al., 1986, 1986, 1987, 1988; Lai, 1997; Wu, 1984, 1993). Recent years, very few river water biological indicator surveillance were done (Wu, 1986; 2002; Guo et al.,1990; Yu et al., 1995; Lai et al.,1997). Lee (1994) did the biological indicator investigation for Chipen river in Taitung. After that, no references could be found related to east Taiwan river water biological indicator. Our purpose of study was to: (1) Investigate ecological distribution and community composition of cyanobacteria within two major rivers (Beinan and Taiping river) in Taitung county. (2) Monitor river water quality and find the relationship between level of water pollution based on genus abundance and bio-diversity. 4 環境與生態學報

Materials and Methods

Sampling sites： Beinan river has 84.35km, it is the longest river in Taitung county(fig. 1, and 2). Rice, corn, pineapple, cane, custard apple, and tea are major crops along the river side. Chulai Bridge (B1): an undeveloped area in Haiduan-a township with very low population density, located at upstream of Beinan river. Dien-Kwung Bridge (B2): located at mid-upstream of Beinan river in Guanshan-a township with approximately 10,000 residents and mainly agricultural area. Luming Bridge (B3): located at mid-downstream of Beinan river in Luye-a township with approximately 9,000 residents and mainly agricultural area. Taitung Bridge (B4): located at downstream of Beinan river, near the mouth to Pacific Ocean and Taitung city-metropolis of Taitung county with approximately 110,000 residents and mainly commercial and service business area. Taiping river has 20.05km, it is the only rather polluted river in Taitung county, flow through Taitung city. Rice, pineapple, and custard apple are major crops along the river side. Taiping Bridge (T1): located at mid-upstream of Taiping river in Beinan township, an agricultural area with very few residents. Malan Bridge (T2): located at the border between Beinan township and Taitung city, midstream of Taiping river and mainly agricultural area. Fon-Li Bridge (T3): downstream and at the mouth of Taiping river to Pacific Ocean, located at seashore of Taitung city. The longitudes, latitudes of sampling sites and site distance from the previous sampling site were listed in table1. Sampling time: From March 2005 to April 2006. Sampling method: When collecting water samples, we waded into the sampling site about 0.5-1meter from the river bank. Water samples were collected in 15 mL conical centrifuge tubes and wrapped with a piece of foil paper and kept in an ice bucket. Samples were processed within 4hrs of sampling. One hundred μl river water were spreaded on each C-10 plate. At last, the two plates were used for each sample. Plates wrapped with parafilm and were incubated in a photosynthesis incubator for 4 weeks Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 5 at 25oC 1200 Lux. Colonies were picked by toothpicks and observed under a Nikon microscope, the 100x objective lens was used. C-10 medium(without trace element), pH=8.2： HEPES（N-2-hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid） 1.2 g/L、

MgSO4．7H2O 0.25 g/L、K2HPO4 0.05 g/L、Ca（NO3）2．4H2O 0.025 g/L、

KNO3 1.0 g/L、Na-EDTA（Na-ethlenediaminete tracetic acid） 0.01 g/L、

Fe2（SO4）3．6H2O 0.004 g/L、(1.5% agar were added for plating) Trace element solution(add 1 ml to 1000ml of C-10 medium):

H3BO3 2.86g/L、MnCl2．4H2O 1.81g/L、ZnSO4．7H2O 0.222g/l、MoO3

0.018 g/L、CuSO4．5H2O 0.079 g/L、CoCl2．6H2O 0.01 g/L Identification of cyanobacteria: Cyanobacteria were indentified to their genus names according to Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2001) and cyanobacterial image gallery web site by their morphology, fissiparism, branching type, and color. Acquiring physiochemical data of river water quality: Physiochemical data were collected monthly from “National web site of environmental water quality monitoring”( http://wqshow.epa.gov.tw/ ). Data including: Temperature (℃ ), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Fecal Coliform (TC), Biochemical Oxygen Demanded(BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demanded (COD), Total Phosphates (TP), Total Nitrates (TN), Total Suspended Solids (SS), Amino Nitrates (NH3-N) Calculation of river water quality： RPI (River Pollution Index ): derived from Biochemical Oxygen Demanded in 5 days-BOD5,

Amino Nitrates-NH3-N, Total Suspended Solids-SS, and Dissolved Oxygen-DO, by the following formula:

n ⎛ ⎞ RPI = ⎜ ∑ Pi ⎟ ÷ n ⎝ i=1 ⎠

“Pi” are scores converted from level of BOD5, NH3-N, SS, and DO according to classification table adopted from “National web site of environmental water quality 6 環境與生態學報 monitoring”( http://wqshow.epa.gov.tw/ ). While “n” represents how many items which been chosen (EPA Taiwan, 1990). WQI (Water Quality Index): Wen (1990) developed a program to calculate WQI, and modified it in 2006. He has also set up a free web site for calculating Taiwan river WQI ( http://wen1.ev.ncku.edu.tw/OneCnt.aspx ). It uses DO, NH3-N, SS, BOD5, pH, total phosphorous-TP, and total E.coli-TC, for calculation. This research also applied the program from this web site for calculation of WQI. Biological index: Absolute abundance: total amount of a certain species in a defined area （Roberts et al., 1995）. Relative abundance: the ratio of a certain species in a defined area among total amount（Northeast Fisheries Centre, 1997）. Biodiversity: Usually measured by two factors: 1.Species richness－the number of species in a community. 2.Species evenness－absolute abundance. The above two factors were used to calculate the Shannon-Wiener index（H’）:

H '= −∑ pi log e pi H’ ＝ Shannon-Wiener index i=1 S ＝ the number of species in a community

Pi ＝ the ratio of number i species loge pi ＝ ln pi（Molles, 2005）. Statistics tools: SPSS 12.0 for Windows was used. Results

I. Cyanobacteria compositions (table 8): Total twenty species of cyanobacteria had been found by the survey, they belong to 20 families and five orders: 1. Beinan river had Chroococcales, Pleurocapsales, Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, and Stigonematales. Chroococcales was the most abundant cyanobacteria, it had 81.44%; Oscillatoriales 13.86%; and Stigonematales 0.99%. Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 7

2. Taiping river showed more colonies than Beinan river, but the distribution of species were similar. Chroococcales also was the most abundant, it had 93.35%; the 2nd richest was Oscillatoriales (3.59%); and the least abundant was Stigonematales which had only 0.27%. II. Absolute abundance of cyanobacteria in two rivers (Table 4): 1. Dermocarpella sp. was the most abundant species at B1 site; Microcystis sp. and Rhabdoderma sp. were the most abundant species at B2 site; Stanieria sp. was the most abundant species at B3 site; Microcystis sp. was the most abundant species at B4 site. 2. Stanieria sp. was the most abundant species at T1 site; Cyanocomperia sp. was the most abundant species at T2 site; Microcystis sp. was the most abundant species at T3 site. III. Relative abundance of cyanobacteria in two rivers (Table 5): 1. Dermocarpella sp. was the most relative abundant species at B1 site; Stanieria sp., was the most relative abundant species at both B2 and B3 site; Microcystis sp. was the most relative abundant species at B4 site. 2. Stanieria sp. was the most relative abundant species at T1 site; which species was also the most relative abundant species at T2 site followed by closely abundant proportion of Microcystis sp.; Stanieria sp., by the way was the most relative abundant species at T3 site. IV. Species richness of cyanobacteria in two rivers (Table 6): 1. The average species richness of cyanobacteria in Beinan river were 0.85-1.62. 2. The average species richness of cyanobacteria in Taiping river were 0.92-1.62. VI. Species diversity of cyanobacteria in two rivers (Table 7): 1. The cyanobacteria diversity indices in B1 site had great variations during March, Apr. and Nov.; in B2 site had great variations during Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct. and Nov.; in B3 site had great variations in Nov.; in B4 site had great variations in May and Dec. 2. In T1 site had great variations in March and Nov., in T2 site had great variations in Apr. and Oct. and Nov., in T3 site had great variations in June. and Aug. and Sept.

Conclusion

By calculating RPI values(table 2) and WQI values(table 3), we got similar results that Beinan river was unpolluted to mild polluted, and Taiping river was mild polluted to moderate polluted. Besides, downstream of two rivers above were both more polluted than upstream. Chroococcales were the most numerous and species richest cyanobacteria in both Beinen and 8 環境與生態學報

Taiping river, which constituted over 80% amount of cyanobacteria in either river. It was dominant in both proportion and quantity from upstream (unpolluted) to downstream (polluted) area. The ratio was even higher in downstream area(Table 8). Microcystis sp. (Beinan river 14.87%, Taiping river 26.72%) and Stanieria sp.(Beinan river 14.96%, Taiping river 28.22%）were the most abundant species. Microcystis sp. had the highest absolute abundance and Stanieria sp. had the highest relative abundance. Dermocarpella sp. and Stanieria sp. were the most abundant species in the upstream area. Stanieria sp. was the most abundance species in the middle stream area. Microcystis sp. was the most abundant species in the downstream area. There was no significant correlation founded between species richness and diversity with RPI (River Pollution Index) or WQI (Water Quality Index) (r = - 0.023, p＞0.05 and r = - 0.202, p＞0.05 for species richness with RPI and WQI) (r = - 0.170, p＞0.05 and r = - 0.110, p＞0.05 for Shannon-Wiener index with RPI and WQI). Negative correlation was found between WQI with relative abundance of Microcystis sp. and Stanieria sp. (r = - 0.310, p<0.05 and r = - 0.370, p<0.01 ). On the other hand, positive correlation was found between WQI and relative abundance of Dermocarpella sp. (r = - 0.350, p<0.01). The results showed that the more polluted area, the more relative abundance of Microcystis sp. and Stanieria sp., and the less relative abundance of Dermocarpella sp.. Results of regression analysis showed combination of relative abundance of Microcystis sp., Stanieria sp. and Dermocarpella sp. might be an appropriate bio-indicator for river water quality monitoring（R2 = 0.360）(Table 9). Perona et al.（1998）and Douterelo et al.（2004）researches showed that cyanobacterial bio-indicator’s species richness and Margalef diversity index had positive correlation with water pollution and eutrophication. Our research didn’t get the same conclusion. We used similar cyanobacterial abundance and Shannon-Wiener index but didn’t find the positive correlation with WQI (r = -0.202, p＞0.05 for species richness； and r = -0.110, p＞0.05 for Shannon-Wiener index). We suggest to use cyanobacterial relative abundance as bio-indicator to monitor river water quality. It was difficulty to sample floating cyanobacteria, especially in drought seasons. The colony number on plates usually quite low. The low number might effect our statistic accuracy.

Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 9

Discussion

The ecological distribution of cyanobacteria in main rivers of Taitung county were different from research results of other countries. Most countries have Nostocales dominated in polluted basin and Oscillatoriales dominated in unpolluted basin (Aboal, 1989; Fernandez-Pinas et al., 1991;Rushforth and Brock, 1991; Yu et al., 1995; Perone et al., 1998; Douterelo et al., 2004; Parikh et al., 2006）. The difference might be caused by the following three possibilities: 1. In other countries, studies were usually done for rather polluted rivers, our sampling sites were relatively unpolluted. 2. Other studies used benthic cyanobacteria as bio-indicators, our research used floating cyanobacteria. 3. The climate, and environmental situations are different in Taiwan. We used the EPA physiochemical survey results to compare to our bio-indicators. The EPA surveying sites might had a little bit distance from our sampling sites, this situation might affect our results.

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Ziglio, G., Siligardi, M., and Giovanna, F., (2006) Biological Monitoring of Rivers (Applications and Perspectives). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England, 36-57. Zhuang, J. Y., Lu, S. Z., Tsai, H. Z., Moriwaka, M., Chi, J., Liang, S. Y., and Chen, S. M., (1986) A Report of Sun Moon Lake Bio-indicators and the Effect of Water Quality by Pumping Water for Generate Electricity. Executive Yuan, Department of Health, Environmental Protection Bureau. Taipei. BEP 79-06-001. Zhuang, J. Y., Tsai, H. Z., Moriwaka, M., Chi, J., (1987) Fei-Cui Reservoir Bio-indicator Methods and Water Quality Survey report. Executive Yuan, Department of Health, Environmental Protection Bureau. Taipei.BEP 76-06-007. Zhuang, J. Y., Tsai, H. Z., Moriwaka, M., and Chi, J., (1987a) A Survey Report of Zeng Wen Reservoir and Wu Shan Tou Reservoir Planktons and Water Quality. Executive Yuan, Department of Health, Environmental Protection Bureau. Taipei. BEP 76-06-006. Zhuang, J. Y., Tsai, H. Z., Moriwaka, M., and Chi, J., (1987b) A Preliminary Evaluation by Using Bio-indicators to Study Eutrophic Reseviors in Taiwan. Executive Yuan, 14 環境與生態學報

Department of Health, Environmental Protection Bureau. Taipei. BEP 76-06-003. Zhuang, J. Y., Tsai, H. Z., Moriwaka, M., and Chi, J., (1988) Use Bio-indicator Method to Survey Water Quality of Tai-Chai River and Te-Chi Reservior. Executive Yuan, Department of Health, Environmental Protection Bureau. Taipei. BEP 76-06-005.

Submission Date：2009/03/05 Revision Date：2009/07/30 Acceptance Date：2009/09/07 Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 15

Tables

Table 1: Geographical characteristics of physiochemical with Cyanobacteria sampling site at Beinan river & Taiping river.

Environmental Protection Distance Administration Cyanobacteria from the Physiochemical Sampling Sampling Site previous Site sampling site Sampling Site longitude latitude longitude latitude (km)

Beinan river B1 267321.68 2558205.55 26321 2558201 0

B2 267852 2548441 267852 2548441 10.26

B3 259664.30 2532265.69 259669 2532218 15.20

B4 264833.01 2521284.02 264833 2521278 11.23

Taiping river T1 259588 2522115 259588 2522115 0

T2 263615.91 2518376.02 263615 2518382 4.87

T3 264617.37 2516214.21 265079 2515644 2.34

Data obtained from EPA National Environmental Water Quality Surveillance Information Web Site.

16 環境與生態學報

Table 2: RPI values of sampling sites calculated during investigation( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=14 )

Sampling RPI Degree of Average pollutant site maximum minimum Mean±SD pollutant rank

Beinan

riiver unpolluted/ unpolluted/ B1 3 1 1.84±1.09 mild polluted mild polluted

B2 ------

unpolluted/ B3 3 1 2.73±0.91 mild polluted mild polluted

unpolluted/ B4 3 1 2.70±0.96 mild polluted mild polluted

Taiping

river unpolluted/ unpolluted/ T1 1 1 1.00±0.00 mild polluted mild polluted

unpolluted/ T2 4 1 2.48±1.00 mild polluted/ mild polluted Moderate polluted

Moderate polluted/ Moderate T3 9 2 5.05±1.81 Severe polluted polluted

Data calculated from EPA National Environmental Water Quality Surveillance Information Web Site. B2sampling site data N/A Unpolluted RPI<2.0；mild polluted 2.0≦RPI≦3.0；moderate polluted 3.1≦RPI≦6.0；severe polluted RPI>6.0 Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 17

Table 3: WQI values of sampling sites calculated during investigation( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=14 )

WQI Sampling Water quality Water quality site maximum minimum Mean±SD rank

Beinan river B1 91 71 83.00±6.77 good～excellent good

B2 ------

B3 88 64 76.36±6.87 moderate～good good

B4 87 67 74.79±5.70 moderate～good good

Taiping river T1 93 85 89.15±2.61 excellent excellent

T2 73 49 60.38±6.84 ordinary～good moderate

T3 54 14 40.64±11.80 inferior～moderate ordinary

Data calculated from EPA National Environmental Water Quality Surveillance Information Web Site. B2sampling site data N/A excellent（86≦WQI≦100）；good（71≦WQI≦85）；moderate（51≦WQI≦70）；ordinary （31≦WQI≦50）；inferior （16≦WQI≦30）；bad（0≦WQI≦15）.

18 環境與生態學報

Table 4: Absolute abundance of sampling sites at Beinan river & Taiping river during investigation ( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=13 ).

Average colonies ± SD

Beinan river Taiping river Genus of Cyanobacteria B1 B2 B3 B4 T1 T2 T3

Cyanothece ------0.08±0.28 --

Cyanocomperia ------0.62±2.21 3.85±9.53 0.77±2.77

Microcystis 0.15±0.38 2.38±4.19 0.15±0.56 6.08±10.68 0.38±1.39 2.62±3.82 22.69±31.45

Gloeocapsa 0.23±0.83 0.08±0.28 ------

Synechococcus 0.23±0.83 -- 0.08±0.28 0.62±1.56 1.00±3.61 0.08±0.28 4.62±16.64

Planktocyanocapsa -- 0.85±2.08 -- 0.08±0.28 -- -- 1.08±3.88

Rhabdoderma -- 2.38±8.60 0.31±0.86 5.54±17.70 -- 2.23±8.04 1.15±2.73

Prochlorococcus 0.15±0.38 ------0.46±1.39 -- --

Chamaecalyx. -- 0.08±0.28 ------

Dermocarpella 2.38±5.27 ------

Stanieria 0.08±0.28 1.62±3.04 1.15±2.73 0.69±1.80 2.15±4.06 2.38±3.15 7.85±16.11

Chroococcidiopsis -- 0.31±0.75 0.08±0.28 -- 0.15±0.56 -- --

Pleurocapsa ------0.69±2.50 --

Oscillatoria 1.54±5.55 ------0.54±1.94 0.38±1.39

Lyngbya 0.08±0.28 2.23±5.51 -- 0.08±0.28 0.08±0.28 1.08±2.90 --

Leptolygbya -- -- 0.38±1.39 ------

Nostoc -- 0.31±1.11 ------0.77±2.77

Anabaena 0.38±1.12 -- 0.08±0.28 ------

Geitleria -- 0.15±0.56 0.15±0.56 -- -- 0.08±0.28 --

Fischerella ------0.08±0.28 --

1.July 2005was a dry season, several sampling sites were dried, no data avalible. 2.『--』means no colonies presented on plates.

Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 19

Table 5: Relative abundance of sampling sites at Beinan river & Taiping river during investigation ( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=13 ).

Relative abundance (%) ±SD

Genus of Beinan river Taiping river

Cyanobacteria B1 B2 B3 B4 T1 T2 T3

Cyanothece ------0.77±2.77 --

Cyanocomperia ------7.69±27.74 13.08±32.50 7.69±27.74

Microcystis 4.21±13.82 17.50±32.43 1.40±5.04 36.35±47.70 7.69±27.74 26.47±41.30 45.99±47.95

Gloeocapsa 3.30±11.89 0.59±2.13 ------

Synechococcus 5.77±20.80 -- 3.85±13.87 13.46±33.25 6.67±24.04 1.54±5.55 7.10±25.60

Planktocyanocapsa -- 7.16±17.86 -- 2.56±9.25 -- -- 7.18±25.87

Rhabdoderma -- 6.62±23.88 11.54±29.96 14.93±36.47 -- 6.76±24.37 2.52±5.47

Prochlorococcus 3.46±8.51 ------14.10±34.59 -- --

Chamaecalyx. -- 7.69±27.74 ------

Dermocarpella 35.64±47.29 ------

Stanieria 3.85±13.87 22.76±39.04 17.83±35.43 15.38±37.55 30.51±45.25 27.49±39.26 26.67±42.54

Chroococcidiopsis -- 3.26±9.38 7.69±27.74 -- 1.03±3.70 -- --

Pleurocapsa ------2.31±8.32 --

Oscillatoria 7.33±26.41 ------2.24±8.09 1.28±4.62

Lyngbya 7.69±27.74 19.02±35.59 -- 1.92±6.93 1.54±5.55 11.65±28.49 --

Leptolygbya -- -- 7.69±27.74 ------

Nostoc -- 5.13±18.49 ------1.57±5.66

Anabaena 5.68±15.58 -- 3.85±13.87 ------

Geitleria -- 2.56±9.25 7.69±27.74 -- -- 7.69±27.74 --

Fischerella ------0.51±1.85 --

1.July 2005was a dry season, several sampling sites were dried, no data avalible. 2.『--』means relative abundance is 0.

20 環境與生態學報

Table 6: Species richness of sampling sites at Beinan river & Taiping river during investigation ( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=13 ).

Species richness of cyanobacteria

Beinan river Taiping river Sampling time B1 B2 B3 B4 T1 T2 T3

March 2005 2 2 1 2 0 2 1

April 2005 1 2 0 1 2 3 2

May 2005 1 2 0 1 1 2 3

June 2005 2 3 1 0 2 1 1

Aug.2005 1 2 2 1 0 1 1

Sept.2005 0 2 2 0 1 1 1

Oct. 2005 2 1 2 1 1 2 1

Nov.2005 0 1 0 1 2 2 1

Dec.2005 2 1 1 1 0 2 1

Jan. 2006 0 2 0 1 0 1 1

Feb. 2006 2 2 1 2 1 1 1

March 2006 2 1 1 2 1 3 2

April 2006 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 average±SD 1.23±0.83 1.62±0.77 0.85±0.80 1.08±0.64 0.92±0.76 1.62±0.65 1.38±0.65

July 2005 was a dry season, several sampling sites were dried, no data avalible.

Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 21

Table 7: Cyanobacteria diversity index of sampling sites at Beinan river & Taiping river during investigation ( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006, n=13 ).

Cyanobacteria diversity index

Shannon-Wiener index（H’） Beinan river Taiping river Sampling time B1 B2 B3 B4 T1 T2 T3

March 2005 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19

April 2005 0.54 0.66 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.80 0.00

May 2005 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00

June 2005 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.56

Aug.2005 0.37 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 1.08

Sept.2005 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45

Oct. 2005 0.00 0.68 0.00 0.56 0.69 0.50 0.00

Nov.2005 0.40 1.10 0.64 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.00

Dec.2005 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00

Jan. 2006 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.00

Feb. 2006 0.45 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

March 2006 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.56 0.00 0.00

April 2006 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66 0.24 average±SD 0.24±0.29 0.35±0.36 0.14±0.28 0.12±0.23 0.10±0.20 0.31±0.35 0.20±0.31

July 2005 was a dry season, several sampling sites were dried, no data avalible.

22 環境與生態學報

Table 8: Colonial proportion of cyanobacteria orders of sampling sites at Beinan river & Taiping river during investigation ( Mar 2005 – Apr 2006 ).

Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 23

Table 9: Regression analysis of bio-indicators with physiochemical indices for river water quality at Beinan river & Taiping river ( n=65 ) .

Dependents

WQI RPI

Model A Model B Model C Model D 【Relative 【Absolute 【Relative 【Absolute abundance】 abundance】 abundance】 abundance】

Independents

-0.162＊＊ -0.414＊＊ 0.052＊＊＊ Microcystis sp. （0.046）（0.114）（0.012） 0.070＊ Synechococcus sp. （0.027） 0.179＊ -0.018＊ Dermocarpella sp. （0.078）（0.009） -0.181＊＊＊ -1.049＊＊＊ Stanieria sp. （0.046）（0.241）

Model adequity test

R2 0.360 0.339 0.060 0.286

Adjusted R2 0.328 0.318 0.045 0.263

F value 11.263 15.673 4.050 12.390

P value 0.000 0.000 0.048 0.000 p＜0.05；＊＊p＜0.01；＊＊＊p＜0.001 Numbers in parentheses are Standard Error-SE.

24 環境與生態學報

Figures

Fig. 1: Map of Taiwan. Taitung county is on the left lower side.

Fig. 2.: Locations of sampling sites were marked as red triangles.

Cyanobacterial Bio-indicator Survey for Two Main Rivers in Taitung Taiwan 25

Fig. 3.: Distribution of cyanobacteria in two rivers.

No. of cyanobacteria colonies distributed in Beinan & Taiping river (2005/3~2006/4)

600 Stigonematales Nostocales 500 Oscillatoriales Pleurocapsales Chroococcales 400

300

200

100

0 B1 B2 B3 B4 T1 T2 T3 26 環境與生態學報

台東縣二條主要河川藍菌指標生物調查

李佳蓮台東縣鹿野鄉衛生所

李炎國立台東大學生命科學研究所

摘要

河川水質監控已成為工業化國家重要議題。應用藍菌多樣性來監查河川水質可補矽藻生物指標之不足。本研究是調查探討藍菌在台東縣主要河川－卑南溪與太平溪的生態分佈與族群結構。並分析藍菌生物指標與河川污染程度之相關性，同時嘗試利用藍菌物種豐度及多樣性建立適於監測河川污染程度的生物指標。以田野調查方式，於河川上、中、下游採集試樣，經培養後以螢光顯微鏡觀察鑑定藍菌菌落至屬。資料分析，以菌落數為分析單位進行相關性分析，並以迴歸模式探討藍菌生物指標對於河川水質理化指標的解釋力。結果顯示：色球藍菌目(Chroococcales)無論比率與數量在上或下游都是卑南溪與太平溪分佈最普遍的藍菌目。藍菌生態分佈在台東的此二主要河川與其他國家之研究結果不同。(其他國家均為 Nostocales 在汚染域較多而 Oscillatoriales 在無汙染域較多。)負相關見於河川水質指數(WQI) 與 Chroococcales 下之微囊藍菌屬(Microcystis sp.)與史坦尼爾藍菌屬(Stanieria sp.)。而正相關則見於 WQI 與梨果藍菌屬（Dermocarpella sp.）的相對豐度。顯示這三種藍菌屬與河川水污染程度之間有密切的關係。迴歸分析結果顯示：微囊藍菌屬、梨果藍菌屬、史坦尼爾藍菌屬等三種藍菌相對豐度的結合是較適宜作為河川水質監測之生物指標。

關鍵詞：藍菌（藍綠藻）、河川水污染、生物指標、臺東縣、知本溪、卑南溪