Determinants of Professional Commitment to Environmental Sustainability
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Determinants of Professional Commitment to Environmental Sustainability Jasmin Kientzel Boekenplan ISBN 978 90 8666 377 4 Copyright © 2015 Jasmin Kientzel Published by Boekenplan, Maastricht, the Netherlands Determinants of Professional Commitment to Environmental Sustainability Dissertation to obtain the degree of Doctor at Maastricht University, on the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. L.L.G. Soete, in accordance with the decision of the Board of Deans, to be defended in public on Wednesday 9 September 2015, at 16:00 hours By Jasmin Kientzel Promotor Prof. Dr. Gerjo Kok Co-supervisor Dr. Mindel van de Laar Assessment Committee: Prof. Dr. Harm Hospers (Chair) Prof. Dr. Piet Eichholtz Prof. Dr. Rob Ruiter Dr. Ruud Jonkers, Retired director of ResCon bv. iv Acknowledgments “Even if we could turn back, we’dprobably never end up where we started”. (Haruki Murakami, 1Q84) Drafting this dissertation has been a journey of discovery, and it would be almost impossible to list all the milestones, lessons learned and limits encountered on the way. Just as everyone who embarks on a long journey into the wild, the experience itself has afforded me a wealth of knowledge about the world around me and my role in it and more than I had thought previously possible. The biggest revelation was that no stage of this journey would have been possible without the many people whose support ensured my continuing even when I seemed to have hit a roadblock: Without their encouragements and understanding I would not be writing this acknowledgment. I would like to express my special appreciations and thanks to my two supervisors, Professor Dr. Gerjo Kok and Dr. Mindel van de Laar. Both of them supported me tremendously in developing my interdisciplinary and often unconventional research interests while guiding me through the vast amounts of literature, methods and fields of application possible. The completion of this dissertation would not have been as enjoyable without their open- mindedness towards unusual approaches and ideas, patience and encouragements during times of doubt and reticence. I am especially grateful for their support after my moving to Australia, which slowed the dissertation progress and made communication much more challenging due to geographical distance, time difference and work commitments. This dissertation would not have been possible without the many capable staff members at the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance and UNU-MERIT, whose knowledge and commitment are essential parts of the process. Special thanks to Mieke Drossaert, Eveline in de Braek, Susan Roggen, Janneke Knaapen, Celine Duijsens, Herman Pijpers and so many more. Depending on their role, they have supported me enormously during my time in Maastricht and made the overall PhD experience so much more enjoyable. v I gratefully acknowledge the funding sources that made my Ph.D. work possible. During my first 4 years I was funded by Maastricht University to work on my dissertation, which contributed to being able to focus completely on research, a luxury the extent of which I fully cam to realize after completing the remainder of my PhD while in fulltime work. While moving to Australia during the dissertation writing process proved to be immensely challenging, I am grateful for the opportunities granted to me by a number of organisations and facilitating the transition to post-PhD life: First and foremost the Government of the Australian Capital Territory, including the Department of Environment and Planning (ESDD) and the Canberra Institute of Technology (CIT). Support and encouragement of my colleagues and the development of additional workplace skills has contributed immensely to facilitate the transition period. Thank you! I dedicate this book first and foremost to my family: To my parents, Serge and Waltraud, and to my sister Daniela who always believed in my abilities and ambitions even if and when these seemed out of the ordinary. They have supported my living and working in many different countries, travelling even further afield for vacations and research or pitching to them professional and personal endeavours. I am deeply grateful for their support and sacrifices that enable me to be where I am now. When I mentioned starting a doctoral degree, it was met with enthusiastic support and encouragement. Their unwavering belief in my abilities made me find the courage to start this endeavour. While in Maastricht, I was incredibly fortunate to meet my husband Jinjing, who has supported me unconditionally through all the highs and lows of the doctoral experience. His love, patience and kindness as well as experience with all things research and academic life made me continue even when doubts slowed my progress. His unwavering belief in my abilities has made the completion of this work possible. vi Contents Acknowledgments v Contents vii List of Tables xv List of Figures xvii 1 General Introduction 1 1.1 Setting the scene . .1 1.2 Individual differences and pro-environmental behavior . 4 1.3 Objectives and Outline . 5 References.................................... 8 2 Explaining and Improving the Adoption of Voluntary Environmental Pro- grams: A social cognition-based view on program design, implementation and evaluation 13 2.1 Introduction . 13 2.2 Voluntary Environmental Programs (VEP): an overview . 14 2.3 Environmental Program Design and Evaluation: an application to VEPs 16 2.4 Frameworks for Program Planning and Analysis: PRECEDE/PROCEED and Intervention Mapping . 18 2.5 Corporate environmentalism and decision-making: a management re- search perspective . 21 2.6 Pro-environmental decision-making and behavior: insights from social psychology . 22 2.7 Pro-environmental decisions: Individual Decision Theories . 24 2.8 Pro-environmental Decision Making and Behavior: Organizations, Groups and Social Networks . 27 vii 2.9 Literature on Acceptance, Adoption and Diffusion of Technology and Innovations . 29 2.10 Acceptance, Adoption and Diffusion of Technology and Innovations: In- dividual Decision Theories . 29 2.11 Acceptance, Adoption and Diffusion of Technology and Innovations: Or- ganizations, Groups and Networks . 30 2.12 Limitations . 31 2.13 Conclusion . 32 References..................................... 34 3 Environmental Assessment Methodologies for Commercial Buildings: A Study of Building Professionals’ Beliefs and the Adoption of the LEED Scheme in the United States 43 3.1 Introduction . 43 3.2 Green buildings: a historical development . 45 3.3 Energy efficiency for buildings in the United States: between building codes and voluntary assessment schemes . 46 3.4 Conceptual framework: Behavioral factors, beliefs and LEED . 50 3.5 Method . 53 3.6 Reasoned Action Approach constructs and emerging topics . 55 3.7 Discussion . 61 3.8 Limitations of the study . 61 3.9 Conclusion . 62 References.................................... 63 4 Adoption of Voluntary Environmental Building Rating Schemes: a Rea- soned Action Approach (RAA) perspective on building professionals’ LEED and Green Globes adoption in the US and Canada 69 4.1 Introduction . 69 4.2 Environmental rating and assessment schemes for commercial buildings 70 4.3 Professional behavior and behavior change in the building industry . 71 4.4 Theoretical Framework: Reasoned Action Approach (RAA) . 72 4.5 Intention-Behavior consistency . 75 4.6 Sample and Method . 76 4.7 Questionnaire and Measurement . 77 4.8 Results . 79 4.9 Discussion . 86 4.10 Behavior change strategies in fragmented project-based professional settings . 87 4.11 Limitations . 88 viii 4.12 Conclusion . 88 References.................................... 90 5 What do Clients want? Commercial Real Estate Developers’ views on the LEED and Green Globes certification schemes in the United States 93 5.1 Introduction . 93 5.2 Background . 94 5.3 Literature . 95 5.4 Method . 96 5.5 Data ................................... 98 5.6 Discussion . 106 5.7 Limitations . 108 5.8 Conclusion . 108 References . 110 6 Environmental Building Rating and Assessment Schemes and Inter-firm Cooperation: an application of Social Interdependence Theory in the US, the UK and Canada 113 6.1 Introduction . 113 6.2 Green Building Councils . 114 6.3 Pro-environmental behavior in building and construction literature . 116 6.4 Theoretical framework: Social Interdependence Theory . .117 6.5 Method and Data . 121 6.6 Results . 124 6.7 Discussion . 130 6.8 Limitations . 131 6.9 Conclusion . 132 References . 133 7 Constructing Green: Social Identity, Professional and Organizational Group Affiliation in the US and Canadian Building and Construction In- dustry 137 7.1 Introduction . 137 7.2 Environmental Building Rating Schemes uptake in the US and Canadian AEC industry . 138 7.3 Theoretical Perspectives: Sociology of Professions, Social Identity and Self-Categorization Theories . 139 7.4 Method . 144 7.5 Data . 147 7.6 Results . 149 ix 7.7 Discussion and Limitations . 155 7.8 Conclusion . 159 References . 160 8 Voluntary Professional Accreditation for Sustainability: An application of Self-Determination Theory to LEED AP professional accreditation in the United States and Canada. 163 8.1 Introduction . 163 8.2 Third-party professional accreditation schemes in the building sector: The LEED AP scheme . 164 8.3 Literature on professional accreditation schemes . 165 8.4 Theoretical framework: Self-Determination Theory (SDT) . .167 8.5 Measures and method . 170 8.6 Data . 172 8.7 Results and discussion . 174 8.8 Discussion and limitations . 178 8.9 Conclusion . 181 References