Read News Summary of the Neuse River Waterdog Final 4(D) Rule- Prohibitions and Exceptions

The Umstead Coalition P.O. Box 10654 Raleigh, NC 27605-0654 (919) 852-2268

http://umsteadcoalition.org Facebook.com/umsteadcoalition Meetup.com/umsteadcoalition

MEMORANDUM

August 25, 2021

To: Secretary Elizabeth Biser, NC Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) Secretary Reid Wilson, NC Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (NCR) Brian Wrenn, Director, NC Division of Energy, Minerals and Land Resources (DEMLR), DEQ

From: Dr. Jean Spooner, Chair The Umstead Coalition

Re: DEQ Rules for NCPA must Trigger SEPA – Protect William B. Umstead State Park

Please accept this letter restating the requirement to trigger a full NC Environmental Policy Act (NCEPA) evaluation of the proposed Permit Modifications for Mining Permit 92-10. That Application and its recent 8/12/21 Site Plan submittal is proposing a reduction of buffer protections on the existing mining operations adjacent to William B. Umstead State Park south of Crabtree Creek and the creation of a new mining pit and operations on the Odd Fellows Tract on the north side of Crabtree Creek and adjacent to William B. Umstead State Park. DEQ Secretary has the authority and requirement to enact the NCEPA in this situation is given by 15A NCAC 01C .0306.

The site plan, as proposed on August 12, 2021 with revised Site Plan has numerous insults to William B. Umstead that will create significant adverse effects, including: • only twenty-five (25) feet of undisturbed buffer adjacent to William B. Umstead State Park and its connected East Coast Greenway (then a wall and haul roads); • mining pit and blasting approximately 100 feet from our State Park and connected recreational corridor; • only 50 foot Neuse buffers along the steep slopes of Crabtree Creek with those small buffers compromised with a massive 60-foot quarry bridge and deforestation swatch along fencing; • Severing the last remaining wildlife corridor from Jordon Lake along Crabtree Creek through William B. Umstead State to the east. • Massive 60-ft wide bridge over Crabtree Creek just upstream of Park proposed for hundreds of massive quarry trucks • Substantially narrowing the buffers to the Park and Crabtree Creek on existing quarry south of Crabtree Creek and conversion from “undisturbed” to an unprotected “unexcavated” designation • View Scape from William B. Umstead State directly into quarry operations

DEQ’s Rules on SEPA clearly state the authority and requirement of the Secretary of the NC Department of Environmental Quality (NC DEQ) to trigger NCEPA. The situation before us is perhaps the biggest environmental disaster proposed to a North Carolina State Park in decades.

Specifically, we draw attention to language from the DEQ rules document that gives the DEQ Secretary authority to enact the NCEPA, more accurately, REQUIRES an environmental document under NCEPA:

"15A NCAC 01C .0306 ACTIVITIES OF A SPECIAL NATURE Any activity falling within the parameters of the minimum criteria set out in Section .0400 of this Subchapter shall not routinely be required to have environmental documentation under the NCEPA. However, an environmental document is required when the Secretary determines that: (1) the proposed activity may have a potential for significant adverse effects on

♥ The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 1

wetlands; surface waters such as rivers, streams and estuaries; parklands; game lands; prime agricultural or forest lands; or areas of local, state or federally recognized scenic, recreational, archaeological, ecological, scientific research or historical value, including secondary impacts; or would threaten a species identified on the Department of Interior's or the state's threatened and endangered species lists; "

15A NCAC 01C .0107 limits other DEQ actions during NEPA Process (which is appropriate) so a full assessment can be performed:

15A NCAC 01C .0107 LIMITATION ON ACTIONS DURING NCEPA PROCESS (a) While work on an environmental document is in progress, no DENR agency shall undertake in the interim any action which might limit the choice among alternatives or otherwise prejudice the ultimate decision on the issue. A permit approval or other action to approve land disturbing activity or construction of part of the project or action, other than those actions necessary for gathering information needed to prepare the environmental document, limits the choice among alternatives and shall not be approved until the final environmental document for the action is published in the Environmental Bulletin pursuant to 01 NCAC 25 .0212 and adopted by the DENR agency through the procedures established by the Department of Administration’s Rules for administering NC EPA and this Subchapter of the Department's rules. (b) If a DENR agency is considering a proposed action for which an environmental document is to be or is being prepared, the DENR agency shall promptly notify the initiating party that the DENR agency cannot take final action until the environmental documentation is completed and available for use as a decision-making tool. The notification shall be consistent with the statutory and regulatory requirements of the DENR agency and may be in the form of a notification that the application is incomplete. (c) When a DENR agency decides that a proposed activity, for which state actions are pending or have been taken, requires environmental documentation then the DENR agency shall promptly notify all DENR action agencies of the decision. When statutory and regulatory requirements prevent a DENR agency from suspending action, the DENR agency shall deny any action for which it determines an environmental document is necessary but not yet available as a decision-making tool. History Note: Authority G.S. 113A-2; 113A-4; 113A-6; 113A-7; 143B-10; Eff. April 1, 2003.

Source: SUBCHAPTER 01C - CONFORMITY WITH NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. 15A NCAC 01C .0101 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE, POLICY, AND SCOPE (a) The purpose of the rules in this Subchapter is to establish procedures within the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for conforming with the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NCEPA). https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/DENR/documents/Rules%20-%20Policies%20- %20Laws%20and%20Regulations/State%20Environmental%20Policy%20Act/criteria03.pdf

15A NCAC 01C .0306. NCEPA is required due to adverse significant adverse effects on wetlands; surface waters such as rivers, streams

The public record on the current quarry operations has documented numerous untreated sediment discharges and streambed deposits from the existing quarry operation. The public record also has documented wetland and buffer violations at the existing quarry operations. The proposed narrowing of Crabtree Creek stream buffers on the existing quarry, as well as new quarry operations on the other side of Crabtree Creek with narrow Crabtree Creek and Foxcroft Lake buffers has grave potential to have adverse effects on the downstream streams and wetlands within William B. Umstead State Park.

Two deep quarry pits in close proximity to both sides of Crabtree Creek will likely result in loss of instream flow from groundwater sources and tributaries on the (currently) forested Odd Fellows Tract. Seepage from Crabtree Creek in to the new pit may also occur. Loss of stream flow will increase instream waste concentrations from upstream sources and decrease resilience of stream biota and likely increase vulnerability to extreme events such as prolonged drought.

♥The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 2

The proposed new quarry pit perimeter/pit would be within the 500-year flood level along Crabtree Creek. Streambank stability and integrity of Crabtree Creek could be severely compromised during such events (which happen in this area).

15A NCAC 01C .0306. NCEPA is required due to adverse significant adverse effects on parklands and forest lands

NC Division of Parks and Recreation (DPR) submitted a letter to NC DEQ- Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources (DEMLR) requesting denial of the Mining Permit Application Modification (e.g., expand current operations and dig a new pit on the other side of Crabtree Creek) due to Significant Adverse effects on William B. Umstead State from noise impacts, sedimentation/water quality, dust/air quality, truck traffic, blasting, loss of wildlife corridors, and loss of Park expansion opportunities. The DPR letter also explicitly states concerns about the “publically owned greenways adjacent to the Park” (e.g., Old Reedy Creek Road Forested Recreational Area).

The proposed tiny, tiny width of 25 feet undisturbed buffer along the William B. Umstead State Park boundary is woefully insufficient to protect the critical root zone of the mature, upload hardwood trees in this area of William B. Umstead State Park.

A tree's Critical Root Zone (CRZ), sometimes also called the Root Protection Zone (RPZ), is defined as a circle on the ground corresponding to the dripline of the tree. ... The root systems of some oaks, for example, can extend well beyond the canopy dripline. The proposed short wall and other construction within the tree’s dripline will kill Park trees. Most of a tree’s fine roots (the ones that absorb water and minerals) are within 12 inches of the surface. Even a few inches of soil piled over the root system can smother the fine roots and lead to root and tree decline and death. Footings for the wall will cut tree roots that extend farther than 25 feet from the Park’s boundary. https://www.trpa.gov/wp-content/uploads/documents/archive/TRPA-Tree-Protection-Tip-Sheet_Final.pdf

Killing trees within William B. Umstead State Park is a “Taking” of Park natural resources, a direct violation of the protections offered under the listing of William B. Umstead State Park, including its forests, under its 1995 listing in the National Register of Historic Places.

Fly rock is also a grave concern. Blasting is proposed to be only approximately 100 feet of William B. Umstead State Park, the East Coast Greenway and the US1 Bike Route. 100 feet! In North Carolina, there have been several instances of fly rock from quarry operations traveling well over 100 feet. A Canadian study recommends a blasting setback of 600 meters for fly-rock safety concerns: https://intval.com/articles/Blasting-Quarries-and-Adequate- Setbacks.pdf

15A NCAC 01C .0306. NCEPA is required due to adverse significant adverse effects areas of local, state or federally recognized scenic, recreational, archaeological, and ecological scientific research AND historical value

William B. Umstead State Park is one of the most popular State parks in North Carolina. Its connected Old Reedy Creek Road recreational corridor is one of the most visited recreational areas in North Carolina. Established in 1934, William B. Umstead State Park is among the oldest NC State Parks. Prior to 1934, some of the Park area in close proximity to the Odd Fellows Tract was owned and actively used by the Scouts, e.g., Camp Craggy. From 1958 until the proposal to covert the Odd Fellows Tract to a deep mining pit, this forested 105 acre tract was actively used by the Scouts for camping, biking, biking, swimming (in Foxcroft Lake) under the ownership of the Odd Fellows Fellowship and after July 1976 with permission from RDUAA when the Odd Fellows were forced to sell for a runway (never built) flyover zone.

♥ The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 3

William B. Umstead State Park is most definitely recognized locally, by the state and by federally agencies for its scenic, recreational AND historical value. In addition, William B. Umstead State Park is extensively used for educational and scientific research projects. State and Federal protections for William B. Umstead State include:

• A 1995 listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Unique (at least at the time) to this listing, not only are the structures but also the land, trails, waterways, and forests listed as part of the protections under the National Register of Historic Places. YES! The FORESTS are explicitly including in this protective statue.

• A NC General Assembly dedicated component of the (NC) State Nature and Historic Preserve, per the NC State Nature and Historic Preserve Dedication Act, NC Article 25B, 143-260.10.

• A Dedicated Nature Preserve, approved by the NC Council of State, NC Chapter 143B, Article 2, Park 42: Nature Preserves Act. In William B. Umstead State Park’s Dedicated Nature Preserve areas, on and off-trail usage is extensive, including the Park area adjacent to the Odd Fellows Tract. (See Park’s GMP: https://files.nc.gov/ncparks/481/WIUM%20GMP%20FINAL%20112117.pdf)

• Federally funded with Land and Water Conservation (LWCF) funds. LWCF funds are administered through the National Park Service, US Department of the Interior. The main emphases of the fund are recreation and the protection of national natural treasures in the forms of parks and protected forest and wildlife areas. LWCF investments secure public access, improve recreational opportunities, and preserve ecosystem benefits for local communities. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/index.htm

• Reverted Clause in the 1943 Deed transfer the National Park Service to the State of North Carolina (note: the National Park Service, Department of the Interior established the Park in 1934. The Reverter Clause protects the Park from “taking” of the Park usage and resources). William B. Umstead State Park is a former Federal Recreational Demonstration Area that was assigned to North Carolina in 1943 on the condition it remains available and protected for public park and recreational purposes. This falls under the Federal Lands to Parks (FLP) Program under 40 USC 550(b) and (c) monitored by the National Park Service (https://www.nps.gov/policy/npsprograms_september2013_small.pdf).

• The Piedmont Beech Natural Area National Natural Landmark (dedicated by the National Park Service in 1974) is located downstream on Crabtree Creek. In addition, close to the proposed quarry expansions, is the 90-acre Crabtree Natural Area within the Reedy Creek Section between the Reedy Creek picnic area and Crabtree Creek. (leGrand, Harry E., Jr. and Astey, Cheryl J. Inventory of the Natural Areas of Wake County, North Carolina. Wake County Parks and Recreation Commission Grant, August 1987, pp 83, 85).

• Section 4(f) of the U.S. Department of Transportation Act of 1965 which protects publically owned and accessible parks, recreation areas, and wildlife, and waterfowl refuges and historic sites • William B. Umstead State Park is dedicated in Law by the NC General Assembly as a unit of the NC State Park Systems.

The section of William B. Umstead State Park adjacent to the Odd Fellows tract is a POPULAR area for hikers, nature lovers and easily accessible from the Old Reedy Creek Road corridor. There is an extremely popular informal trail just inside the Park boundary along the Odd Fellows Tract coined the “yellow dot trail,” so named due to following the Park boundary blazes. This popular trail accesses some of the most peaceful forested areas in the Park and it used as a popular access to Crabtree Creek and to the Company Mill Trail area that follows Crabtree Creek. In addition, this section of the Park has been studied and identified by the NC State Parks as part of the Park for future mountain bike trails. On February 23, 2012, NC State Parks released their results of their “Bike and Equestrian Trails Task Force” report. They identified the minimum criteria for mountain bike trails and conditions in a State Park; the report identifies that William B. Umstead State Park meets these criteria in the Park sections adjacent to the Odd Fellows Tract. Several follow-up letters to the Wake County Commissioners and the RDUAA (in 2019 and 2020) have confirmed NC State Park’s desire to install mountain bike trails in this park section if part of the larger mountain bike/pedestrian trail system proposed for this area.

♥The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 4

The Old Reedy Creek Recreational Area is a vital greenway, vital greenway connector, and one of the most heavily used recreational corridors in the region. The “road” is THE official greenway. The attached “Regional Trails” graphic from the Town of Cary (https://www.townofcary.org/home/showpublisheddocument?id=17899) highlights the vital importance of the Old Reedy Creek Road greenway connecting William B. Umstead State Park to Cary, Morrisville, Apex, Raleigh, and Durham’s greenways.

Old Reedy Creek Road is extremely popular. At any time, the “road” (greenway) is used by runners, nature lovers, walkers, bikers, baby strollers, school tract clubs, running and biking groups, community events hosted by local outdoor/running/biking retailers, and families. Furthermore, as several citizens documented in their Public Hearing Comments, it is also a key transportation/commuting corridor.

It is reasonable to estimate that the Old Reedy Creek Road Recreational Area is utilized by well over 1,000,000 million users per year. Given the fact that Wake County’s Lake Crabtree County Park and William B. Umstead State Park visitation is well over this number, it is likely the visitation rate is much higher.

The Old Reedy Creek Road is not only heavily used by hikers, runners, and bikers as the connecting hub for the Triangle Regional Greenways, it is also has official designation as being part of the route for the:

• US1 Carolina Connection (https://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/ncbikeways/routes/us1-carolina-connection/)

• WalkBikeNC, North Carolina's Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan which was adopted by the NCDOT Board of Transportation in December 2013 (https://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/walkbikenc/)

• East Coast Greenway (https://map.greenway.org/)

The East Coast Greenway was recently authorized by the NC Legislators and signed by the Honorable Governor Cooper as a unit of the NC State Park system. The vast, vast majority of the usage on Old Reedy Creek Road is recreational, including its function as the East Coast Greenway, US1 Bike Route and local and regional greenway connection between Lake Crabtree County Park at Lake Crabtree, the Black Creek Greenway Trail, American Tobacco Trail, and, of course, William B. Umstead State Park and its other connected greenways.

The Public investment in greenways in Wake and Durham Counties is extensive (millions of dollars). These public investments are extremely popular and part of the economic engine of this community. The Old Reedy Creek Road Recreational Corridor is a key connector and integral part of these huge public investments, which include:

• Town of Cary’s Old Reedy Creek Road Trailhead at 2139 Reedy Creek Road (https://www.townofcary.org/recreation-enjoyment/parks-greenways-environment/parks/old-reedy-creek-road- trailhead)

• Wake County’s Lake Crabtree County Park (https://www.wakegov.com/departments-government/parks- recreation-and-open-space/all-parks-trails/lake-crabtree-county-park)

• The Town of Morrisville’s Crabtree Creek Greenway and Hatcher Creek Greenway which were built to connect the Town of Morrisville to Lake Crabtree County Park and to the Old Reedy Creek Road entrance to William B. Umstead State Park

• (in planning by CAMPO) Triangle Bikeway will follow I-40 and link Raleigh, Research Triangle Park (RTP), Durham and Chapel Hill along I-40 and NC 54. (https://trianglebikeway.com/)

♥ The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 5

Other connecting greenways to the Old Reedy Creek Road Recreational Area include:

• Town of Cary’s Black Creek Greenway and Bond Park • Town of Cary’s White Oak Creek Greenway • Town of Apex’s Beaver Creek Greenway and Bicycle and Pedestrian System Plan • Wake and Durham’s American Tobacco Trail • Raleigh’s Crabtree Creek Greenway and Neuse River Trail • Raleigh’s House Creek Greenway and the NC Art Museum • Raleigh’s Reedy Creek Greenway and the NC Art Museum • Raleigh’s Rocky Branch Trail • Raleigh’s Walnut Creek Trail

The following highlights a few details about the official greenway designations for Old Reedy Creek Road (this is not a “road” it is a vital greenway:

US1 – Carolina Connection https://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/ncbikeways/routes/us1-carolina-connection/

From NCDOT web site: “Designated as a portion of US Bike Route 1, which runs from Maine to Florida, this route covers almost 200 miles of rolling terrain. It is the main north/south connector route through the central portion of North Carolina. From Virginia, this route enters North Carolina near the Warren / Vance County border. US 1 continues south between Raleigh and Durham and eventually through Sanford, Southern Pines, and Laurinburg before advancing into South Carolina.”

WalkBikeNC, North Carolina's Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan (https://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/walkbikenc/) From NCDOT’s web site: “WalkBikeNC, North Carolina's Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, was adopted by the NCDOT Board of Transportation in December 2013. The adoption concluded an 18-month planning process that included comprehensive stakeholder and public engagement across the entire State. The Plan lays out a framework for improving bicycle and pedestrian transportation as a means to enhance mobility, safety, personal health, the economy, and the environment.

The WalkBikeNC website serves as a gateway to access the many bicycle and pedestrian resources across the State. The website is organized by the five pillars, safety, health, economy, mobility, and environment. Within each pillar portal is a summary of existing conditions, recommendations, action steps, and other resources. The website also includes a link to the new state bike route map application site (ncbikeways.com) along with a listing of bicycle/pedestrian advocacy groups.”

East Coast Greenway (https://www.greenway.org/)

From the East Coast Greenway web site: “The East Coast Greenway connects 15 states and 450 cities and towns for 3,000 miles from Maine to Florida. We are fostering a safe walking and biking route through the country’s most populated corridor.”

♥The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 6

15A NCAC 01C .0306. NCEPA is required due to adverse significant adverse effects on threaten a species identified on the Department of Interior's or the state's threatened and endangered species list

William B. Umstead State is considered as one of the significant natural heritage areas of Wake County (North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, NC Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, https://www.ncnhp.org/).

Crabtree Creek provides essential habitat for the Atlantic pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni), creeper (Strophitus undulatus), and notched rainbow (Villosa constricta), all freshwater mussels which are considered rare aquatic species. The Atlantic pigtoe currently listed in the State’s Special Concern Species list and is being considered to be listed as a threatened species under the federal Endangered Species Act. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, An Inventory of Significant Natural Areas in Wake County, North Carolina at 2 (2003), https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0907/ML090770916.pdf. In addition, 1996 survey for William B. Umstead State Park: https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/collection/p16062coll9/id/217262

Furthermore, the Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi) is listed as "Threatened" by the US Fish & Wildlife under the federal Endangered Species Act (listing finalized in June 8, 2021). The Neuse River Waterdog salamander (Necturus lewisi) has been documented within William B .Umstead State Park in Crabtree Creek (2004, as well as earlier). The Neuse River Waterdog salamander was found as recently (week of March 7, 2021) in Crabtree Creek. The firm RK&K under contract with NCDOT found the Neuse River waterdog salamander near Capital Boulevard, downstream of William B. Umstead State Park. It is reasonable to assume that the Neuse River waterdog salamander still lives in Crabtree Creek within William B. Umstead State Park. Because of its limited range (only found in the Neuse and Tar River Basins, NC) and sensitivity to pollution and habitat alteration, the Neuse River waterdog is listed as a species of special concern by the state of NC (listed in 1990). Its current Federal status per US Fish and Wildlife website is “Threatened.” (https://www.fws.gov/southeast/wildlife/amphibians/neuse-river- waterdog/).

The Summary of the Neuse River waterdog final 4(d) rule states “Activities that may affect Neuse River waterdog include: development, pollution, agricultural practices, forest conversion and management, invasive species, dams and barriers, and energy production and mining.” https://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2021/06/summary-of-the-neuse-river-waterdog-final-4d-rule-prohibitions- and-exceptions/

The Crabtree Creek Corridor through William B. Umstead State Park is the last remaining wildlife passage corridors connecting Jordon Lake to the east. This Crabtree Creek corridor supports Bald Eagles, Great Blue Heron nesting areas, bobcat, eastern king snakes, box turtles and more. Great Blue Herons are listed by the NC Natural Heritage Program as a vulnerable species in the Piedmont due to loss and fragmentation of habitats and have protective status by the Fish & Wildlife Service.

A new mining operation (fence, wall, deep pit) at the Odd Fellows Tract would sever the wildlife corridor connecting Raleigh to the rest of the Eastern Wildway that runs from Canada to Florida. You can visit the interactive map online to learn more about the Eastern Wildway. https://wildlandsnetwork.org/wildways/eastern/

The Crabtree Creek corridor serves as an essential connection in this wildlife corridor, as without Crabtree Creek there is little possibility that wildlife can make the journey between the relatively small state park and the larger core forest at Jordan Lake. With the proposed new mining pit and operations, only a narrow corridor along the creek will remain, and this corridor will be blocked by the bridge and associated truck traffic.

In addition to this request to trigger NCEPA, please accept and include this letter as part of the Public Comments in evaluating the 92-10 Mining Permit Application.

♥ The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 7

Cc: The Honorable Governor Roy Cooper Jeff Michael, Deputy Secretary, NC DNCR Dwayne Patterson, Director, NC Division of Parks and Recreation, NC DNCR Brian Strong, NC Division of Parks and Recreation, NC DNCR Scott Letchworth, Superintendent, William B. Umstead State Park, NC DNCR Misty Buchanan, Director, NC Natural Heritage Program, NC DNCR Gabriela Garrison, Eastern Piedmont Habitat Conservation Coordinator, NC Wildlife Resources Commission Renee Gledhill-Earley, Environmental Review Coordinator, State Historic Preservation Office Ramona M. Bartos, Deputy, State Historic Preservation Office John Ellis, US Fish & Wildlife Service David D. Miller, Mining Engineer, DEQ-DEMLR Cassie Gavin, Senior Director of Government Relations, N.C. Sierra Club Cynthia Satterfield, State Director, N.C. Sierra Club Hwa Huang, Group Chair, Capital Group - N.C. Sierra Club

Attachments:

Neuse River Waterdog salamander (Necturus lewisi), Threatened https://www.fws.gov/southeast/wildlife/amphibians/neuse-river-waterdog/

Regional Trails map (https://www.townofcary.org/home/showpublisheddocument?id=17899)

Town of Cary’s Old Reedy Creek Road Trailhead Description (https://www.townofcary.org)

US1-Carolina Connection NCDOT map (https://www.ncdot.gov/bikeped/ncbikeways/routes/us1-carolina-connection/)

East Coast Greenway map, including connection of the Old Reedy Creek Road section to the American Tobacco Trail (https://map.greenway.org/)

♥The Umstead Coalition ♥ Dedicated to preserving the natural integrity of W.B. Umstead State Park and the Richland Creek Corridor 8 8/27/2021 Neuse River waterdog | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

wildlife / amphibians / neuse river waterdog

Neuse River waterdog Necturus lewisi

Taxon: Freshwater salamander

Range: Neuse and Tar River basins, North Carolina

Status: Threatened