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Accelerator Disaster Scenarios, the Unabomber, and Scientific Risks
Accelerator Disaster Scenarios, the Unabomber, and Scientific Risks Joseph I. Kapusta∗ Abstract The possibility that experiments at high-energy accelerators could create new forms of matter that would ultimately destroy the Earth has been considered several times in the past quarter century. One consequence of the earliest of these disaster scenarios was that the authors of a 1993 article in Physics Today who reviewed the experi- ments that had been carried out at the Bevalac at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory were placed on the FBI's Unabomber watch list. Later, concerns that experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory might create mini black holes or nuggets of stable strange quark matter resulted in a flurry of articles in the popular press. I discuss this history, as well as Richard A. Pos- ner's provocative analysis and recommendations on how to deal with such scientific risks. I conclude that better communication between scientists and nonscientists would serve to assuage unreasonable fears and focus attention on truly serious potential threats to humankind. Key words: Wladek Swiatecki; Subal Das Gupta; Gary D. Westfall; Theodore J. Kaczynski; Frank Wilczek; John Marburger III; Richard A. Posner; Be- valac; Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC); Large Hadron Collider (LHC); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Brookhaven National Laboratory; CERN; Unabomber; Federal Bureau of Investigation; nuclear physics; accel- erators; abnormal nuclear matter; density isomer; black hole; strange quark matter; scientific risks. arXiv:0804.4806v1 [physics.hist-ph] 30 Apr 2008 ∗Joseph I. Kapusta received his Ph.D. degree at the University of California at Berkeley in 1978 and has been on the faculty of the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Minnesota since 1982. -
Sidney D. Drell Professional Biography
Sidney D. Drell Professional Biography Present Position Professor Emeritus, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University (Deputy Director before retiring in 1998) Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1998 Present Activities Member, JASON, The MITRE Corporation Member, Board of Governors, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Professional and Honorary Societies American Physical Society (Fellow) - President, 1986 National Academy of Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences American Philosophical Society Academia Europaea Awards and Honors Prize Fellowship of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, November (1984-1989) Ernest Orlando Lawrence Memorial Award (1972) for research in Theoretical Physics (Atomic Energy Commission) University of Illinois Alumni Award for Distinguished Service in Engineering (1973); Alumni Achievement Award (1988) Guggenheim Fellowship, (1961-1962) and (1971-1972) Richtmyer Memorial Lecturer to the American Association of Physics Teachers, San Francisco, California (1978) Leo Szilard Award for Physics in the Public Interest (1980) presented by the American Physical Society Honorary Doctors Degrees: University of Illinois (1981); Tel Aviv University (2001), Weizmann Institute of Science (2001) 1983 Honoree of the Natural Resources Defense Council for work in arms control Lewis M. Terman Professor and Fellow, Stanford University (1979-1984) 1993 Hilliard Roderick Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Science, Arms Control, and International Security 1994 Woodrow Wilson Award, Princeton University, for “Distinguished Achievement in the Nation's Service” 1994 Co-recipient of the 1989 “Ettore Majorana - Erice - Science for Peace Prize” 1995 John P. McGovern Science and Society Medalist of Sigma Xi 1996 Gian Carlo Wick Commemorative Medal Award, ICSC–World Laboratory 1997 Distinguished Associate Award of U.S. -
People and Things
People and things Rafel Carreras of CERN - explaining science On people Joachim Heintze of Heidelberg re ceives the Max Bom Prize for his work in particle physics, particularly the investigation of the study of weak interactions and the develop ment of precision measurement techniques. The Max Born Prize is presented jointly by the UK Institute of Physics and the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Rafel Carreras of CERN receives this year's popularization of science prize awarded by Geneva University and sponsored by the weekly 'Medecine et Hygiene'. His memora ble weekly 'Science for all' and monthly Science today' sessions at CERN attract good audiences, from Induction linac systems experiments Accelerator Instrumentation within CERN and from further afield. Workshop On 5 March, William Happer, Director Carl Ivar Branden from Uppsala has of the Office of Energy Research of The dates for the forthcoming Accel joined the European Synchrotron Ra the US Department of Energy, ap erator Instrumentation Workshop at diation Facility in Grenoble as Re proved a mission need statement for Berkeley have been fixed for 27-30 search Director, taking over from the Induction Linac Systems Experi October. Jim Hinkson and Greg Andrew Miller. ments (ILSE). Stover are co-chairmen. The ILSE project is needed to ad Meanwhile the deadline for nomi vance the understanding of high-cur nations for the Bergoz Faraday Cup rent, heavy-ion accelerator physics Award for innovative beam instru 10 Tesla magnet at Berkeley so that basic technical questions con mentation (January/February, page cerning the suitability of this ap 26) has been put back to 1 August. -
Mozart and Quantum Mechanics: an Appreciation of Victor Weisskopf
Physics Today Volume 56, No. 2, 43-47 (February 2003) Mozart and Quantum Mechanics: An Appreciation of Victor Weisskopf Weisskopf had a rare and harmonious blend of sentiment and intellectual rigor. He liked to say that his favorite occupations were Mozart and quantum mechanics. Kurt Gottfried and J. David Jackson Figure 1: Victor Weisskopf at about age 20 (photo courtesy of Duscha Scott Weisskopf) Victor Frederick Weisskopf, who died on 21 April 2002, was a leading figure in the second generation of theoretical physicists who expanded the reach of quantum mechanics following its discovery in 1925-26. That discovery proved to be the most profound and swift turning point in the history of physics since the time of Isaac Newton. Born in Vienna on 19 September 1908, Viki, as he was called by all who knew him, was too young to do original research in those first watershed years. But, like other outstanding members of his remarkable cohort, Viki was a fast study. He published his first landmark paper1 at the age of 22. Viki was eventually to become a major actor in a wide variety of settings, but all these roles were consequences of his achievements as a creative scientist. Therefore we devote here considerable attention to his contributions to fundamental theoretical physics. As a teenager, Viki became fascinated with astronomy and proudly listed a paper on the Perseid showers, based on a night's observation when he was not yet 15, as his first publication.2 The rich artistic and intellectual ambiance of pre-Nazi Vienna was to deeply influence his interests and attitudes throughout his life.3 Among his passions was music. -
Gian-Carlo Wick 1909–1992
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES GIAN-CARLO WICK 1909–1992 A Biographical Memoir by MAURICE JACOB Biographical Memoirs, VOLUME 77 PUBLISHED 1999 BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS WASHINGTON, D.C. GIAN-CARLO WICK October 15, 1909–April 20, 1992 BY MAURICE JACOB IAN-CARLO WICK WAS a renowned theoretical physicist of Gthis century. His name is explicitly attached to a very important theorem, the Wick theorem, which played a sub- stantial role in the early perturbative use of quantum field theory. It quickly made its way to textbooks on particles and fields and found later a great use in nuclear and con- densed matter physics. Gian-Carlo Wick’s name is also asso- ciated with the Wick rotation, a theoretical technique using imaginary time, which had an notable impact on the devel- opment of fruitful relations between field theory and statis- tical mechanics. Gian-Carlo Wick is also well known for the insight and clarity that he brought to several questions at a key time in their development, in particular in meson theory and in the many applications of symmetry principles in particle physics. There are also many properties that are not associ- ated explicitly with his name simply because they have since become part of the common knowledge of physicists. Yet, they were first due to the clarity of his mind and to his sharp insight for physical phenomena. One may mention, for instance, the extension of the then new Fermi theory of beta decay to positron emission and also the relation be- 3 4 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS tween the range of a force and the mass of the exchanged particle, which is at the origin of that force. -
"Immediately After the Explosion I Fell Asleep"
“ Immediately after the explosion I fell asleep” An interview with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky aus: Zur Verleihung der Ehrensenatorwürde der Universität Ham- burg an Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky am 6. Juli 2006 Herausgegeben von Hartwig Spitzer (Hamburger Universitätsreden Neue Folge 12. Herausgeberin: Die Präsidentin der Universität Hamburg) S. 41‒79 IMPRESSUM Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-937816-41-8 (Printversion) ISSN 0438-4822 (Printversion) Lektorat: Jakob Michelsen, Hamburg Gestaltung: Benno Kieselstein, Hamburg Realisierung: Hamburg University Press, http://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de Erstellt mit StarOffice/OpenOffice.org Druck: Uni-HH Print & Mail, Hamburg © 2007 Hamburg University Press Rechtsträger: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky Abbildungsnachweis S. 45: Michael Schaaf S. 51: Michael Schaaf S. 60: Michael Schaaf S. 69: Harvey Lynch, SLAC, Stanford, USA S. 75: Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky INHALT 7 Hartwig Spitzer: Vorwort 11 Reden aus Anlass der Ernennung von Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky zum Ehrensenator der Universität Hamburg am 6. Juli 2006 13 Jürgen Lüthje: Grußwort 19 Albrecht Wagner: Laudatio 27 Hartwig Spitzer: Laudatio 35 Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky: Dank 39 Wolfgang k. H. Panofsky im Gespräch 41 “Immediately after the explosion I fell asleep” An interview with Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky 81 „Unmittelbar nach der Explosion schlief ich ein“ Kurzfassung des Interviews vom 6. Juli 2006 89 Anhang 91 Beitragende 93 Programm 95 Ernennungsurkunde 97 Bilder vom Besuch Panofskys in Hamburg, 6.‒8. Juli 2006 101 A brief biography of Wolfgang K. -
People and Things
People and things Rafel Carreras of CERN - explaining science On people Joachim Heintze of Heidelberg re ceives the Max Bom Prize for his work in particle physics, particularly the investigation of the study of weak interactions and the develop ment of precision measurement techniques. The Max Born Prize is presented jointly by the UK Institute of Physics and the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Rafel Carreras of CERN receives this year's popularization of science prize awarded by Geneva University and sponsored by the weekly 'Medecine et Hygiene'. His memora ble weekly 'Science for all' and monthly Science today' sessions at CERN attract good audiences, from Induction linac systems experiments Accelerator Instrumentation within CERN and from further afield. Workshop On 5 March, William Happer, Director Carl Ivar Branden from Uppsala has of the Office of Energy Research of The dates for the forthcoming Accel joined the European Synchrotron Ra the US Department of Energy, ap erator Instrumentation Workshop at diation Facility in Grenoble as Re proved a mission need statement for Berkeley have been fixed for 27-30 search Director, taking over from the Induction Linac Systems Experi October. Jim Hinkson and Greg Andrew Miller. ments (ILSE). Stover are co-chairmen. The ILSE project is needed to ad Meanwhile the deadline for nomi vance the understanding of high-cur nations for the Bergoz Faraday Cup rent, heavy-ion accelerator physics Award for innovative beam instru 10 Tesla magnet at Berkeley so that basic technical questions con mentation (January/February, page cerning the suitability of this ap 26) has been put back to 1 August. -
Testo Udine Finale Roma
ENRICO FERMI AND ETTORE MAJORANA: SO STRONG, SO DIFFERENT Francesco Guerra, (Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome and INFN, Rome Section ) Nadia Robotti, (Department of Physics, University of Genova, Italy ) Abstract By exploiting primary sources we will analyze some of the aspects of the very complex relationship between Enrico Fermi and Ettore Majorana, from 1927 (first contacts of Majorana with the Institute of Physics of Rome, and with Fermi) until 1938 (disappearance of Majorana). The relationship between Fermi and Majorana can not be interpreted in the simple scheme Teacher-Student. Majorana, indeed, played an important role in the development of research in Rome in the field of the statistical model for the atom and in nuclear physics. Our current research concerns the development of Nuclear Physics in Italy in the Thirties of XXth Century, and is based exclusively on primary sources (archive documents, scientific literature printed on the journals of the time, and so on). In this framework, we will try to outline some aspects of the complex topic concerning the relationship between Enrico Fermi and Ettore Majorana. Of course, this paper will touch only some of the most important issues. For convenience, our exposure will be connected to a periodization of Majorana scientific activity, which we used in previous works. One of our important results is the reassessment of the role played by Majorana for the decisive orientation of the research in Rome (statistical model of the atom, nuclear physics). This role is obscured in discussions which place emphasis on the (alleged) "genius" of Majorana, usually associated with his (alleged) "lack of common sense". -
ED026268.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME 11 ED 026 268 SE 006 034 By -Barisch, Sylvia Directory of Physics & Astronomy Faculties 1968-1969, United States,Canada, Mexico. American Inst. of Physics, New York, N.Y. .. Report No-R-135.7 Pub Date 68 Note-213p. Available from-The American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, NewYork, N.Y. 10017 ($5.00) EDRS Price MF-$1.00 HC-$10.75 Descriptors-*Astronomy, College Faculty, *College Science, Curriculum, Directories,Educational Programs, Graduate Study, *Physics, *Physics Teachers, Undergraduate Study Identifiers.- Ar vrican Institute of Physics This directory is the tenth edition published by the AmericanInstitute of Physics listing colleges and universities which offer degreeprograms in physics, astronomy and astrophysics, and the staff members who teach thecourses. Institutions in the United States, Canada, and Mexicoare indexed separately, both geographically and alphabetically. Also included isan alphabetical indek of personnel. The document is available for sale by Department DAPD, the American Institute ofPhysics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017, price $5.00. (GR) -.. --',..- 4ttsioropm.righ /RECTO PHYSICS & ASTR ...Y FACULTIES1 1969 UNITED STATES CANADA I MEXICO s - - - i) - - . r_ tt U S DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REKOD:_FD EXACTLY AS RECEIV:D FROM THE )ERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORISINATING IT POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS S'ATEJ DO NOT NECESSARILY PEPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION PCSITION OR PO'..ICY , * , + t ..+, ,..,.-,. .1. Ca:. - -,.. - , ts _ - 41 ) s: -. - ',',...3,,,_ c -- - .-,, '0'- _ -, tt't-,), _ .'Y .-ct, ,;,---,,,,,,,- t--, -.rfe - 4 ;:': e-...,- : 0:4_, O'i -.. - t _ *s, :::-.", r.,--4, .4 --A,-, 0 -.,,, -- ....,-_:134,,- - - 0 ., Q9 , 0i '.% .J, ".t.. -
PAUL B. KANTOR School of Communication, Information and Library Studies Rutgers University 4 Huntington Street New Brunswick, NJ 08903
PAUL B. KANTOR School of Communication, Information and Library Studies Rutgers University 4 Huntington Street New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Phone: (732) 932-1359, x8216 Email: [email protected] Fax: (732) 932-1504 A. PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION AB, 1959 (Summa cum laude). Columbia University. Physics and Mathematics. PhD, 1963. Princeton University. Theoretical Physics. B. PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS Director, Rutgers Distributed Laboratory for Digital Libraries. 1998-present. Professor, Rutgers University School of Communication, Information and Library Studies. 1991-present. Director, Alexandria Project Laboratory . 1991-present. President and Chief Scientist, Tantalus Inc. 1976-present. Associate Professor, School of Library and Information, Case-Western Reserve University (1972-1976). Assistant-Associate Prof. Physics (CWRU (1967-1972). Visiting Asst. Prof. Physics, SUNY Stony Brook (1965-1967). Research Associate, Brookhaven Nat. Labs (1963-1965). Significant Professional and/or University Affiliations: Editor-in-chief Information Retrieval, Kluwer Academic Press. 1998. Member Editorial Board: JASIS, Information Processing and Management. Member, Rutgers Center for Operations Research (RUTCOR) Affiliate, High Performance Computing in Design (Comp. Sci.) Member: Am. Stat Assn; IEEE; ASIS; Am Phys Soc; SPIE; ACM and numerous scientific and professional organizations. Chair: Rutgers Distributed Laboratory for Digital Libraries. C. PUBLICATIONS (i) Five Most Closely Related “Pheromonic Representations of User Quests by Digital Structures”. Endre Boros, Paul B. Kantor, David Neu (1999). To appear in Proceedings of the 1999 Annual conference of the American Society for Information Science. “The Information Quest: A Dynamic Model of User's Information Needs”. Paul B. Kantor, Benjamin Melamed, Endre Boros, Vladimir Menkov (1999). To appear in Proceedings of the 1999 Annual conference of the American Society for Information Science. -
Enrico Fermi and the Discovery of Neutron-Induced Radioactivity: a Project Being Crowned
ENRICO FERMI AND THE DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON-INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY: A PROJECT BEING CROWNED Alberto De Gregorio* ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the Physics Institute in Rome, and its getting ready for investigating neutron physics, until Fermi’s discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity in 1934. The relevance of nuclear topics had been acknowledged in Rome since 1929. The Institute had been directed towards nuclear researches since then, but, still in 1933, it was not yet engaged in experimental research on nuclear physics, on account of the lack of adequate supplies. Really, an adjustment of the equipment and supplies had been undertaken, so that strong radioactive sources, Geiger-Müller counters and Wilson chambers, devoted to nuclear researches, became eventually available at the end of 1933, thanks largely to Rasetti’s efforts. On March 25, 1934 Enrico Fermi announced he had discovered neutron-induced radioactivity. Such result just represented the synthesis of two previous discoveries: that of the neutron, and that of artificial radioactivity (induced by alpha-particles, and accelerated deutons and protons). In the following October Fermi proved neutrons to be much more effective in inducing radioactivity when they were slowed down. That represented the first step towards the utilisation of nuclear energy. Italian physics had been lagging behind for decades in comparison with the leading European countries, and the United States. Between 1933 and 1934, Fermi published the β-decay theory. Now, through his experiments of neutron-induced radioactivity, he showed the main lines of research in neutron physics. The Physics Institute in Rome eventually became a reference pole in nuclear researches. -
4 December 1996 BRUNO PONTECORVO
4 December 1996 BRUNO PONTECORVO: FROM ROME TO DUBNA1 (personal recollections) Giuseppe Fidecaro CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland Junior physicists in Rome after the war (I was one of the youngest among them) knew of Bruno. He had studied at the Istituto di Fisica dell’Universit`a with Fermi in the early thirties, and had later joined his group, getting known as the youngest of the “I ragazzi di Via Panisperna”. We all knew that the Fermi group had dispersed to different places in the world before the war, but I did not know where exactly Bruno was based. Meanwhile the research in physics at the Istituto had moved from nuclear physics to cosmic rays, and continuity with the Fermi school had been assured by Edoardo Amaldi, the only one left from the old Via Panisperna group. I happened to meet Bruno in Rome only at the end of August 1950, just at the time of a very important turning point of his life. Only much later did I have the chance to evoke with him some of his scientific achievements and their impact on particle physics – he was still speaking the coloured Italian of Tuscany, and from his witty language I gained a perception of his understanding of nature, and also of his love for life and human beings. A large part of what follows will be recalled by others in this book, but there are facts that I lived or heard from witnesses, and also my own way of reading that part of Bruno’s scientific work with which I am more acquainted.