Rola Jordanii W Bliskowschodnim Procesie Pokojowym (1991-2010)

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Rola Jordanii W Bliskowschodnim Procesie Pokojowym (1991-2010) Uniwersytet Warszawski Wydział Dziennikarstwa i Nauk Politycznych Artur Malantowicz Nr albumu: 252939 Rola Jordanii w bliskowschodnim procesie pokojowym (1991-2010) Praca magisterska na kierunku stosunki międzynarodowe w specjalności studia pozaeuropejskie Praca wykonana pod kierunkiem Prof. dr. hab. Ryszarda Zięby Instytut Stosunków Międzynarodowych Warszawa, czerwiec 2011 r. Oświadczenie kierującego pracą Oświadczam, że niniejsza praca została przygotowana pod moim kierunkiem i stwierdzam, że spełnia ona warunki do przedstawienia jej w postępowaniu o nadanie tytułu zawodowego. Data Podpis kierującego pracą Oświadczenie autora pracy Świadomy odpowiedzialności prawnej oświadczam, że niniejsza praca dyplomowa została napisana przez mnie samodzielnie i nie zawiera treści uzyskanych w sposób niezgodny z obowiązującymi przepisami. Oświadczam również, że przedstawiona praca nie była wcześniej przedmiotem procedur związanych z uzyskaniem tytułu zawodowego w wyższej uczelni. Oświadczam ponadto, że niniejsza wersja pracy jest identyczna z załączoną wersją elektroniczną. Data Podpis autora pracy Streszczenie W niniejszej pracy analizie poddano rolę Jordanii w bliskowschodnim procesie pokojowym, szczególną uwagę zwracając na relacje monarchii z kluczowymi graczami tego procesu: Izraelem, Palestyńczykami, Stanami Zjednoczonymi oraz wybranymi państwami arabskimi. Omówiono czynniki wewnętrzne (m.in. potencjał demograficzny i gospodarczy, system społeczno-polityczny, jakość służby dyplomatycznej, opinia publiczna) oraz zewnętrzne (m.in. percepcja Jordanii przez inne państwa, system sojuszy i zobowiązań prawa międzynarodowego), które warunkowały jordańskie zaangażowanie w poszukiwanie rozwiązania konfliktu izraelsko-arabskiego. Struktura pracy odzwierciedla kolejne etapy kształtowania się państwowości i funkcjonowania Jordanii w środowisku międzynarodowym, w tym zmienne role w procesie pokojowym: przejście od stanu pokoju de facto do de iure, implementację traktatu pokojowego, aktywną mediację oraz integrację umiarkowanych państw arabskich. Słowa kluczowe Jordania, proces pokojowy, rola międzynarodowa, konflikt izraelsko-arabski Dziedzina pracy (kody wg programu Socrates-Erasmus) 14.600 – stosunki międzynarodowe Tytuł pracy w języku angielskim The role of Jordan in the Middle East Peace Process (1991-2010) Spis treści Wstęp ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Rozdział I. Między wojną a pokojem (1921-1991) .............................................................. 11 1. Emirat Transjordanii ..................................................................................................... 11 2. Niepodległość i wojna 1948 roku .................................................................................. 14 3. Jordania dwóch brzegów (1950-1967) .......................................................................... 17 4. Pokój de facto ................................................................................................................ 24 5. Na drodze do Madrytu ................................................................................................... 31 Rozdział II. Od pokoju de facto do de iure (1991-1994) ...................................................... 33 1. Preludium ...................................................................................................................... 33 2. Konferencja madrycka .................................................................................................. 36 3. Od Madrytu do Oslo ...................................................................................................... 38 4. Od Oslo do Waszyngtonu ............................................................................................. 48 5. W przededniu pokoju .................................................................................................... 53 Rozdział III. Traktat pokojowy między Haszymidzkim Królestwem Jordanii a Państwem Izrael – 26 października 1994 .............................................................. 56 1. Postanowienia traktatu pokojowego .............................................................................. 58 1.1. Granice i terytorium ............................................................................................ 60 1.2. Zasoby wodne ..................................................................................................... 63 2. Percepcja traktatu pokojowego ..................................................................................... 64 2.1. Reakcje w Jordanii .............................................................................................. 64 2.2. Reakcje zewnętrzne............................................................................................. 66 3. Nowa rola Jordanii? ...................................................................................................... 68 Rozdział IV. Implementacja pokoju (1994-1999) ................................................................ 70 1. Implementacja postanowień traktatu pokojowego ........................................................ 70 2. Dywidenda pokoju ........................................................................................................ 72 3. Spór o normalizację ....................................................................................................... 75 4 3.1. Opozycja a władze Jordanii ................................................................................... 75 3.2. Izrael a władze Jordanii.......................................................................................... 78 4. Stosunki jordańsko-palestyńskie .................................................................................... 82 5. Król Husajn a proces Oslo ............................................................................................. 84 5.1. Porozumienie z Hebronu ........................................................................................ 85 5.2. Memorandum z Wye River .................................................................................... 85 Rozdział V. W poszukiwaniu arabskiego centrum (1999-2010) ......................................... 88 1. Sukcesja ......................................................................................................................... 88 2. II intifada ........................................................................................................................ 90 3. Próby ożywienia procesu pokojowego .......................................................................... 92 3.1. Arabska Inicjatywa Pokojowa ............................................................................. 95 3.2. Mapa Drogowa .................................................................................................... 98 3.3. Postulat z Algieru .............................................................................................. 102 3.4. Konferencja w Annapolis .................................................................................. 104 4. Agonia procesu pokojowego (2008-2010) .................................................................. 106 Zakończenie ........................................................................................................................... 111 Załączniki .............................................................................................................................. 115 Załącznik 1. Wspólny Program ........................................................................................... 115 Załącznik 2. Deklaracja Waszyngtońska ............................................................................ 117 Załącznik 3. Jordańsko-izraelski traktat pokojowy ............................................................. 120 Załącznik 4. Arabska Inicjatywa Pokojowa ........................................................................ 134 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................................ 136 5 „Jordania (…) chce prawdziwego pokoju, pokoju opartego na kompromisie, pokoju, który pozwoli Arabowi, Żydowi i Chrześcijaninowi żyć obok siebie w regionie tak ważnym dla trzech religii oraz dla ludzi, którzy je wyznają. Szukamy pokoju, który nie będzie zmuszał nas do wykorzystywania naszych skromnych zasobów do nieustannych zbrojeń, aby odpierać ataki innych i chronić nas samych; pokoju, który pozwoli nam rozwijać nasz kraj i nasze społeczeństwo, tak gospodarczo, jak i duchowo, a nie grzebać ludzi w ziemi pełnej goryczy i nienawiści.‖ Książę Hassan bin Talal 6 Wstęp Bliski Wschód jest regionem, który na przełomie lat 2010 i 2011 skupił na sobie uwagę całego świata ze względu na rewolucyjne tempo przemian społecznych i politycznych tam zachodzących. Niemniej jednak, region bliskowschodni jest uważnie obserwowany przez światowe mocarstwa już od końca lat 40. XX-go wieku ze względu na jego istotne znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego. Po ogłoszeniu przez Izrael niepodległości w maju 1948 roku wybuchła pierwsza wojna izraelsko-arabska, a jej kolejne odsłony miały miejsce w 1956 (kryzys sueski), 1967 (wojna sześciodniowa), 1973 (wojna Jom Kippur), 1982 i 2006 (izraelskie inwazje na Liban) oraz w 2008 roku (wojna w Gazie). Dwukrotnie doszło też do wybuchu antyizraelskich powstań palestyńskich (intifady) – w 1987 i 2000 roku. W obliczu niemożności skonfliktowanych
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