Seneca and the Self Edited by Shadi Bartsch and David Wray Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88838-7 - Seneca and the Self Edited by Shadi Bartsch and David Wray Index More information

Index

Achilles 266, 271–2, 277–81 Aquinas 263 Aeneas 133, 271–3 Aristophanes 85, 91–2, 105–6 afterlife 18–19, 255–82 Aristotle Agamemnon 252–4, 271 and “adult” logic 231 agency 4, 26, 35, 68, 72, 74, 76, and Plato on rational and nonrational parts of 264 the soul 10, 78 Agrippina 82, 95, 253 and selfhood 28–9, 40, 43–6 Alberti, L. B. 160 on anger 100, 106 Alexander the Great 11, 87, 103, 122 on deliberative choice (prohairesis) 252 animus see mind on disgust (duschereia) 108 anagnorisis¯ 224, 228 on the body’s enslavement to the soul 145 analogy on the moderation of passions 149, 162 Aristotle Politics, body to soul as master to Armisen-Marchetti, M. 15, 189–91 slave 145 ask¯esis 5, 47, 209 Seneca; use in general 191; On the Happy Life, Asmis, E. 6, 12–13, 200, 203 obedience like a fight 119; On Benefits,the Astyanax 232, 267, 271–81 rule of the sapiens like that of the gods 121; Athenodorus 62 Letter, 80, the powerful like slaves 130–1; Atreus 16, 66, 221–8, 231, 234–5, 266–70 ruler to subject like master to slave 159;the Augustine/Augustinian mind mastering passions like a master and Seneca’s self-reflection 36 controlling slaves 151, 152, 154, 156;aman critique of Stoicism 17, 239, 241, 243, 244 perfecting himself like a sculptor perfecting model of selfhood 14, 58 his statue 211; philosophers likened to legal notion of the unconscious 234 counselors 247, 250 Augustus 94–5, 100–1, 104, 106, 110, 111, 157, Andromache 232, 271–8 253 anger/ira against slaves 11–14 Bacon, F. 200 and disgust 107–8, 157 Bartsch, S. 6, 14 and Epicureanism 104 Behn, A. 239 and laughter, in the Apocolocyntosis 6, 85–7, Bernal, M. 167 90, 97, 100 Bloomer, M. 14 and Senecan tragedy 221, 250, 251 Bobzien, S. 153–4 denounced by Seneca in Alexander the Great body/corpus 122 alone subject to fortune 125 freedom from 103 as locus of selfhood 26 in Euripides, Medea 67–9, 74 comic 91–2 in Letter 47 158–9 dissolution in death 18 in On Anger 54, 72–3, 89, 110, 160–87, 203, goods of 103, 105–12 216–17 in relation to mind/soul 24, 48, 57, 144–8, 158, in Stoic and Aristotelian philosophy 106–7 188, 201–4 with lust and fear 151–2 in Seneca, Phaedra 70

298

Index 299

soul’s enslavement to 141 death/mortality/mors Stoic detachment from 29, 156–7 as escape 202 used by the soul (Foucauldian self-care) 48 and Cato’s heroism 158 Burkert, W. 56 and fate 120 Busch, A. 7, 18–19, 153–4 and fortune 126 and self-perfection 32, 186 Caligula 15, 96, 98, 100, 134, 162, 184, 185 and self-possession 151 cannibalism 242, 268 and Senecan tragedy 7, 70 Canus Julius 134, 136 and Stoic detachment 91, 103, 134–6, 142, 213, Cato the younger 244 and Epictetus 136 and the afterlife in Seneca’s philosophy 18–19, as Stoic exemplum 28, 54, 80, 82, 116, 123, 255–82 132–4 and the Foucauldian subject 48 suicide 13, 18, 56, 158 “being-to-death” (Heidegger) 33 Catullus 171–2, 245, 253 of Claudius 105 Chrysippus Democritus 103 as chief representative of Greek Stoicism 42, Demosthenes 103 46 Denyer, N. 50 and self-division 65, 75 Descartes, R. 4–5, 22–4, 35, 77 and Stoic logic, rejected by Seneca 6 determinism 12–13, 15, 153–4 and the Pythagorean Golden Verses 174 Diogenes Laertius 56, 88, 147, 196, 259 and the theory of a unitary rational soul 9–10, Diogenes of Sinope 11, 13, 87–8, 136–7, 156 177 disgust 6, 11–12, 85, 99, 103, 105–12, 157 in disagreement with Cleanthes 53–4 disposition 5, 27, 32, 121, 240 on suicide 259 divine/the gods theory of passion 73–4 and fate 12 Cicero 54–6, 81, 103, 199, 211–12, 246, 252, 253, and Nero in On Clemency 128–30 262 and self-transformation 209–11 Academica 197 and suicide 259–61 Brutus 193, 212 and the ideal self 29 Letters 59, 104, 140 and the soul 202 On Duties 32, 54, 58, 206, 208 and transcendent autonomy, in On Beneﬁts On Ends 212 267 On Old Age 56 in Epictetus 137–8 On the Orator 192, 212 in Juvenal, Satire 10 85 On the Republic 154 in Sallust, Catiline 146 Rhetorica ad Herennium 175, 193 in the Apocolocyntosis 94–5, 100 Stoic Paradoxes 146, 147 Stoic kingdom of god 115–23 Claudius Dualism 4, 15, 24, 57, 144 and On Anger 161–2, 179 and the Apocolocyntosis 10, 11, 93–9, 101, Eden,P.T.93 104–7, 109–10 Edwards, C. 6, 13–14, 24, 30, 54, 58, 160 and Senecan tragedy 254 elenchus 28–9, 248–9 Cleanthes 53, 88, 120 Elias, N. 186 clemency 88, 89, 100–1, 129 enargeia 176, 179 Clytemnestra 252–4 Epictetus Colakis, M. 273 and laughter 84, 88–9, 93, 103 consolation 7, 14, 18, 133, 272, 276 and moral progress 32 Corneille, P. 239 and personae 27–30 Cynicism 11, 13, 87–8, 93, 136–7, 156, and slavery 157 166 and the Pythagorean Golden Verses 175 and the self 8, 40–1, 53, 54, 77 Davidson, D. 24 and tragedy 99 de Botton, A. 5 compared to Seneca 36, 116, 135–7, 195, de la Mettrie, J. O. 241–3 199

300 Index

Epicureanism and Seneca, On Anger 14, 54–6, 160–1, 165–72 and anger 104 and Senecan self-relation 7, 176–7, 199 and Augustinian Christianity 17, 239 and Seneca’s letters to Lucilius 58–61 and death 262–3 and the self-shaping self 8–9, 63, 208–9 and divinity 94 influence on recent Senecan studies 8–9, 35, and sagehood 28 40, 42–3 and the self 78–80, 144, 166, 170 on the definition of speculator sui 180 compared to Stoicism 193, 242 free will 153, 263 epistemology/epistemic freedom/liberty/libertas and Cicero 54 acceptance of fate as 12 and Foucault 4, 5, 22, 52 and Stoic detachment 117 and Senecan metaphor 189, 197 and suicide 18 and Senecan tragedy 226, 228 and the self in Seneca’s Letters 139–59 Euripides and time-management 31 Electra 88 availability of death as guarantee of 261–5, Hippolytus 68 267, 269, 281 Medea 66, 68, 74, 75, 229–31 body as impediment to 202 Phoenissae 88 in Juvenal, Satire 10 101 exile 27, 67, 81, 162, 197–9 obedience to god as 119, 120 rational faculty as means to 127 Fantham, E. 271, 275 Roman political concept of 204–6 fastidium 12, 85, 108–10 self-control as 13–14 fate Stoic virtue as defense of 116 and Stoic determinism 12–13 Stoic wisdom as 80 and Stoic freedom 204 Freud, S. 22, 231 fate, fortune and the kingdom of God in friendship 27, 34, 45, 170, 247, 254 Seneca 117–24, 203 in Senecan tragedy 17, 228, 229 Galen 73 in the Apocolocyntosis 93 Gill, C. 4–6, 9–10, 23 fear/timor/metus Griffin, M. 58, 80, 81, 260 and desire 196 Grimal, P. 58 and disgust 107 and freedom 142, 149, 159 Habinek, T. 14, 176 and Stoic detachment 85, 90, 110, 112, 127, Hadot, P. 5, 22, 166, 168–9, 182, 209, 134 211 in Epictetus 137 happiness in Juvenal, Satire 10 102, 103 and virtue, doctrinal proofs insufficient 193 in Senecan tragedy 16, 224–6, 268–9, 275 dependent on state of mind 24–5 in Seneca’s political life 82 fortune makes no difference to 134 of death 151, 244, 257–8, 260, 267 inner citadel not enough for 63 Fillion-Lahille, J. 163 “nobody forgets his own” (in the Fitzgerald, W. 152, 156 Apocolocyntosis) 94, 97 fortune/fortuna non-Stoic view of (in the Apocolocyntosis) 101, as adversary 115–38, 200, 202–4, 247–8, 104 256 rational faculty as means to 117 and death 260–1 self-knowledge as route to 22 and fate 12–13 Harris, W. V. 186 freedom from 156 hate 66–8, 99, 104, 250 in Juvenal, Satire 10 103 Hector 271–8, 280–1 in the Apocolocyntosis 99 Hegel, G. W. F. 21 Foucault, M. h¯egemonikon 13, 15, 19, 46, 144, 177, 178, 196, and a distinctively Senecan notion of the self 201–2 46–53 Heidegger, M. 33 and care of the self 29, 76, 245 Helvidius Priscus 136 and Charles Taylor 35 Heraclitus 43–4, 46, 55

Index 301

Hercules 94–5, 249 Lucan 157 Hierocles 40 Lucian 93 hilaritates 84–6 Lucilius Hill, T. 68 described as Seneca’s opus 210 Hine,H.M.71 fictitiousness of Seneca’s correspondence with Hippolytus 69–70, 75 58–9 Homer 26, 28, 94, 125, 281 metaphorical language attributed to 199 Horace 246 philosophers likened to pleaders in the Letters Horatius Cocles 54 17 rhetoric in the Letters 246–8 Iamblichus 169–71 Seneca’s advice to 14, 24–5, 27, 32–3, 81, 86, incest 70, 94, 105, 242 139, 141, 204, 207, 214–15 Inwood, B. Seneca’s agenda in the Letters 23–6 and the Cartesian ego 4 Seneca’s friendship with 34 Cato’s exemplarity for Seneca 158 Seneca’s self-presentation to 5, 30–1, 88–90 justified suicide in Stoicism 258–9, 261–2 lust 103, 146, 151–2, 159, 244 rhetoric in Seneca’s Letters 143 Seneca no innovator of selfhood, contra madness/furor/amentia Foucault 5–6, 8–9, 161, 169, 170, 172 passion as 66 Seneca’s use of metaphor 15, 177–9, 181, in Senecan tragedy 67–70, 75, 77, 221, 232–3, 189–91 251, 254 Maecenas 256–7, 267 Jason 16, 66, 228–35 Marcus Aurelius 27, 29, 36, 53, 81, 170, 195, 202 joy 84–6, 91, 97, 100, 103, 224 Maurach, G. 60–1 Julius Caesar 132, 157, 252 Medea 9–10, 15–17, 54, 65–78, 89, 228–35, 249–50 Jupiter 94–5, 100, 212, 268 meditatio 5, 197 Juvenal 85, 92, 99, 101 Menippus 92 Messalina 95 Kahn, C. 43–4, 46 metaphor Kaster, R. 12, 108–9 central to Seneca’s thought 14–15, 19, 167, Ker, J. 6, 14, 17, 159 176–82, 187–217 kingdom 12–13, 115–38, 230, 279 freedom and enslavement 13, 139–46, 148–50, 157, 159 La Rochefoucauld 17, 238–41, 243, 245, gladiatorial combat 256 251–2 Miller, P. A. 108, 171–2, 245 Latro 250, 253 mind/animus laughter 6, 11, 84–112 and psychagogic persuasion 6 law and reflexive self-criticism in Sextius 55 and Nero, in the Apocolocyntosis 93 and Stoic detachment 86 and private property 208 freedom of 153, 159 anger at disregard of 100 Heraclitus’ ontology of, interpreted by Kahn Claudius’ abuse of 104 44 father’s power under Roman law 154 in Epictetus 8 philosophers compared to lawyers 247–9 in Senecan tragedy 16, 70 used metaphorically by Seneca 194 normative qualities of 29 vindicare a term of Roman law 139 relation to body 57, 141, 144–8, 153, 158, 201 Lipsius, J. 20, 160 sacred life of 124 Long, A. A. Seneca’s philsophy of 39, 61, 63, 177, 178, 190, on occurrent and normative selves 201 194 on philosophy of self 40–1, 43, 182 Socrates’ ontology of, interpreted by Foucault on Stoic rationality of the soul 144, 196–7 48 on the history of Seneca’s reception 3–5, 17 Stoic happiness dependent on 24–5 on the self in Epictetus 8, 79 Montaigne, M. de 5, 20 on the self in Senecan tragedy 15 Monteverdi, C. 84 love 33, 67–70, 75, 77–8, 150 Musonius Rufus 30, 171–2

302 Index

Nehamas, A. 5 Petrarch 241 Nero Phaedra 9–10, 65–78, 249 addressee of On Clemency 13, 59, 101, 128–32, phantasia 195–7 159 Phidias 209–12 and Alexander the Great 122 Philodemus 170 and aristocratic resentment 157–8 Plato and Persius’ Satires 104 and Diogenes the Cynic 87 and Seneca’s death 151, 255 and Senecan innovation 7–9, 78 and Senecan tragedy 15 and the self 28–9, 43–4, 52 and the rule of fortune 116 anecdote in On Anger 152 in Monteverdi 84 body–soul dualism 57, 144, 145, 148, 156–7, in the Apocolocyntosis 93, 97–8, 101–2, 109, 190 111–12 Callicles on freedom in the Gorgias 153–4 pupil to Seneca 3 concern for self-control 55 Seneca’s retirement from court 81–2 Foucault’s reading of Alcibiades 51 Nietzsche, F. 36 on death, in the Apology 18 Novatus 162–5 modern influence of 20 Nussbaum, M. 6, 10–12, 61, 167, 184, 209 on suicide 259, 263 parts of the soul in 10, 16 Oedipus 27, 89, 99, 242 philosophy in dialogue form 61 oikeiosis¯ 10, 31, 71–3, 80–1, 273 Socrates described in the Symposium 59 Ovid 95, 229, 246, 250 suspicion of rhetoric 246 Plautus 84, 92 pain/grief/dolor Pliny (the Elder) 211 and bereavement 257 Plotinus 169 grounds for suicide 258 Plutarch 78–9 in Greek tragedy, critiqued by Epictetus 72–3 pneuma 188, 201, 211, 213 in On Providence 260–1 Polyxena 266, 271–81 in Juvenal, Satire 10 103 Poppaea 84 in Senecan tragedy 67, 227–8, 232–3, 276–7 Porphyry 56, 169–71 in To Helvia 198 proficiens 11, 15, 195, 206, 208, 213, 214 soul’s enslavement to 141, 146 prohairesis 53, 76, 252 Stoic detachment from 85, 90, 100, 144 prosopopoeia 55, 172 Panaetius 28, 150 Proust, M. 90–1 Papirus Fabianus 166 Pythagoras 44, 47, 48, 53, 56, 166, 169–71, 174 Pascal, B. 237, 238, 245 passion/emotion/adfectus/path¯e Quintilian 179 and Epicureanism 104 and reason, in Senecan tragedy 10, 16–18, 237, Ranke-Heinemann, U. 244 244, 249–51, 254 reason/rationality/ratio and self-division, in Senecan tragedy 65–78, aided by metaphor 197 82 and Seneca’s self-examination practice 170 and Senecan metaphor 194, 203, 216 and social roles 27, 127 and Stoic detachment 91, 154 and Stoic oikeiosis¯ 73–6 anger as 6, 100, 106 and Stoic pedagogy 6 enslavement to 13, 141, 159 and Stoic perfectionism 28 hope as 97 and the normative self 32, 45–6 moderation of 162, 277 Cartesian 19 psychology of, in Senecan tragedy 222–3, divinity of 23, 29, 117, 120, 129 225–9 Foucault’s devaluation of 167–9 Stoic extirpation of 12, 149–53, 237 insufficiency of 216, 221 Stoic theory of 188, 190 in Juvenal, Satire 10 102 Stoic therapy of 265 opposed to passion in Senecan tragedy 10, Persius 85, 92, 104 16–19, 66, 222, 225–7, 231 persona 9, 24, 28, 59, 170, 234, 253 passions dependent on the assent of 190, 196

Index 303

persuasive force of, in Stoic progress 214 On Anger 14, 54, 72–4, 76, 83, 84, 86–7, 89, rational choice (prohairesis) 76 90, 98, 100–1, 110, 152, 158, 160–87, 190, rational consciousness in Medea 229 203, 216–17, 251, 255 rational soul as self 48, 177, 178, 202, On Beneﬁts 121, 147–8, 190, 194, 202, 255, 204 266–81 reason, passion, and rhetoric in Senecan On Clemency 13, 59, 82, 98, 100–1, 128, 130, tragedy 237–54, 265–6 151, 157–9, 255 Seneca’s praise of, in On Anger 184 On Constancy 80, 122, 127–8, 199, 204 submission to 154–6 On Leisure 80–1, 126 virtue equivalent to right reason 258–60 On Providence 13, 122–4, 126, 158, 256, 260–1 M. Atilius Regulus 54, 132 On the Happy Life 116, 120–5, 133, 146, 147, revenge 203, 210 and the power of the past in Senecan tragedy On the Shortness of Life 80–1, 124, 127, 206–7 234 On Tranquility 60–3, 80–1, 126, 128, 133–4, Epictetus’ critique of tragic revenge 89 151, 156, 190, 207, 255, 267 in Euripides’ Medea 74 Phaedra 65–78, 249 in Seneca’s Medea 66–8, 77, 229, 230, 233, Thyestes 16, 18–19, 221–8, 231, 234–5, 242, 251, 234 266–70, 281 in Seneca’s Thyestes 222–3 Trojan Women 18–19, 266, 270–82 Rist, J. 258 Serenus 60–2 Roller, M. 14, 154, 174, 204 Sextius, Q. 55–7, 160–1, 166, 173–6, 179–84 Rozin, P. 107–8 sickness 83, 149–50, 258 slavery/servitude/slave/servitus/servus sage/sapiens/sophos and suicide as freedom 264 alone free 147, 148 and the occurrent self 31 and love, in Panaetius 150 and the tyranny of fortune 120, 124 and political life 7 as metaphor in Seneca’s thought 13–14, 188, and self-examination 19 214 and suicide 258 enslavement to honors 205 and the Senecan Medea 16 in Seneca’s Troades 280–1 asaworkofart209–11 slavery, freedom, and the self 139–59 detachment of 88 slavish never to be angry, on the Aristotelian goal and model of Stoic progress 5, 28, 32, 36, view 100 201 Tantalus’ shade enslaved, in Seneca’s Thyestes in Persius’ Satires 104 268–70 likened to a gladiator by Seneca 256 the powerful compared to slaves 130 likened to a soldier by Sextius 179 unreason equivalent to slavery 127 protected by philosophy 203 Socrates Seneca’s disavowal of sagehood 239 and embodiment as enslavement in the Sallust 146, 158 Phaedo 145 Schiesaro, A. 6, 16–17 and Foucault’s reading of the Alcibiades 19, Seneca 48–52 Agamemnon 252–4 as paradigm of sagehood 28, 80, 82, 133–4 Apocolocyntosis 6, 10–12, 84–112, 131, 162 on death, in the Apology 18 Consolation to Helvia 124, 197–8, 244 self-image as soldier at his post in the Apology Consolation to Marcia 116, 124, 128, 198, 200, 122–3, 136–7 256, 264, 271 Sophocles 27, 108 Consolation to Polybius 162, 256–7, 264, 274 Sotion 166 Letters 5, 17, 20, 23, 35–6, 39–43, 53–4, 56–64, soul 72, 80, 81, 84–6, 88–91, 100, 103, 104, 122, and metaphors of slavery 141, 144–8, 188 125–7, 130–4, 139–59, 170, 178, 180–4, as subject, on Foucault’s reading 9, 48 192–7, 199–200, 202–7, 209–16, 246–52, fashioned like a work of art 212, 213 255–64, 266, 271, 274, 278 immortality of 134 Medea 16, 65–78, 228–35, 249–50 in Heraclitus Natural Questions 53, 278 Nero as soul of body politic 129

304 Index

soul (cont.) Ulysses 273–6, 278, 281 Pythagorean purification of 166 unity/unitary joy of 86 and parts of the soul in Plato and Aristotle relationtobodyinSeneca57, 190 45–6, 76 ruling faculty of (h¯egemonikon)asself19, 46, defining element of Senecan self 4, 35 177, 178, 252 unitary soul and Senecan tragedy 75, seen as occupying a space within the body 252 201–4 unity of soul in Stoicism 10, 16, 65–6, seen as using the body, in Alcibiades 50–1 71–2 therapeutic improvement of 61–2 Suetonius 162 Varro 92 suicide Veyne P. 8, 41–3, 46, 49, 63, 168–9, as escape and liberation 126, 257–65, 269 203 Cato’s 123, 158 Virgil 93, 101, 271–3 in Senecan tragedy 69, 278–81 Vogt, K. 216 rational exit and Stoic calculus 18–19, 132 Seneca’s, ordered by Nero 255 Wallace-Hadrill, A. 185 Swift, J. 110–11 Williams, B. 4 syllogism 216, 247, 248 Williams, G. D. 198 wisdom/sapientia Tacitus 112, 157, 255 and love, in Panaetius 150 Tantalus 223, 225–6, 234, 266–70, 278 as a kingdom 121 Taylor, C. 4, 15, 34–5, 43 as artisan of human life 212 Theseus 69–70, 75 difficulty of approach to 214 Thom, J. 175 in the Apocolocyntosis 105 Thyestes 16, 221–8, 231, 234–5, 242, 251, 266–70, particularism in Seneca’s view of 247 278, 281 political metaphors in the search for 140 Tr a i n a , A . 176 self-knowledge essential to 143 tranquility 22, 62, 136, 166, 171, 185 Senecan tragedy as a roadmap to 238 tyrant/tyranny simulated anger not incompatible with 10 and good kingship, in On Clemency 130 Stoic wisdom questioned in Senecan tragedy Augustus in the Res Gestae as liberator 157 7, 18 Cato as enemy of tyranny 132 the only freedom 147 Claudius as tyrant in the Apocolocyntosis 97 Wray, D. 6, 17–18, 255, 265–6, 282 fortune as tyrant 13, 117, 120, 124–7, 135–6 in Senecan tragedy 15–19 Xenophanes 193 pains and pleasures as tyrants 146 Socrates under the Thirty 133 Zeno 88, 197, 259