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INTERNATIONAL REVIEW FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman Akio Morishima Chair of the Board of Directors, President Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan Editorial Board Yoshiaki Asano Tae Yong Jung Senior Research Fellow, IGES Freshwater Resources Project Leader, IGES Climate Policy Project, Japan Management Project, Japan Hoesung Lee Keith Bezanson President, Council on Energy and Environment Korea, Korea Director, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, United Kingdom Hideyuki Mori Project Leader, IGES Long-Term Perspective and Policy Integration Project, Japan Takashi Gunjima Professor, Doshisha University, Japan / Sub Project Leader, Masaaki Naito IGES Business and Sustainable Society Project, Japan Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University, Japan / Project Leader, IGES Business and Sustainable Society Project, Japan Ryokichi Hirono Professor Emeritus, Seikei University, Japan Shinichiro Ohgaki Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Hidefumi Imura Tokyo, Japan / Project Leader, IGES Freshwater Resources Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya Management Project, Japan University, Japan / Project Leader, IGES Urban Environmental Management Project, Japan Tongroj Onchan Makoto Inoue President, The Mekong Environment and Resource Institute, Thailand Associate Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan / Project Leader, Rajendra K. Pachauri IGES Forest Conservation Project, Japan Director General, The Energy and Resources Institute, India / Peter de Janosi Chair, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Senior Advisor, LEAD International, United States of America Secretariat Hiroyasu Tokuda, Yuichi Mori, Masuji Uchida, Akiko Sato Aims and Scope The International Review for Environmental Strategies (IRES) is a peer-reviewed biannual journal aimed at disseminating strategically oriented environmental research to the world. This scope is global, although priority may be given to issues of special concern to the Asia-Pacific region. Guided by the principles of timeliness and accessibility, the journal publishes original, high-quality papers that take multidisciplinary, integrated approaches to sustainable development. In doing so, it seeks to promote and facilitate dialogue between stakeholders. The journal is published in English in order to reach a broad audience; however, papers are reviewed in terms of quality and utility, rather than for language proficiency. IRES invites the submission of any paper whose broad aim is to contribute to effective environmental strategies for sustainable development. The journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts from researchers as well as policymakers and other stakeholders, and encourages the submission of papers from authors from developing countries. IRES recognizes that effective strategic thinking about the environment requires a wide range of approaches: from grassroots and participatory methods, empirical and scientific methodologies, to the analysis of policies and laws. The target audience of IRES includes not only researchers, but also members of non-governmental organizations, policymakers and other stakeholders. IRES is published by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), an international research institute that strives to develop innovative environmental policy instruments. The editorial board of IRES consists of external members and internal members from IGES. The IRES Editorial Board holds two meetings a year, during which submissions and comments of the peer-reviewers are read and evaluated. Articles and Research Notes are evaluated by at least two reviewers. International Review for Environmental Strategies Volume 4 Number 2 2003 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Japan Orders and product inquires: Please contact the IGES Secretariat, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies c/o IRES, 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115 Japan; Tel: +81-46-855-3730; Fax: +81-46-855-3739; E-mail: [email protected]. Submissions: For queries relating to the general submission of manuscripts including electronic text, and the status of accepted manuscripts, please contact the IGES Secretariat, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies c/o IRES; Tel: +81-46-855-3730; Fax: +81-46-855-3739; E-mail: [email protected]. © 2003 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. All rights reserved. Exclusive copyrights of papers in IRES belong to IGES. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from IGES. Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the printing of a book or translation does not imply IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or the endorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy. Hence conclusions that are reached in IGES publications should be understood to be those of the authors and not attributed to staff-members, officers, directors, trustees, funders, or to IGES itself. Copy-Edit: Caspar Trimmer Print: Sato Printing Co. Ltd. International Review for Environmental Strategies Editor’s Note The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, IGES, completed its second research project phase in March 2004. This three-year period has been a time of growth for IGES; relocation to a new, larger research facility, expanding research staff, and strengthened research activities. In accordance with this growth, the International Review for Environmental Strategies (IRES), IGES’s academic journal, has broadened its horizon. During the second phase, IRES featured special issues, focusing on a selection of critical topics: issues at the Earth Summit (vol. 2, no. 2), globalization and sustainable development (vol. 3, no. 1), sustainable freshwater resource management (vol. 3, no. 2), and environmental education and sustainable development (vol. 4, no. 1). This new issue of IRES does not have any special theme, but consists of papers submitted on a diverse range of environmental topics. Readers will find enlightening articles by expert contributors on: environmental education, global climate policy, urban growth management, financing renewable energy, balancing trade and environmental concerns in free trade agreements, and many other issues. Ko Nomura of IGES, Latipah Hendarti of RMI—the Indonesian Institute for Forest and Environment, and Osamu Abe of Rikkyo University present a case study of PPLH-Seloliman, an NGO-run environmental education center in Indonesia, analyzing the keys to its success—particularly its financial self-sufficiency—and looking for policy implications for the support of such centers in developing countries. Their analysis also breaks new academic ground by applying the theoretical concept of “change agency” to the center. Suraje Dessai of the University of East Anglia, Nuno S. Lacasta of the Portuguese Ministry of Urban Affairs, and Katharine Vincent of the University of East Anglia review the troubled political history of the Kyoto Protocol up to the New Delhi meeting, examining the complex interplay of interests and bargaining power. They also assess the Protocol and its place in the context of the international climate regime and other environmental negotiations. Byungseol Byun of the Korean Environmental Institute and Hee-Yun Hwang of Chungbuk National University look to international experiences in search of solutions to the rapid but uncoordinated growth of cities in the Republic of Korea. They argue that conservation and urban development can still co-exist in Korea and propose a new comprehensive land management program for the country based on strict, coordinated zoning that takes into account timing, infrastructure development among other factors. Miao Chang, Mushtaq Memon, and Hidefumi Imura of IGES argue the case for public-private partnerships to urban environmental infrastructure development to keep pace with the rapid growth of China’s cities. They also examine the policy and institutional changes that will be necessary to make such partnerships work. In a research paper, Akanksha Chauery and Yuvaraj Dinesh Babu of TERI and Gueye Kamal of IGES present interim findings of a study on innovative financing options for renewable energy. They examine the role of different financing sources in the development of renewable energy technologies. They focus on two technologies that are relatively mature in India—grid-connected wind power and domestic solar 163 Vol. 4, No. 2 International Review for Environmental Strategies 2003 photovoltaic systems—and trace how their financing has changed as they have moved from the initial research and development phase towards commercialization Kenichi Imai and Gueye Kamal of IGES examine how, and how far, trade and environmental concerns are harmonized in free-trade agreements concluded in the Asia-Pacific region. They compare the different approaches with that adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO), and identify what implications this has for agreements in the region as well as the WTO’s future direction. Nachin Dashunyam looks at current trends in livestock herding in Mongolia and how they are linked to the country’s critical environmental problems, particularly desertification. His paper concludes with recommendations for ways