Cromartie Memorial Car Park Dingwall, Highland

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CROMARTIE MEMORIAL CAR PARK DINGWALL, HIGHLAND

Archaeological Excavation

2012

Data Structure Report (with radiocarbon dates)

REPORT INFORMATION SHEET

Project Title THING Project / Dingwall Thing Project

Council Area Highland

HER Index MHG16352

NGR NH 54979 58911

Project Manager Dr Oliver J T O’Grady

Contact Detail OJT Heritage

28B Wilson Street

Perth, PH2 0EX

t: 07821155677

e: [email protected]

w: www.ojtheritage.com

Text Dr Oliver J T O’Grady

Illustrations Dr Oliver J T O’Grady

Fieldwork Dr Oliver J T O’Grady

Stephen Digney

Schedule

Fieldwork September 2012

Report March, May, June 2013

Front page: Local school pupils visit the excavation to learn about the THING Project (© Frank Bradford).

Text and images are copyright to the author, unless otherwise stated. ©Dr Oliver JT O’Grady

CONTENT

1.0 NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY………………………………..……………………….3

2.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………3-4

3.0 AIM & OBJECTIVES…………….………………………………………………………4

4.0 METHOD………………………………..………………………………………………..4

5.0 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………….…....5-9

6.0 INTERPRETATION…………………………………………………………………10-12

7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………...12

8.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..12

FIGURES……………………………………………...……………………………..13-26

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………..27-50

1.0 NON TECHNICAL SUMMARY

1.1 This report presents the technical results from archaeological excavation and geophysical survey at the Cromartie Memorial Car Park, Dingwall in Highland Council, during September 2012. The archaeological works were commissioned by Dingwall History Society on behalf of The Highland Council as part of a programme of public dissemination activities celebrating the THING Project, funded by the European Commission Northern Peripheries Fund. A schedule of outreach and educational activities were also delivered in parallel to the excavation, including guided tours for local school pupils, display of information posters, interviews with BBC Alba and local press, and a day conference.

1.2 The Cromartie Memorial Car Park has been identified as the site of Dingwall’s Viking assembly site or ‘thing’. The car park was previously the site of an earth mound known by the late medieval period as the Moothill and adapted as a burial mausoleum for the Mackenzie family from at least the early 18th century. The archaeological investigations aimed to undertake an initial evaluation of the site to assess the presence or absence of archaeologically sensitive remains and characterise the form, nature and date of any remains encountered. Results of this evaluation can now be compared with a review of the site’s history, landscape and other known Viking thing sites.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Location

2.1.1 The excavation was undertaken in the Cromartie Memorial Car Park, which is flanked by Church Street on the west and north (FIG 1). The car park is located a short distance north of Dingwall High Street at approximately 3m OD and opposite Dingwall Old Parish Church. Dingwall is in Ross-shire part of the Dingwall, Seaforth and Black Isle Ward of Highland Council. The canalised lower reaches of the River Peffery are located a sort distance to the north, 1.5km from its confluence with the Cromarty Firth. Dingwall is located at the head of Strathpeffer.

2.2 Background

2.2.1 OJT Heritage was commissioned by Dingwall History Society to undertake an archaeological excavation at Cromarty Memorial Car Park. This formed part of a public dissemination event for the THING Project, in which The Highland Council was a partner organization. The event was delivered in collaboration with Dingwall History Society’s ‘Dingwall Thing Project’. The excavation was commissioned to broaden public appreciation and awareness of Dingwall’s archaeology and work of the THING Project, and to advance understanding of the archaeological remains of the mound site, which has been proposed as the site of Dingwall’s Viking thing.

2.3 Archaeological and Historical Background

2.3.1 A full archaeological and historic background for the site can be found in previous reporting on geophysical survey at the car park (O’Grady 2011) and in a full report on the site’s local history by Dingwall History Society (MacDonald 2013).

3.0 AIMS & OBJECTIVES

3.1 The objectives of the archaeological works and reporting were: i.) To determine the character, extent, condition, date and quality of archaeological remains at Cromartie Memorial Car Park, with specific focus on potential Viking Age archaeology. ii.) To assess the extent of survival of the archaeological remains following modern demolition activity and formulate a revised research agenda for the site that can guide future investigation and management of the site. iii.) Support outreach and public dissemination for the THING Project.

4.0 METHOD

4.1 The excavations were informed by a dedicated Project Design (O’Grady 2012). A machine digger was used to remove the tarmac and aggregate overburden. Deposit (002) was then excavated in spits using a machine with a toothless bucket. The machine encountered difficulties exiting the trench due to the inexperience of the driver. This led to a small amount of disturbance of clays at the south-east end of the trench by the machine tracks. Following exposure of in situ archaeological deposits all cleaning and excavation was undertaken by hand. The 2m wide trench was stepped to 1m wide when it became apparent that the deposits would extend to depth in excess of 1m. Deposits and archaeological features were recorded in plan and section using individually numbered context records. Finds and environmental samples were assigned individual index numbers. A photographic register and a reflective day book were also kept. A topographic survey was commissioned by Ross and Cromarty Archaeological Services to record in 3D the trench location, main archaeological deposits, levels and find locations. The site was returned to its original condition by a separate certificated contractor under supervision of The Highland Council. Further information regarding excavation methods can be referred to in the Project Design (O’Grady 2012).

5.0 RESULTS

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 The fieldwork was undertaken by a team of two archaeologists, supervising two to five local volunteers, during September 2012. The weather conditions were variable, with occasional prolonged periods of heavy rain.

5.1.2 The various data gathered from the fieldwork are presented as a series of appendices:

i) Appendix 1 Site plans; ii) Appendix 2 Context register; iii) Appendix 3 Stratigraphic matrices; iv) Appendix 4 Drawing register; v) Appendix 5 Photographic register; vi) Appendix 6 Finds and bone register; vii) Appendix 7 Sample register; viii) Appendix 8 Pottery assessment; ix) Appendix 9 Radiocarbon date technical reports;

5.2 Geophysical Survey

5.2.1 A ground penetrating radar survey was undertaken by OJT Heritage over the Cromartie Memorial Car Park in 2011 (O’Grady 2011). This revealed the historic footprint of a mound beneath the car park tarmac and indicated the location of reclaimed estuary muds on the north and east side of the car park (these deposits were initially interpreted as a man-made ditch, but this interpretation was subsequently revised following examination of historic maps). The survey also provided indications of structures, disturbance and modern services across the mound site, including remains of a large rectangular enclosure wall around the obelisk memorial garden. Other features identified included an indentation at the north-west side of the mound edge, which was rectangular in plan and posited to be a bridge point or landing place. The excavation trench was located to investigate this area of mound with the aim of revealing the mound deposits, the rectangular enclosure wall and possible bridge/landing place. In the event a modern manhole was located too close to the proposed trench location and so the final location was moved a short distance to the NE, but still within target sample area.

5.3 Excavation

5.3.1 A 20m x 2m trench was opened across the NW side of the car park through the mechanical removal of surface tarmac and underlying aggregate (001). The trench was also positioned to avoid areas of modern services and suspected post-medieval ground disturbance (FIG 2).

Car park:

5.3.2 Loosely compacted aggregate (001) was removed from beneath the tarmac by machine. The aggregate was only a thin covering at the SE end of the trench adjacent the memorial garden wall. The aggregate was progressively deeper toward the NW at a maximum depth of 0.6m. In the section 5m from the NW edge of the trench this contained large sandstone rubble and masonry with cement fragments. This rubble may be the partial remains of a demolished post-medieval enclosure wall that previously surrounded the historic Hillyard (see O’Grady 2011). It was apparent that the differential depth of the aggregate had been laid down to create the gradual slope of the car park’s surface and has masked the original, more pronounced slope of the mound and its interface with the historic shoreline (FIG 3).

5.3.3 Below aggregate (001) in the NW half of the trench was mixed clay and sand (002). This comprised firmly compact bands of dark brown and bluish grey sands and clays. The exposed area of this deposit was 0.58m at thickest extent, 8.5m length and 2m wide. This was partially machined in spits and contained occasional sandstone and mortar fragments with frequent charcoal flecks and post-medieval pottery (FIG 4). The remainder of (002) was excavated by hand and treated as a single event. This was interpreted as a mixed demolition layer relating to bulldozing of the mound for construction of the car park in 1947. The mixed deposit appeared to contain re-deposited material from the upper deposits of the mound, with turf and possible fragments of the old Hillyard enclosure wall.

Memorial garden:

5.3.4 At the S end of the trench the concrete plinth (006) for a garden memorial wall sat in cut [007], which truncated sandy clay (008). The memorial wall was created around the Cromartie Memorial obelisk during the mid-20th century follow creation of the car park in the 1940s.

Post-medieval wall:

5.3.5 The remains of wall [004] were revealed 5.75m NW form the SE edge of the trench. This was revealed following removal of the aggregate (001). The upper 0.4m of the rubble remains of the wall were damaged by machine excavation and removed. The wall was composed of red sandstone and occasional yellow sandstone and grey mudstone irregular slabs averaging 0.3m x 0.5m across, some of which were rounded boulders (FIG 5). Smaller stones were in between the larger construction stones, bonded loosely with grey clay and some of the sandstone blocks had surface yellow/grey mortar. The wall crossed the trench obliquely in an E-W alignment (FIG 6). At the W end was a thin spread less than 0.1m thick of crushed stone and mortar marking a possible entrance. The remains represent only the foundations of the wall, which had been built into a u-shaped cut [005] through clays (012), (022), (021) and (009) (FIG 7). The wall had been truncated during the creation of car park in the 1940s.The exposed dimensions were 0.85m width, 0.5m height in section and 2.2m length from E to W. This feature correlated well with radar

anomaly M and is likely to be remains of a rectangular enclosure wall surrounding the Cromartie burial memorial (O’Grady 2011). The wall [004] may have been created at the same time as the mausoleum constructed on the death of the 1st Earl of Cromartie in 1714AD (O’Grady 2011).

5.3.6 At the SE base of (002) was small area of dark-greyish brown clay (003) with crushed mortar and red sandstone inclusions. This was firmly compact and measured 0.12m depth, 1.1m length and 2m exposed width. This overlay the NW side of (011) and (023), and was located in the angle of the berm formed by the truncated mound deposits (011). Clay (003) appears to have been a demolition deposit, which had gathered at the base of the mound’s edge and may contain material from wall [004] to the SE. This may be an earlier demolition than represented by (002) and could relate to a post-18th-century event affecting the mausoleum and wall [004], perhaps during the 19th century and coinciding with the excavation event documented by Fraser in 1875 (O’Grady 2011).

Estuary mud:

5.3.7 Below (002) at the NW end of the trench was purplish dark brown clay (010). This included sand, occasional small stone inclusions and charcoal flecks. Also present were occasional mollusc shells, post-medieval pottery and animal bone with the greatest concentrations of these finds at the deeper NW side. The exposed extent of the clay (010) was 8.5m long and varied in depth from 1.5m at the NW side, though the base was not located, to 0.2m depth at the SE where this deposit overlay sandy clay (023). This was interpreted as estuarine mud that had been laid down by tidal water action prior to land reclamation in this area (FIG 8). In support of this the location is shown as a tidal inlet on an 18th-century map of Dingwall (Brown 1790) and the area adjacent the site is described as the ‘common strype or fludder in which the sea enters’ in a sesine of 1802 (Pers com David MacDonald).

5.3.8 A 0.2m slot was excavated though (023) to locate the natural levels and confirm the sequence at the edge of the mound within the time limits of the evaluation (FIG 9). A 3.25m section of (023) was excavated to a maximum depth of 0.62m where this overlay clay (012) to the SE and peat/clay (024) to the NW. The NW edge of (023) was not located, but is presumed to extend further into the historic estuary inlet in a similar fashion to mud (010). The depth of (023) and subtle colour change down the section suggested this deposit may represent an extended episode of deposition. Thin-section soil samples were taken for detailed analysis. Finds included a small undiagnostic flake of mottled grey worked-flint found at the lower reaches of the sloping deposit at the interface with (024). This flint is probably prehistoric in derivation, but appears to be a secondary intrusion to (023) because this deposit can be shown to be stratigraphically later than deposits dated to the medieval period. Sandy clay (023) is interpreted as an estuarine deposit lain down by tidal action. Based on radiocarbon dates from (011) and (022) this was probably deposited between 11th and 13th century AD (see below), and this was supported by the finding of two redware pottery sherds dating to the late 12th or 13th century AD (Find Nos 004 and 006).

5.3.9 Beneath (023) at the north-west half of the slot was sloping deposit (024) a firmly compacted dark brown peat with thin light grey clay lenses (FIG 10). This was interpreted as remains of historic estuary deposits containing organic material in anaerobic conditions and compacted by the overburden of estuary muds. Thin-section and bulk soil samples were taken from (024). A fragment of well-preserved wood (0.25m x 0.15m x 0.03m) was recovered from (024) at the NNW corner of the slot. A radiocarbon date could be usefully taken from this wood to provide more information about the chronological sequence of estuary deposits. Peat and clay (024) overlay the lower NW edge of firm light-brownish grey sandy clay (025), which sloped down to the NW and formed part of the mound deposits described below.

Mound:

5.3.10 Wall [004] formed a division between the upper stratigraphic relationship of mound deposits to the SE and NW of the wall. On the N side of the wall were remains of the NW edge of the mound beneath clay and sand (002). Dark brown silty clay (011) was revealed as a compacted band starting 8.3m from the SE end of the trench (FIG 11 and 12). This contained occasional charcoal flecks; surface pottery and an iron object (Find no 003). Firmly compacted, (011) was truncated by demolition for creation of the car park and by historic wall [004]/[005]. The deposit was interpreted as remains of a man-made outer surface or a berm at edge of the mound. Pottery (Find No 004 and 006) from underlying deposits and radiocarbon dates SUERC-45299 and SUERC-45300 indicate that (011) was created no earlier than the 12th century AD and probably prior to the 17th century (Find no 002).

5.3.11 Deposit (011) overlay the S side of greyish dark-brown sandy clay (023) (FIG 11). The surface of (023) was visible beneath (003) NW of (011), and dived downward to the NW beneath estuary mud (010). When the surface of (023) was cleaned with (011) in situ this gave the impression of a small step at the edge of the mound, which may have been the surface appearance of the mound’s edge until the early 20th century (FIG 8).

5.3.12 Removal of a slot through (011) and (023) revealed the NW extent of bluish-grey clay (012), which extended to the NW edge of wall [004] where the deposit was truncated by cut [005]. This clay band was firmly compacted and contained very occasional flecks of charcoal. The thickest extent exposed was 0.49m deep and 1.25m in length from NW to SE. Although the original plan of (012) had been partially obscured by wall [004], in section it was apparent that the deposit formed a curved band of material which was interpreted as a construction layer of the mound (FIG 11). Below (012) was firm light- brownish-grey sandy clay (025). This was a thick band of clay that sloped down to the NW, 0.6m thick and 2.75m, and containing occasional patches of reddish-orange iron- oxide and charcoal flecks. This was truncated by [005] at the SE. Radiocarbon dates from the interface of (011) and (012) and the interface of cut [005] and deposit (021) have indicated that this part of the mound was probably created at a date before 1029- 1220calAD (95.4%, SUERC-45300) and after 980-1164calAD (95.4%, SUERC-45298).

5.3.13 SE of (025) and below wall [004] were two bands of dark grey clay. These were revealed in section and were stratigraphically earlier than (025). The bands (022) and (021) sloped down to the NW and appeared to curve round from the N to the SW, apparently part of the mound structure (FIG 11 and 13). Both clays contained occasional charcoal flecks and were truncated at an oblique angle by cut [005]. Charcoal retrieved from (022) returned a radiocarbon date 1046-1275calAD (95.4%, Corylus, SUERC-45297) and a sample from the base of [004]/[005] and interface with (021) 980-1164calAD (95.4%, pinus, SUERC-45298). These deposits may represent bands of construction material within the mound or deposits that formed historic ground levels on the mound, their burial beneath (025) and (012) perhaps indicating extension or maintenance of the mound.

5.3.14 Under (021) in the section to the SE was a bluish grey (mottled with orange) sandy clay (009). Truncation by cut [005] and creation of the car park had levelled deposits (021) and (009) to a similar horizontal plane (FIG 11). The exposed section of (009) was 0.5m maximum thickness and 6.7m length south-east to north-west. This also contained clay nodules, was firmly compacted and changed colour progressively to orange up slope. The colour change was perhaps a sign of water leaching effects from the adjacent historic estuary coastline. Clay (009) also contained occasional charcoal flecks and possible iron oxidisation. Above the SE end of (009) was orange-grey mottled sandy clay (008), containing a mixture of grey clay nodules with water seepage stains or iron panning near the base (FIG 14). The clays (008) and (009) were excavated by machine and mattock and contained no other inclusions. The composition and colours of these deposits gave a mottled/mixed appearance (FIG 15). Initially the substantial quantity and relative complexity of the soil matrix led to on-site interpretation as naturally deposited clays, the process unknown. However, subsequent analysis and radiocarbon dating has suggested (008) and (009) are in fact man-made deposits formed by re-deposited natural clays to elevate the core of the mound.

5.3.15 Within the lower part of (009) was a band of white/grey fine sand marking the interface between (009) and (016) (FIG 11). Orange and grey sandy clay (016) was firmly compact and exposed to 0.39m thickness and 5m length. The SE end of (016) sloped upward from a level base and thinned out toward interface with (009). Sloping (016) overlay a thin band of firm grey sandy clay (019), 0.15m thick and 3.2m in length exposed extent, which levelled out to the SE (FIG 11). A radiocarbon date sourced from charcoal (betula) sampled from (019) gave 1054-1281calAD (95.4%, SUERC-45301).

5.3.16 A 0.5m sondage was excavated below (019) 0.6m from the SE end of the trench. Below (019) was a thin crust of iron panning (017) less than 0.1m thick, under which was (018) a band of black/dark brown clay 0.1m thick with occasional charcoal fragments (FIG 11, 16 -17). This overlay clean clay (020) that was grey turning brown-white after 5cm depth and possibly natural. Clay (020) may be the same as clay (027) encountered below the edge of the mound at the NW. A radiocarbon date from charcoal (corylus) at the surface of (020) and (018) gave the result 1017-1189calAD (93.5%, SUERC-45296). The base of (020) was not reached, but if this deposit is natural clay then the overlying bands (018) and (017) are likely to be the remains of the mound’s primary construction material.

6.0 INTERPRETATION

6.1 Phasing

The results of the evaluation can inform an initial interpretation of the site phasing, though further analysis and excavation may be required to refine this model:

Phase I: 10th-11th Century / Thing

6.1.1 A natural headland at an inlet in the lower tidal reaches of the River Peffery and largely surrounded by estuary mud was adapted for the site of a large earth mound from approximately the mid-11th century AD. This phase encompasses the deposition of several layers of re-deposited clays ((018), (019), (016), (009), (008), (021), (022), (025) and (012)) to elevate the mound. The relatively thin banding of clays (021), (022) and (012) imply that the mound may have been added to during the life time of the site or created in a process involving at least two intervals of construction. At least part of the mound appears to have been built over existing tidal mud. The radiocarbon dates SUERC-45296 to SUERC-45301 indicate that this phase approximately covers the period early-11th century to mid-12th century AD, with an outside possibility of a start in the late 10th century AD. Further statistical analysis is likely to refine this dating.

Phase II: Medieval / Moothill

6.1.2 From approximately the 12th century AD the mound was augmented with the addition of a surface deposit or berm (011), following the build-up of estuary mud (023) at the edge of the site. This phase could relate to the use of the site as a medieval judicial assembly site and development of the Scots place-name Moothill. During this phase the medieval burgh of Dingwall was chartered in 1266.

Phase III: Post-medieval / Mausoleum

6.1.3 This phase relates to the end of the mound’s use as an assembly site and reuse for a burial mausoleum of the Mackenzie family from the 17th or 18th century. Wall [004] may be the remains of an enclosure wall created in 1714 to surround the 1st Earl of Cromartie’s burial mausoleum. Estuary mud (010) was also deposited during this phase, containing midden material from the town and adjacent mart. Into the 19th century this is likely to have led to the estuary inlet becoming largely silted up, before wholesale reclamation with canalisation of the River Peffery.

Phase IV: 20th century / Car Park

6.1.4 This relates to creation of the modern car park surface (001) following demolition of the mound in 1947 likely by bulldozing (002). The memorial garden wall [006]/(007) is also part of this modern phase of the site.

6.2 Conclusions

6.2.1 As an initial assessment of the archaeological remains in the Cromartie Memorial Car Park the evaluation has been successful. The excavations have confirmed the presence of important archaeological remains and indicated that the mound was man-made and probably created during the 11th century AD. This indicates that the mound was not beneath sea level by the late 1st millennium AD, though the location may have been within the tidal range before creation of mound. More research into the calculation of historic ocean levels in the Dingwall area and the extent of isostactic lift will help to confirm this. Although no artefacts dating to the Viking Age were discovered during this relatively small evaluation the radiocarbon dating provide strong scientific evidence to support the interpretation that the mound was created during the period of late Norwegian political influence in Ross-shire and wider NE Scotland. The lack of substantial occupation remains or burial activity is also further circumstantial evidence that the mound was created for an assembly site or thing. Confirmation that the Dingwall mound was man-made is a significant discovery as this makes the site only the second purpose- built court mound to have been excavated in Britain to date (the other was a mound created for an Anglo-Saxon hundred meeting place, see Adkins and Petchey 1984). The evidence for medieval augmentation of the mound and limited pottery finds, which may be residual from the neighbouring burgh, can be interpreted as evidence for reuse of the mound as a Moothill for assemblies serving a medieval franchise court.

6.2.2 Discovery of a residual prehistoric worked-flint is a reminder that the estuary coast was attractive for settlement in the ancient past and is important evidence for prehistoric activity in the Dingwall area. The Pictish symbols stone at the adjacent Old Parish Church also indicates that the assembly mound was created at a location of existing social and political importance. The landscape setting was also likely to have been an important factor in the creation of the mound at a place central to overland and sea route-ways and by a river crossing point. More information about the paleoenvironment will be forthcoming from the analysis of the bulk soil and thin-section samples. The general reconstructed historic landscape of the site has notable similarities to the Law Ting Holm at Tingwall on Mainland Shetland at a headland in water within a major valley system and by a medieval church site. The Dingwall thing may have been created with the Shetland Lawting setting as an exemplar. The 11th century AD dating of the Dingwall mound may be linked to the activities of Earl Thorfinn the Mighty in NE Scotland as recounted in the Orkneyinga Saga. The substantial man-power and effort required to create a monument on the scale of the Dingwall mound would also seem in keeping with the establishment of a major regional judicial and administrative centre.

6.3 Revised research questions

A series of revised research questions can be recommended based on the excavation findings that should be used to inform future investigations at the site and management of the archaeological resource:

1) What is the date of the wooden fragment recovered from peat in the lower deposits of the estuary inlet?

2) Can analysis reveal more about the metal found in the excavation (Find No 003)?

3) What can analysis of the excavation soil samples reveal about the past environment?

4) Are there Late Viking artefacts at the site that can support and refine the dating indicated by the radiocarbon dates and support the site’s use as a thing?

5) Were the wooden remains discovered during the evaluation associated with a larger structure such as a landing site, bridge or platform?

6) Was the site used for assemblies or other activities during the 1st millennium AD prior to creation of the mound?

7) What was the extent of the natural headland on which the mound was built?

8) What was the extent of prehistoric activity at the site?

7.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express sincere thanks to Dingwall History Society for commissioning the works. This project would not have been possible without the support of the European Commission funded Northern Peripheries THING Project and The Highland Council. Thanks also to The Highland Council for organising temporary closure of the car park for the purposes of excavation and survey, and for outreach support. Kind thanks also to local volunteers, members of NOSAS and Dingwall History Society who assisted with the excavations. Permission for the works was granted by The Highland Council and Historic Scotland and The Highland Council Archaeological Service were invited to comment on the excavation design prior to work beginning

8.0 REFERENCES

Adkins, RA and Petchey, MR 1984 ‘Secklow hundred mound and other meeting-place mounds in England’, Archaeological Journal, 141: 243-51.

O’Grady, OJT 2008 ‘The Setting and Practice of Open-air Judicial Assemblies in Medieval Scotland’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Glasgow (http://theses.gla.ac.uk/506/).

O’Grady, OJT 2011 ‘Cromartie Memorial Car Park, Dingwall, Highland: Report on Geophysical Survey’, unpublished DSR prepared for Dingwall History Society.

O’Grady, OJT 2012 ‘Project Design for Archaeological Excavation at Cromartie Memorial Car Park’, project design prepared for Dingwall History Society.

FIGURES:

Figure 1. Location map.

Figure 2. Trench location plan.

Figure 3. Working photo showing removal by machine of aggregate (001) and difference between modern gradient of car park and the truncated mound deposits, looking SW (Photo No 5812).

Figure 4. SW facing section showing demolition layer (002) above estuary mud (010) (Photo No 5979).

Figure 5. Pre-excavation photograph of wall [004] looking NE (Photo No 5864).

Figure 6. Pre-excavation plan showing wall [004] (feature 1) and deposit (011) (feature 2).

Figure 7. Pre-excavation view to NW (Photo No 5873) and pre-excavation plan (Dwg No 1).

Figure 8. Pre-excavation estuary mud (010) with mound deposits beyond (Photo No 5882).

Figure 9. NE facing section of slot through edge of mound and estuary muds (Dwg No 3).

Figure 10. NE facing section of slot through edge of mound and estuary muds (Photo No 5966).

Figure 11. SW-facing section, SE end) (Dwg No 2).

Figure 12. SW-facing section, NW end (Dwg No 2).

Figure 13. NE-facing section showing dark band (021) and clay (009) (Photo No 5957).

Figure 14. Post-excavation view showing (008) and (009) looking NW (Photo No 5944).

Figure 15. SW-facing section detail of mixed clays (008), (009) and (016) (Photo No 5973).

Figure 16. Post-excavation plan (Dwg No 4).

Figure 17. Post-excavation view looking SE (Photo No 5999).

APPENDIX 1: SITE PLANS BASED ON TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

All plans produced by Cathy McIver and background mapping courtesy The Highland Council and open source Ordnance Survey data ©Crown Copyright.

APPENDIX 2: CONTEXT REGISTER

No Description Dimensions Interpretation Date Sample Below Above 0.32m thickest extent, 20m length (exposed), 2m Tarmac and rubble width Tarmac and 001 aggregate base. (exposed). rubble base. Modern 002 Mixed clay and sand. Firmly compacted bands of dark brown and bluish grey sands and clays. Inclusions of sandstone fragments and Mixed mortar close to demolition break of slope of layer. mound. Frequent Possibly charcoal flecks. bulldozing Partially machined, event for but mainly dug by construction hand treated as one of car park. event although Layers of contains 0.58m thickest scarped bands/lenses. No extent, c.8m material contamination. length pushed over Occasional (exposed), 2m edge of 20th/19th century width mound for 002 pottery. (exposed). levelling. 1940s 001 003, 010 Destruction deposit filling base of Firmly compact hill/berm. May dark greyish brown contain clay with crushed 0.12m depth, material from mortar and red 1.1m length, wall [004] up ?Post- sandstone 2m width slope to 18th 003 inclusions. (exposed). south. century 002 011 Red sandstone, irregular slabs, occasional yellow sandstone and grey mudstone, larger stones 0.3m x 0.5m across, some Possible rounded. Smaller c.0.85m width, enclosure wall stone placed in survives to a foundation for between larger height of 0.5m 18th-century stones and bonded in section, mausoleum to ?Early loosely with grey 2.2m length Earl of 18th 004 clay. Some of the (exposed). Cromartie. century 001 005

sandstone blocks have yellow/grey mortar on surface. Crosses trench in E-W direction, with a thin spread, less than 10cm thick of crushed stone and mortar at west end marking a possible entrance. Truncated by 1940s car park and machining. Linear cut for wall foundation. Flat base, vertical sides. Closely fitting wall foundation. Truncated by machine, and bulldozed for car c.0.6m depth, Cut for ?18th 005 park construction. 0.9m width. enclosure wall century 004 012, 009 Concrete foundation plinth for modern memorial wall, protruding Modern wall 0.27m into trench. foundation for Concrete has been memorial 006 poured into cut. c.0.12m thick. garden. Modern 001 007 Cut for foundation of memorial garden Modern wall wall, filled with Full extent not foundation 007 poured concrete. exposed. cut. Modern 006 008 Firmly compacted orangey grey mottled sandy clay. Contains grey clay nodules with water seepage stains / panning near base. Very occasional patches of dark brown silty clay at SE side. Truncated Redeposited by car park natural clay construction and forming core [007] garden of mound and memorial wall. containing Excavated by 0.3m thickest occasional ?11th- machine and extent, c.6-7m decayed turf 12th 008 mattock. length. fragments. century 007 009

Firmly compacted bluish grey (mottled with orange) sandy clay, turning to more orange up slope. Sandy clay with clay nodules and water leaching effects. Both 008 and 009 have a mottled/mixed look. Occasional charcoal flecks or oxidisation? Redeposited Truncated Up to 0.5m natural clay horizontally by car thickness forming core park construction (explored), of mound. ?11th- and vertically by 6.7m long Same as 12th 009 wall (004)/[005]. extent. (008)? century 005, 021 016 Firmly compact purplish dark brown clay with sand and occasional stone inclusions and charcoal flecks. Occasional mollusc c.10m long, shells, post- c.1.5m medieval pottery thickness Estuarine Post- 010 and animal bone. exposed. mud. medieval 002 023 Firmly compact dark brown silty clay. Occasional Charcoal flecks. Medieval pottery and iron object on surface. Truncated by construction of Medieval cap park and on Man-made (?late west side by wall 0.4m thickest edge/berm of 12th 011 (004)/[005]. extent. mound. century) 003 023 Firm bluish grey clay. Occasional reddish-orange iron oxide patches (leeching?). Very occasional charcoal 0.49m thickest fragments. extent, c2m Man-made ?11th- Truncated by wall length body of 12th 012 (004)/[005]. exposed. mound. century 023 024, 022 Patch of dark brown silty clay. Same as 013 008. Same as 008 See 008 007 009 Patch of dark brown silty clay. Same as 014 008. Same as 008 See 008 007 009

0.2m thickest Band of white/grey extent, 0.5m ?11th- fine sand within length Redeposited 12th 015 (009) and (016). exposed. sand. century 005, 021 016 0.39m thickest Redeposited extent, 0.5m natural clay ?11th- Firm orange and length forming core 12th 016 grey sandy clay. exposed. of mound. century 009 017 c.0.05m thick exposed, 0.5m ?11th- Band/crust of iron length Core of 12th 017 panning. exposed. mound. century 019 018 Redeposited natural clay c.0.1m thick forming core exposed, 0.5m of mound / ?11th- Band of black/dark length ?old ground 12th 018 brown clay. exposed. surface. century 017 020 c.0.15m thick Redeposited exposed, 0.5m natural clay ?11th- Firm grey sandy length forming core 12th 019 clay. exposed. of mound. century 009 017 Clean grey to brown-white clay. ?Natural. Surface partially 0.5m length ?Same 020 exposed. exposed. ?Natural. as (027). 018 Grey clay and charcoal flecks. Band sloping down c.0.1m thick Band of man- ?11th- to north. Truncated exposed, 1m made mound 12th 021 by wall [005]. width exposed. material. century 022 009 c.015m thick Band of man- ?11th- Grey clay with exposed, 1m made mound 12th 022 charcoal flecks. width exposed. material. century 012 021 Firm greyish dark brown sandy clay. Sloping down to c.0.6m thick north. Beneath exposed, 1m mound material width exposed, Historic (011). Worked flint- c.2m length estuarine 023 core find. exposed. clay. Medieval 010, 011 012 Firmly compact Compacted dark brown peat organic matter with grey clay c.0.2m thick, beneath ?11th- lenses. Wood 0.2m width estuarine 12th 024 fragment. exposed. clays. century 012 025 Firm light-brownish Redeposited grey sandy clay. natural clay ?11th- Sloping down to forming flank 12th 025 north. of mound. century 024 026 Surface Firm light bluish exposed, 0.2m 026 grey clay. width exposed, ?Natural. ?Natural 025 027

c.2m length exposed. Partial surface exposed at south end of slot, 0.5m x ?Natural. Brown-white clay. 0.2m area ?Same as 027 Clean. exposed. (020). ?Natural. 025, 026

APPENDIX 3: STRATIGRAPHIC MATRICES

APPENDIX 4: DRAWING REGISTER

DWG no Scale Name Description Pre-ex Plan of trench showing wall (004) and (011) after removal of tarmac 1 1:20 plan (001) and (002) SW Post-excavation section of SW facing side of trench. Shows upper 2 1:20 section section and lower stepped section. NE section Detail of NE facing section showing relationship between (011), (012), 3 1:10 detail (025) and tidal muds (010) and (023). Post-ex 4 1:20 plan Post-excavation plan of trench.

APPENDIX 5: PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER

No Date Description Direction (facing) 5779 to 5800 11/09/12 General view prior to tarmac removal. Various 5801 to 5817 11/09/12 Working shots of tarmac removal. Various 5818 to 5822 11/09/12 Shots of post-medieval tile. n/a 5823 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. SE 5824 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. SE 5825 12/09/12 General view of N end of trench before cleaning. N Working detail of memorial wall base (006) and 5826 12/09/12 clay (008). SE 5827 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. SE 5828 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. SE 5829 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. SE 5830 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. N Working detail of memorial wall base (006) and 5831 12/09/12 clay (008). NE 5832 12/09/12 Working shot of cleaning after tarmac removal. N 5833 12/09/12 Working detail of wall (004) after tarmac removal. N 5834 12/09/12 Working detail of wall (004) after tarmac removal. N North end of trench after tarmac removal and 5835 12/09/12 cleaning showing (008). NW North end of trench after tarmac removal and 5836 12/09/12 cleaning showing (008). NW 5837 12/09/12 General view of trench after tarmac removal and NW

cleaning showing clay (008), wall (004), mud (010). General view of trench after tarmac removal and cleaning showing clay (008), wall (004), mud 5838 12/09/12 (010). NW Working detail of N end of SW facing section 5839 12/09/12 showing (002) over mud (010). NE Working general view after tarmac removal during 5840 12/09/12 cleaning. SE Working shot of S end of trench after tarmac 5841 12/09/12 removal and cleaning. E Working shot of N end of trench after tarmac 5842 12/09/12 removal and during cleaning. NE Working shot of N end of trench after tarmac removal and during removal of (002), showing mud 5843 12/09/12 (010), clay (011), (012) and wall (004). NE Working shot of S end of trench after tarmac 5844 12/09/12 removal and cleaning. Showing wall (004). E 5845 12/09/12 General view of memorial garden and obelisk. SE Working shot of S end of trench during cleaning 5846 13/09/12 after removal of demolition layer (002). W Working shot of cleaning showing mound edge 5847 13/09/12 (011) after removal of (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing mound edge 5848 13/09/12 (011) after removal of (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing S end of trench 5849 13/09/12 and obelisk after removal of (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing S end of trench, (011), (004), (008), and obelisk after removal of 5850 13/09/12 (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing S end of trench, (011), (004), (008), and obelisk after removal of 5851 13/09/12 (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing S end of trench, (011), (004), (008), and obelisk after removal of 5852 13/09/12 (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing S end of trench, (011), (004), (008), and obelisk after removal of 5853 13/09/12 (002). SE Working shot of cleaning showing N end of trench 5854 13/09/12 after removal of (002). NW 5855 13/09/12 Working detail of (011) and (023) after cleaning. N Working shot of trench during cleaning and after 5856 13/09/12 rain, after removal of (002). NW 5857 13/09/12 Working detail of (011) and (023) after cleaning. N

Working view of S end of trench after removal of 5858 13/09/12 (002) and rain. SE Working view of S end of trench after removal of 5859 13/09/12 (002) and rain. Julie Gibson site visit. SE Working view of trench after removal of (002) and 5860 13/09/12 rain. Julie Gibson site visit. SE Working view of trench after removal of (002) and 5861 13/09/12 rain. Julie Gibson site visit. SE Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5863 14/09/12 cleaning. NE Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5864 14/09/12 cleaning. NE Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5865 14/09/12 cleaning. SW Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5866 14/09/12 cleaning. SW Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5867 14/09/12 cleaning. NW Detail of wall (004) after removal of tarmac and 5868 14/09/12 cleaning. NW Detail of mound edge (011) after removal of tarmac 5869 14/09/12 and cleaning. SW Detail of mound edge (011) after removal of tarmac 5870 14/09/12 and cleaning. SW General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5871 14/09/12 cleaning. NW General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5872 14/09/12 cleaning. NW General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5873 14/09/12 cleaning. NW Detail of (008) and (009) after removal of tarmac 5874 14/09/12 and cleaning. NW General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5875 14/09/12 cleaning. NW General view of S end of trench after removal of 5876 14/09/12 tarmac and cleaning, showing car park context. E General view of S end of trench after removal of 5877 14/09/12 tarmac and cleaning, showing car park context. E General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5878 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5879 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5880 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5881 14/09/12 cleaning. SE

General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5882 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5883 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5884 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5885 14/09/12 cleaning. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5886 14/09/12 cleaning, with obelisk. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5887 14/09/12 cleaning, with obelisk. SE General view of trench after removal of tarmac and 5888 14/09/12 cleaning, with obelisk. SE General view of car park and trench after removal of tarmac and cleaning, with obelisk and town 5889 14/09/12 setting. SE General view of car park and trench after removal of tarmac and cleaning, with obelisk and town 5890 14/09/12 setting. SE General view of car park and trench after removal of tarmac and cleaning, with obelisk and town 5891 14/09/12 setting. SE 5892 14/09/12 Team photo by trench. SE 5893 14/09/12 Working shot of filming and team by trench. N 5894 15/09/12 Working volunteer photo, excavation of (010). SE 5895 15/09/12 Working volunteer photo, excavation of (010). SE 5896 15/09/12 Working volunteer photo, excavation of (010). SE 5897 15/09/12 Detail of lens in clay (008). SW 5898 15/09/12 Detail of lens in clay (008). SE 5899 15/09/12 Detail of lens in clay (008). SW 5900 15/09/12 Working shot during excavation of mud (010) NW Working shot during excavation of block section, 5901 15/09/12 (012) exposed. S Working shot during excavation of block section, 5902 15/09/12 (012) exposed. S Working detail of (012) after excavation of (011) 5903 15/09/12 and (023). SW Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5904 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). SE Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5905 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). SE Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5906 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). SE 5907 16/09/12 Detail of block section after removal of (011) and SE

(023) showing surface of (012). Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5908 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). E Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5909 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). NE Detail of block section after removal of (011) and 5910 16/09/12 (023) showing surface of (012). NE General view of trench after block section of (008), (009) and (004). Oblique showing NE facing 5911 16/09/12 section. WNW General view of trench after block section of (008), 5912 16/09/12 (009) and (004). NW 5913 16/09/12 Detail of (019) and (009) at S end of trench. NW General view of trench after block section of (008), 5914 16/09/12 (009) and (004). NW Working shot of NE facing section at S end of 5915 16/09/12 trench after block section, oblique. W Working shot of NE facing section at N end of 5916 16/09/12 trench after block section, oblique. W Working shot of NE facing section at S end of 5917 16/09/12 trench after block section, oblique. W Working shot of NE facing section at N end of 5918 16/09/12 trench after block section, (008) and (019), oblique. S Working shot of NE facing section at N end of 5919 16/09/12 trench after block section, (008) and (019), oblique. S Detail of NE facing section through wall (004) and 5920 16/09/12 (012), showing band (022)/(021)? SW Working shot of S end of trench after block section 5921 16/09/12 though (004), showing height change below (010). NW Working detail of NE facing section through (011) 5922 16/09/12 and (023). SW Working shot of trench showing block section and 5923 16/09/12 NW section. S 5924 16/09/12 Working shot of trench showing block section. SE Working shot of trench showing block section, with 5925 16/09/12 obelisk. SE Working detail of block section through (011) and 5926 16/09/12 (023). S Working detail of block section through (011), 5927 16/09/12 clays (023), (012). SW Working detail of block section through (004), 5928 16/09/12 clays (012), (022)/(021)? SW Working detail of block section through (004), 5929 16/09/12 clays (012), (022)/(021)? NE 5930 16/09/12 Working detail of section through (008) and (019). E

5931 16/09/12 Working detail of section through (008) and (019). SE Working shot of S end of trench, cleaning of (012) 5932 16/09/12 slope. N 5933 16/09/12 Working detail of SW facing section of (011). N 5934 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5935 16/09/12 General view of S end of trench after block section. NW 5936 to 5939 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5940 16/09/12 General view of S end of trench after block section. NW 5941 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5942 16/09/12 General view of N end of trench after block section. NW 5943 16/09/12 General view of S end of trench after block section. NW 5944 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5945 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5946 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section, oblique. NW 5947 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (008), (009). W 5948 16/09/12 General view of N end of trench after block section. NW 5949 16/09/12 General view of trench after block section. NW 5950 to 5953 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (008), (009). SW 5954 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (009), (021)? SW 5955 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (008), (009). SW 5956 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (008), (009). SW 5957 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (009), (021)? SW 5958 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (004), (012). SW 5959 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (011), (012). SW 5960 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (011), (012). SW 5961 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (010), (023). SW 5962 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (010), (023). SW 5963 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (010). SW 5964 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section N end showing (010). SW 5965 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section N end showing (010). SW 5966 to 5969 16/09/12 Detail of NE facing section showing (011), (012). SW 5970 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section S end showing (008). NE 5971 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section S end showing (008). NE 5972 to 5974 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (008), (009). NE 5975 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (004), (022). NE 5976 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (012), (011). NE 5977 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011). NE

5978 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (010). NE 5979 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (010). NE 5980 to 5983 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (010). NE General view of trench post-excavation, oblique 5984 16/09/12 showing SW facing section. ESE General view of trench post-excavation, oblique 5985 16/09/12 showing SW facing section, with obelisk. ESE 5986 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011). NE 5987 16/09/12 Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011). NE Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011), 5988 16/09/12 oblique. N Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011), 5989 16/09/12 oblique. N Detail of SW facing section showing (023), (011), 5990 16/09/12 (004), oblique. N 5991 to 6004 16/09/12 General view of trench post-excavation. SE 6005 to General view of trench post-excavation, oblique 6007 16/09/12 showing SW facing section. E 6008 to 6011 16/09/12 General view of trench post-excavation. SE 6099 26/09/12 General view of trench site after re-surfacing. N 6100 26/09/12 General view of trench site after re-surfacing. SE

APPENDIX 6: FINDS / ANIMAL BONE REGISTER (SEE APPENDIX 9 FOR POTTERY)

Context Find no. Type Quantity Description Dark brown / mottled grey colour, white 023 -- Worked flint* 1 cortex Small fragments, glassy texture, mortar 004 -- Slag 2 adhering. 004 -- Slag 1 Small fragment, glassy texture 002 -- Iron nail 1 Small head, slightly bent. 3cm x 5cm x 0.5cm, slightly concave, undulation on cortex on 'outer' surface, 002 003 Iron object 1 requires cleaning.

*Assessment of flint by Torben Bjarke Ballin, context 023, No Find no: Secondary indeterminate flake w edge-retouch (22 x 21 x 12mm); medium-grained, mottled grey flint. Coarse retouch towards one end of one lateral side, ventral face. Undiagnostic.

Context Type / species Quantity Description 010 Mammal / sheep or goat 2 Scapular and rib 012 Mammal (large) / cow or horse? 1 Burnt fragment 011 Mammal/ unknown 1 Burnt fragment Unstratified Mammal / unknown 1 Burnt fragment 023 Mammal (large) / unknown 1 Burnt fragment 002 Mollusc / Cerasto-derma spe. (cockle) 1 004 (base) Mollusc / Cerasto-derma spe. (cockle) 2

APPENDIX 7: SAMPLE REGISTER

Charcoal: Species (bold = AMS Sample no. Context dating) 020/1 020 (surface) Corylus (0.6g) 022/1 022 Corylus (0.1g) 004/1 004 (base) Pinus (0.1g) 011/1 011 Corylus (0.1g) 011/2 011 (base) Corylus (0.2g) 011/3 011 Corylus (< 0.1g) 011/4 011 Corylus (0.1g) 016/1 016 BLOI 019/1 019 Betula (0.4g) 019/2 019 Quercus (0.2g) 020/2 020 Quercus (0.6g) 010/1 010 Betula (0.6g) 010/2 010 BLOI 010/3 010 BLOI

APPENDIX 8: POTTERY ASSESSMENT TABLE BY GEORGE HAGGARTY

Dingwall Medieval and Later Pottery

Ding 12 /001\ (023) Surface Two badly abraded shards in a gritty redware highly micaceous fabric with a reduced core. These shards have not been highly fired and suggest to me north-east production site. Again without ICP chemical analyses it’s impossible to be more precise.

Ding 12 (002) One small stoneware body shard almost certainly from a blacking or ink bottle (Blacking was for cleaning iron stoves and the ink was usually for schools or printers; late 19th century

Ding 12 (002) /002\ Surface of (011) One abraded shard of Scottish Post Medieval Oxidised ware: difficult to date but probably 17th century. This micaceous fabric is not the one seen on most of this ware, which in the main originate in the Forth littoral; therefore a source further north is suggested, but without ICP chemical analyses it’s impossible to be more precise, see (Haggarty et al 2011, 8).

Ding 12 (003) One tine Rockingham glazed shard: these are usually from teapots; 19th century

Ding 12 (010) Five standard white earthenware shards from the rim and body of a pearl-glazed bowl decorated below its exterior rim with seven fine lath cut bands stained green, below which the bowl has been decorated with manganese loose sponging: c 1820.

Two conjoining standard white earthenware body shards from a London shaped bowl decorated with pale and mid brown banding: c 1820

One small standard white earthenware body shards from a sauce decorated with cobalt blue loose sponging: Probably c 1840-50.

Nine thickly potted standard white earthenware shards from the base and body of a bowl with a developed footrim; c 1840

One body shard from a redware backing bowl lead glazed on its exterior and white slipped on its interior; impossible to date as they begin in the 1780s and go through to the 1950s.

One body shard from a redware crock covered on both surfaces with lead glaze: impossible to date

Note - These 19th century wares probably came from one of the numerous potteries around the Forth estuary but a Newcastle or Sunderland source cannot be discounted as they were all shipped their wares northwards as far as St Petersburg. As they all used the same clays and flints even ICP would probably be of little help in sourcing.

Ding 12 (010) One small redware body shard from a jug in a well worked slightly micaceous sandy fabric. The exterior covered in what looks like a heat affected dipped green glaze. The exterior shows signs of an incised band. Yorkshire late 12th or early 13th century

Ding 12 (023) /006\ surface (012) One small redware body shard from a jug in a well worked slightly micaceous sandy fabric. The exterior covered in a dipped green glaze, decorated with a small abraded pellet in an off-white paste. Yorkshire late 12th or early 13th century and the white pellet suggest that it was highly decorated.

Ding 12 /004\ (023) Surface One small spalded redware shard with traces of an internal lead glaze; could be medieval?

References

Haggarty, G 2007 ‘The evidence for 18th century Creamware and Pearlware production in the Forth littoral’ in Creamware and Pearlware Re-Examined’ A collection of papers presented at a Colloquium held by the English Ceramic Circle at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Kensington 4th and 5th June 2005, 218-230. Haggarty, G Hall, D & Chenery, S 2011 ‘Sourcing Scottish redwares’ Medieval Pottery Research Group, Occasional Paper 5

Table of Pottery:

Find No. Context Type Spot date Quantity Description 004 023 (surface) redware Medieval? 1 Green glaze Late 12th 023 (012 – 13th Body sherd, green glaze, 006 surface) redware century 1 decoration 002 002 redware? 1 Body sherd, glaze (degraded) red-black cross- 001 023 section 1 Body sherd, 2 pieces Cream couloured 010 ware? 1 Body sherd, dark glaze 002 Stoneware 1 Body sherd, glazed 010 Tile 1 Decorated Bag of assorted sherds, 1 010 Table ware 19 piece of glass 002 Stoneware? 1 Body sherd, glazed 010 Clay pipe 1 Pipe shaft 010 Table ware 1 Base sherd

APPENDIX 9: RADIOCARBON DATES