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Lab 10: Carboniferous/Permian Observations How This Lab Will Work 1. Open a Word doc or similar on your computer 2. At various points I will ask you to answer a question based on the activities in this lab. 3. I will indicate these points by this symbol: Please answer these questions in your Word doc. 4. After you have assembled the answers into your Word doc, go to the course Canvas page. 5. On the module for this week there is a link to TurnItIn. 6. Please upload your document using the TurnInIt. 7. That completes the lab assignment. :) Reminder on Observation Project Please remember that as we go through these, you should be using these fossils to construct your lab observation project, which was detailed last time. Easy to put off, hard to catch up. ;) Topics Today: 1. Introduction to Carboniferous-Permian 2. Phylum Rhizaria: Fusulinida 3. Phylum Bryozoa: Archimedes 4. Phylum Plantae: Glossopteris 5. Phylum Plantae: Lepidodendron 6. Phylum Plantae: Calamites 7. Phylum Arthropoda: Meganeuropsis 8. Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropleura 9. Phylum Chordata: Helicoprion 10. Phylum Chordata: Eryops 11. Phylum Chordata: Dimetrodon 12. Phylum Chordata: Lystrosaurus 13. Phylum Chordata: Gorgonopsia Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 1 of 7 Introduction to Carboniferous-Permian In today’s lab we’ll look at specimens from the Carboniferous and the Permian. The Carboniferous was period of high O2 and high CO2. It is typically divided in North America into the Mississippian and the Pennsylvanian, so a sketch of today’s time periods looks like this: Permian Pennsylvanian Carboniferous Mississippian These time periods saw developments of some things we haven’t seen before—namely, land animals, foraminifera, and forests of land plants. This was an amazing and fruitful period of life —but when the Permian ended, the crash was so bad that it nearly wiped out everything that came before. We’ll need a new phylogenetic chart in addition to our old metazoan (animal) chart; I’ve circled the eukaryote groups we’ll cover today: Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 2 of 7 Phylum Rhizaria: Fusulinida Rhizaria is a supergroup of mostly single-celled eukaryotes, including radiolaria and foraminifera. Fusulinida are tiny, foot-ball shaped forms that constitute huge numbers in the fossil record, and in some cases pack tightly into rocks like solidified Rice Crispies. https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/vc/foraminifera/ https://geokansas.ku.edu/fusulinids 1. Given the scale described in the first two fusulinids 3d models, about how big was each one of them? _______________ mm 2. How did these make their shells? _____________ 3. How did they make a living? _____________ 4. In what US states can we find these in abundance? _________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Bryozoa: Archimedes https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/archimedes-bryozoa-53bf8ce501c744f6aeeff992a65d6f3e 5. This is a rather odd shape. But an even odder name. Why is this called Archimedes? ____________________ 6. There was a Precambrian fossil that remotely had a similar look to it… what was that? __________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Plantae: Glossopteris The prevalence of this fossil on several continents turned out to be an important piece of evidence in the development of plate tectonics; basically, this fossil appears in a lot of now- separate places, suggesting the continents were once closer than they are today. https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/glossopteris-f9443fbb9cf84394882e329ce72373da 7. How would you describe the distinctive about the pattern of this leaf? ______________ Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 3 of 7 There is a single fossil of Glossopteris that fascinates me because of the history, and tragedy, of how it came to be collected: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8eWRcHqpUc More on the doomed Scott expedition: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpcZmuz2LGY Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Plantae: Lepidodendron https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/lepidodendron-ophiurus-plant- birug-15076-1d1b22cd1e7b448e8977e8f0c146393c https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/plant-lepidodendron-285817777d0d43a3b80e09b1c4607921 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/lepidodendron-fossil- vcu-3d-3007-5de305b578d744a588543e162aaa9033 8. How would you describe the pattern of this bark? ____________ Here’s how the plant might have looked in life: https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/lepidodendron-77a3c66e45fe4fcb9c1ab88c32d4ecb0 (zoom in to see scales) 9. What does this remind you of? _________________________ https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/vc/plantae/lycophytes/ 10. How what group is it really part of? ___________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Plantae: Calamites https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/horsetail-calamites-suckowi- pri-50479-7ad1db7fe54e42fda38810df2d51f447 https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/vc/plantae/equisetophytes-sphenophytes/ 11. How do these plants get their nickname? ____________________ Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 4 of 7 Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Arthropoda: Meganeuropsis https://harvardmagazine.com/2007/11/dragonfly-html http://www.geologyin.com/2018/01/the-largest-insect-ever-existed-was.html# 12. How big was the wingspan? ___________ 13. How was oxygen content different during this time period? ________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropleura https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/arthropleura-trackway-3-crail- ac7ac70a58da4115acc35cfed12ad7c8 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dr-arthropleura2-561a30d790934a01ac45742f322b7d1e https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dr-arthropleura2-561a30d790934a01ac45742f322b7d1e 14. How long was this animal? _____________ 15. How many segments did it have? _____________ 16. What did it probably eat? ________________ 17. What might have eaten it? ___________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Helicoprion This fish is known mostly for its lower teeth. But, man, what teeth they are! https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/helicoprion-11905-c3e77fcd0a5b4e80a4ce52dbc492c036 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-HZtnhAfQfA https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/running-ponies/prehistoric-ghost-shark-helicoprions-spiral- toothed-jaw-explained/ Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 5 of 7 18. How long was this “shark”—and was it really a shark at all? ____________ 19. On which end of the spiral did new teeth grow? ___________ 20. What is the best analogy you can make for how it bit its prey? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Eryops https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/eryops-skull-27e41754535b48879d15e539a16623c7 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/eryops-final-be34c85f997b4b4981babc3bce7b358d http://www.fossilmuseum.net/fossils/amphibians/Eryops/Eryops.htm 21. What does the shape of the skull most remind you of? ______________ 22. What do the shape of the teeth suggest to you about how it ate? __________________ 23. What manner of animal was this? (i.e. amphibian, reptile, mammals). _____________ 24. About how much did these suckers weigh? ______________________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Dimetrodon https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dimetrodon-grandis-21c7948d4d1e4c219ff6af19f71c8088 https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/dimetrodon-7a1ae59684274eac8b5fc9266e735421 https://evolution-outreach.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR3OOP9mImI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1CRfkO0Bvo 25. What do its teeth suggest about how it ate? _________________ Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 6 of 7 Please answer these questions in your Word doc. 26. What about its teeth is a new evolutionary invention that so many animals exhibit today? 27. Why is it called Dimetrodon? __________ 28. How much did these weigh? _______________ 29. True/False: Dimetrodon went extinct before the first dinosaurs about the same amount of time as T. rex went extinct before us. Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Lystrosaurus https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/lystrosaurus-sp-d140b540281c4eba905c20475abe7712 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IacDo1fHXG8 30. Give that this was a herbivore, what do you think could have been the use of the two “tusks” it had? ______________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Phylum Chordata: Gorgonopsia https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gorgonopsid- inostrancevia-0e8c8553bee54519a4aba427366d1d3c https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gorgonops-inostrancevia- e8311d80dc8247f6bbb6974811e3e3a8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMFOCSrMai4 31. Let’s talk about those canines. What do you think these were for? _____________ 32. How long was this animal? ______________ 33. What living animal does this remind you of? _____________ Please answer these questions in your Word doc. Geology 121 Lab 10: Carboniferous-Permian, page 7 of 7 .
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  • The Year 2000 Classification of the Agglutinated Foraminifera

    The Year 2000 Classification of the Agglutinated Foraminifera

    237 The Year 2000 Classification of the Agglutinated Foraminifera MICHAEL A. KAMINSKI Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WCIE 6BT, U.K.; and KLFR, 3 Boyne Avenue, Hendon, London, NW4 2JL, U.K. [[email protected]] ABSTRACT A reclassification of the agglutinated foraminifera (subclass Textulariia) is presented, consisting of four orders, 17 suborders, 27 superfamilies, 107 families, 125 subfamilies, and containing a total of 747 valid genera. One order (the Loftusiida Kaminski & Mikhalevich), five suborders (the Verneuilinina Mikhalevich & Kaminski, Nezzazatina, Loftusiina Kaminski & Mikhalevich, Biokovinina, and Orbitolinina), two families (the Syrianidae and the Debarinidae) and five subfamilies (the Polychasmininae, Praesphaerammininae Kaminski & Mikhalevich, Flatschkofeliinae, Gerochellinae and the Scythiolininae Neagu) are new. The classification is modified from the suprageneric scheme used by Loeblich & Tappan (1992), and incorporates all the new genera described up to and including the year 2000. The major differences from the Loeblich & Tappan classification are (1) the use of suborders within the hierarchical classification scheme (2) use of a modified Mikhalevich (1995) suprageneric scheme for the Astrorhizida (3) transfer of the Ammodiscacea to the Astrorhizida (4) restriction of the Lituolida to forms with simple wall structure (5) supression of the order Trochamminida, and (6) inclusion of the Carterinida within the Trochamminacea (7) use of the new order Loftusiida for forms with complex inner structures (8) broadening the definition of the Textulariida to include perforate forms that are initially uniserial or planispiral. Numerous minor corrections have been made based on the recent literature. INTRODUCTION The agglutinated foraminifera constitute a diverse and 25 geologically long-ranging group of organisms.
  • ARSTANOSAURUS Species Undescribed AVIMIMUS Portentosus

    ARSTANOSAURUS Species Undescribed AVIMIMUS Portentosus

    Dinosaur Casts Specimen List ARSTANOSAURUS species undescribed Meaning of Name: Reptile from Arstan Well Classification: ORNITHOPODA; Hadrosauridae, Hadrosaurinae Age: Late Cretaceous (Santonian) Bayn Shireh Formation, 85 million years ago Locality: Gobi Desert, Peoples' Republic of Mongolia Size: l5cm in length AVIMIMUS portentosus Partial skeleton. In position as if found in field Meaning of Name: Bird Mimic Classification: THEROPODA; relationships uncertain Age: Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Djadokhta Formation, 75 million years ago Locality: Gobi Desert, Peoples' Republic of Mongolia Size: l00cm in length reconstructed Skeleton www.gondwanastudios.com BAGACERATOPS rozhdestvenskyi Meaning of Name: Small horned face Classification: CERATOPSIA; Neoceratopsia; Protoceratopsidae Age: Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Barun Goyot Formation, 75 million years ago Locality: Gobi Desert, Southern Khermin Tsav, Mongolia Size: 3.5cm in length BIARMOSUCHUS tener Meaning of Name: Crocodile from Biarmia, an ancient country in the Perm region. Classification: THERAPSIDA; Eotheriodontia; Family Biarmosuchidae Age: Late Permian, Zone I, 225 million years ago Locality: Ocher, Perm Region, Russia Size: 75cm in length Half skeleton encased in sediment, as found in the field. BULLOCKORNIS planei (Demon Duck of Doom) Meaning of Name: Bird from Bullock Creek Classification: Flightless Bird Age: 12 million years Locality: Northern Territory, Australia Size: 250cm in height www.gondwanastudios.com CATOPSALIS djadochtatherium Meaning of Name: Beast from Djadokhta