The City School
PAF Chapter
Prep Section
GEOGRAPHY
Class – 8
Workbook for Intervention Classes
CHAPTER: NATURAL RESOURCES (MANGROVES (Pg:94-97)
Q.1 Fill in the blanks.
1) At one time Pakistan had one of the______largest mangrove forests in the world. 2) It has been estimated that nearly half of the mangroves along the coast of Sindh were destroyed between 1970 and ______3) Mangroves growing on the edge of the sea are adapted to growing in salt water while those growing further inland are ______of salt. 4) It is estimated that fifty years ago in each year the Indus delta received a flow of 85 million acre feet of fresh water from the river Indus while in 2002 it receive under ______5) Coastal communities depend upon mangroves as a cheap source of ______and fodder as well as for ______needs.
Q.2 How do mangrove trees growing on the coast get rid of the salt in the sea water?
______
Q. 3 How do mangrove trees reproduce?
______
Q.4 How do mangrove trees act as a barrier?
______CHAPTER: Weather and Climate - Class 8 Project
Q.1 –State the meaning of the term “weather”.
______
Q.2 –State the meaning of the term “Climate’.
______
Q.3 –Differentiate between Weather and Climate.
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 2 of 19 Q.4- List down the components of Climate.
______
Q.5- List down the Climatic Zones of the Earth.
______
Q.6- Describe the location of the Climatic Zones of the Earth.
______
Q.7- Explain the reasons of the temperature variance in climatic Zones of the Earth.
______
Q.8- Describe the weather and Climatic conditions of Pakistan based on the Climatic Zones it is divided into.
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 3 of 19 Q.9- Explain the reasons of the temperature variance in climatic Zones of Pakistan.
______
Q.10- Describe the sources of rainfall in Paistan.
______
Q.11- Interpret the main features of the temperature and rainfall graphs.
______
CHAPTER: POPULATION
Q.1 State the difference between distribution and density of population.
______
Q.2 State the meaning of the term ”natural increase” explain how the government of Pakistan is tackling with the issue of population growth in the country?
______
Q.3 Discuss the importance of population control in Pakistan if the country is to develop?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 4 of 19 ______
Q.4 How can educating girls lead to population control in Pakistan?
______
Q.5 Define infant mortality rate. Explain the relationship between infant mortality rate and population growth.
______
Q.6 State the meaning of the term “migration”. Explain reasons for different types of migration.
______
Q.7 Explain with respect to both “push” and “pull” factors the movement of population from rural to urban areas of Pakistan.
______
Q.8 How does different types of migration affect socio – economic setup of Pakistan.
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 5 of 19 ______
Q.9 Describe the measures which may be taken to help solve the problems related with migration of different kinds.
______
Q.10. Explain the natural and human factors that result in forced migration.
______
Q.11. State the meaning of term “Urbanization”
______
Q.12. Explain the impact of “Urbanization” on a developing country like Pakistan.
______
Q.13- Differentiate between :
Refugee Economic Migrant
Planned migration Forced Migration
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 6 of 19 CHAPTER: ENVIRONMENT
Q1-State the meaning of the term sustainable development.
______
Q2-Discuss the importance of recycling for the environment.
______
Q3-Explain UN efforts towards sustainable development in a developing country.
______
Q4- How is the environment affected in Pakistan?
______
Q5- Describe sustainable fishing . ______
Q6-State the meaning of the term “over- fishing”. Outline the reasons of over- fishing in Pakistan.
______
Q7-Describe the economic and ecological effects of over- fishing in the coastal areas of Pakistan.
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 7 of 19 Q8 -Discuss the reasons for the drop in the number of fish in Pakistan in coastal areas.
______
Q9- Explore a few ways to make fishing sustainable
______
Q10- Describe the problems in forestry section in Pakistan.
______
Q11- Investigate the ways to overcome the problems of forestry in Pakistan.
______
Q12-Define bio- fuels.
______
Q13-State the significance of bio- fuels. Are sustainable fuels?
______
Q14-Discuss how bio fuels are environmental friendly.
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 8 of 19 Q.15- Identify the renewable sources of energy which can be harnessed and used in Pakistan.
______
Q16- Find out which renewable energy sources are being used for power generation in Pakistan.
______
Q17- Explain the features of sustainable tourism.
______
Q18 -Describe the main features of the World Bank’s report on Pakistan’s environmental assessment done in 2006.
______
CHAPTER: THE LAND OF PAKISTAN
Q.1-Name the largest cities of Pakistan.
______
Q.2-How many wars did Pakistan and India have after independence? ______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 9 of 19 Q.3-When was Islamabad established?______
Q.4.Which two cities of Pakistan have gone up in importance since 1951?______
Q. 5.Which two cities have gone down in importance since 1951?______
Q. 6. Which cities have not changed places?______
Q. 7. Why is there no population shown for Islamabad in 1951 ?______
Q. 8.In how many ways do the cities grow?______
Q. 9.Which cities have grown in
(a) area______
(b) population______
(c) importance______
Q.10.The reason for increase in
(a) area______
(b) population______
(c) importance______
Q.11. What are two types of growth of cities?______
Q.12. What type of growth do you think is better? why?
______
THE GROWTH OF KARACHI
Q.13. How many Muslims had migrated to Pakistan from India by 1951?______
Q. 14. How did the migrants in Karachi settle?
______
Q 15.What did the authorities do for the settlements of those immigrants in Karachi?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 10 of 19 16. What step was taken by the government in 1960,s for the settlement of the immigrants in Pakistan?
______
17. Was that step of the Govt. successful? if not, why?
______
18. How did the problem of settlement increase in the early in 1960’s in Karachi?
______
19. What other step was taken by the city authorities in 1960s against the squatter settlement?
______
20. What was the effect of that step of the city Authorities?
______
21. What does S-I-T-E stand for ? How did that area grow in population ?
______
22. How did the increase in area of Karachi affect the poor farmers?
______
23. What is the shifting of people from villages to cities called as ?______
24. What does the natural increase in the population mean ?
______
25. Compare the population of Karachi in 1961. 1981 and 1998. What was the difference ? What caused that difference? ______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 11 of 19 26. Which city became the capital of Pakistan after Karachi?______
27. Highlight the reason for increased importance of Karachi even when the capital of Pakistan was changed.
______
28. Choose and encircle the best option.
(a) Karachi has [ 95% , 75% , 25% + of Pakistan’s foreign trade.
(b) Karachi has * 60% , 20% , 30% + of Pakistan’s industrial production.
(c) Karachi has [ 40% , 10% , 95% ] of employment in large scale industries.
(d) Karachi has [ 90% , 75% , 25% ] head offices of banks and other companies.
THE GROWTH OF GUJRANWALA
Q No.1 Fill in the blanks
(1) The name Gujranwala comes from the word Gujjar which means cattle ______. (2) The town was named after Chaudhry Gujjar who owned the ______that supplied the region. (3) At the time of partition the Muslims with the ______tradition migrated from India and settled in towns in the ______such as Sialkot ,Lahore and Gujranwala.
Q .2 In 1960’s why did some farmers and workers lose their jobs and how did they survive?
______
Look at the picture below.
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 12 of 19 Q .3 Which main road passes through the centre of Gujranwala? Which two cities does that main road through Gujranwala connect ? ______
Q .4 Which canal goes along the by-pass ?______
Q .5 Is the growth in Gujranwala vertical or horizontal?______
Q .6 Which industry Gujranwala is famous for?______
Q .7 In what area has the city grown up?______
Q .8 What other way the farming was affected in 1960’s in Gujranwala?______
Q . 9 How did Gujranwala increase in its area?
______
Q .10 What development was done in 1971 in the town?
______
Q .11 How was the city grown in area after the development done in 1971?
______
Q .12 From where is the railway line passing through the city?______
Q .13 How many road bridges are built on the railway line?______
Q .14 What is a by- pass?
______
Q .15 Which road is passing through the centre of the city?______
Q . 16 How many roads emerge from that road and which cities do they connect to Gujranwala?
______
THE GROWTH OF GILGIT
Q.1 Why is Gilgit called as the bridging point?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 13 of 19 Q.2 What led to the growth of Gilgit?
______
THE GROWTH OF FAISALABAD
Q.1 How was Faisalabad established?
______
Q.2 What factors led to the growth of Faisalabad?
______
Q.3 What were the problems in Faisalabad?
______
Q.4 What factors show that Faisalabad is going to have a bright future?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 14 of 19 ______
Q. 5- Which motorway connects Faisalabad to Lahore ? ______
Q.6 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore ? ______
Q.7 Which motorway connects Islamabad to Lahore ? ______
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GROWTH OF CITIES page no 21-25
Q 1.What is the task (job/responsibility) of a city authority?
______
Q 2. List the provisions (things that are provided) in the framework of a city authority that make life of citizen better?
______
Look at the table given below and answer the question.
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 15 of 19
Q 3. Which city produces the largest amount of waste per day?______
Q.4 Look at the table given below ( Fig-1.20) and separate the types of solid waste under the two headings .
Separate the types of a solid waste under these two headings.
Bio degradable Non Bio degradable
Q 5. What factors caused the problems even worse in Karachi from 1951 till present?
______
Q 6. List some main problems in the major cities of Pakistan.
______
Q 7.Should the solid waste be collected separately e.g hospital and industrial waste .If yes , why?
______
Q 8. (a)”RMC” launches a cleanliness campaign. Who launched it?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 16 of 19 (b) How did “The city commissioner” encourage people for keeping the city Rawalpindi clean?
______
(c) What do you think is it only the fault of the city authority that our cities look dirty due to the solid waste? Explain.
______
(d) What do you think Why is Lahore city not mentioned in the waste producing cities in Fig 1.20.
______
Q.9 What are the problems of disposal of waste in Karachi?
______
Q.10 What are the effects of lack of proper disposal of waste in Karachi?
______
Q. 11 What are the common reasons for illness of children living in poor areas of Karachi?
______
Q.12 What could be the possible reasons for lack of adequate sewage system of Karachi?
______
Q. 13 What does KWSB mean? How is this department responsible for the sewage destroying areas in Karachi?
______
Q. 14 What is the purpose of a sewage treatment plant?
______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 17 of 19 Q. 15 Do all cities and villages have these sewage treatment plants ? What are the effects of sewage and industrial waste being thrown into the rivers and seas?
______
Q. 16 What are the two big issues which cause lack of satisfactory planning in Karachi?
______
Q. 17 How does the struggle of different groups of people to develop land through legal and illegal means affect the people in Karachi?
______
Q. 18 What problem does Karachi development Authority (KDA) face while carrying out any new developments ?
______
Q. 19 How did the richer and poor areas in Karachi show different developments and why?
______
THE GROWTH OF GWADAR Pg 16-17
Q.1- Fill in the blanks.
1) The neighboring countries of Pakistan are ______, ______, ______and______. 2) The country neighboring Pakistan in the Arabian sea is______, Gwadar was part of it before it became part of Pakistan in______3) In 1990s Chinese Govt. promised Pakistan to provide ______and ______assistance to develop Gwadar as 3rd ______sea port. 4) Two already established and working sea ports of Pakistan are ______and ______5) The benefits of developing Gwadar as a port are: ______
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 18 of 19 6) The Chinese ships pass continent of ______while going to Europe from Shinghai. 7) The Persian Gulf leads to ______countries and Saudi Arabia. 8) The Persian Gulf is connected to Europe through ______canal. 9) Land locked countries are those countries which are surrounded from all sides by other ______10) The new land locked countries of Central Asia are ______, ______, ______, ______and ______11) Apart from developing Gwadar as a port commercial and ______zones are also being built there. 12) A ceremony was held at Gwadar in December, 2008 when 1st ______to arrive there was unloaded, it brought ______from ______
13) What is Urea? What is it made from? What are the uses of urea?
The City School /PAF Chapter / Prep + Senior I Section / Worksheets for Intervention Classes (1st Term)/Geography/Class – 8 Page 19 of 19 Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
Unit: Weather and Climate
Class 8 Project
The Material Weather
The Earth’s Climatic Zones Weather is the combination of the current meteorological components There are four major climatic zones in the world. e.g. temperature, wind direction and They are: speed, amount and type of Tropical Zone: This region lies between the equator precipitation, sun shine hours etc. at and both the tropics (From 0° to 23.5° North and a particular place over a short South) The solar radiation reaches the ground almost period of time (from one up- to vertically at noontime during the entire year. Due to several weeks) this, it is very warm in this region. Through high Weather condition is describing temperatures, more water evaporates and the air is typical weather phenomena e.g. a often moist. This results in frequent and dense cloud series of blizzards in winters or a cover which reduces the effect of solar radiation on rainy day in late summers. ground temperature. This zone is also called the ‘Torrid Zone.’ Climate
Temperate Zone: This zone lies between 23.5° North Climate is the average weather to 66.5° North to the North of Equator (North conditions of a specific area over a Temperate Zone) and 23.5° South and 66.5° South of long period of time (minimum 30 the Equator (South Temperate Zone). This zone has years) e.g. maritime climate, tropical the highest variation in temperatures. climate etc.
The sub-tropical areas between 23.5° North to 40° Components of Climate North and 23.5° South to 40° South, receive the Temperature highest radiation in summer, since the Sun’s angle at Wind speed and direction noon is almost vertical to the Earth, whereas the Air Pressure cloud cover is relatively thin. These regions receive Humidity less moisture which increases the effect of radiation. Evapotranspiration Therefore, most of the deserts in the world are Precipitation situated in this zone. In winters, the radiation in these Condensation regions decreases significantly and it can temporarily Cloud cover be very cool and moist. Radiation
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
From 40° North to 60° North and 40° South to 60° South, the solar radiation reaches with a smaller angle and the average temperatures here are much cooler than in the sub-tropics. The seasons and the length of the day differ significantly in the course of a year. The climate is characterized by less frequent extremes, a more regular distribution of the precipitation over the year and a longer vegetation period therefore the name ‘temperate.’
Polar Zone: This zone lies from 60° North to 90° North and is called the North Polar Zone and from 60° South to 90° South called the South Polar Zone. These areas receive less heat through solar radiation, since the Sun has a very flat angle toward the ground. Because of the changes in the angle of the axis of Earth to the Sun, the length of the day varies most in this zone. In the summer of each hemisphere, the polar days occur. This zone is also called the Frigid Zone.
Below is the diagrammatic representation of the Earth’s Climate Zones.
Fig 1
World Map showing the ‘Climate Zones of the Earth’
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Fig 2
Weather and Climate of Pakistan
Pakistan lies in the Temperate Zone. The climate is generally arid, having hot summers and cool to cold winters. There are wide variations between extremes of temperatures at given locations. On the whole, the rainfall is little and it can be unreliable; sometimes coming early sometimes late. The overall amount may also vary.
Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures of the world i.e. 53°C on 26 May, 2010. Pakistan lies a little to the north of Tropic of Cancer, a fact that places Pakistan in the Temperate Zone. It has a continental type of climate which means that there are great variations in its temperature, both seasonal and diurnal. (Diurnal means daily)
Climatic Zones
Pakistan has a vast latitudinal extent. The northern and western parts consist of lofty mountains and hills. There are lowlands, plateaus and coastal areas. Due to the topographical diversity, Pakistan experiences a variety of climate. The four climatic divisions of Pakistan are:
A. Highland Climate Zone B. Lowland Climate Zone C. Coastal Climate Zone D. Arid Climate Zone
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It is important to remember that classifying a place in a climatic zone does not suggest that the whole zone will have the same climate. Within a zone, there will be variations in the amount of rainfall, temperature, humidity, winds etc. The best example of this is the northern and western highlands of Pakistan which fall in the same climatic zone but the amount of rainfall and temperature is different within the zone.
The Seasons
Pakistan has four seasons which are:
a. Winter (mid-December to March) - b. Early Summer (April to June) c. Late Summer or Monsoon (July to September) d. Post Monsoon (October to mid December) Rainfall 4 This document is the intellectual property of The City School and any unauthorised use is prohibited. Any amendments in this document shall be controlled by the Studies Department only.
Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
Most of the areas in Pakistan are arid or semi-arid. Humid conditions are found in the northern areas of Pakistan. As we move from the north to the south of Pakistan, the rainfall decreases.
Sources of Rainfall
These are:
a. Monsoon rainfall: One of the major sources of rainfall in Pakistan, monsoon winds are seasonal winds, which bring heavy rainfall. These winds blow from the Bay of Bengal and cross Bangladesh and India before reaching Pakistan and lose most of their moisture in these countries. Northern Pakistan gets the tail end of these winds and receive rainfall from July to September. Sometimes the over active monsoon system brings heavy rainfall in Karachi and the coast of Sindh. b. Western depressions or cylones: These originate in the Mediterranean Sea and travel across the landmasses of Afghanistan and Iran before reaching the western areas of Pakistan. Peshawar gets the maximum of rainfall from this source but as the winds move towards western and south-western parts of the country, they lose their moisture already. The rainfall in these areas come from December to March. c. Convectional currents causing thunderstorms: Only the northern and north-western areas of Pakistan receive rainfall from convectional currents. When hot, moist air rises and reachers the higher layers of the atomosphere, condensation begins which causes rainfall. d. Relief rainfall: Relief rainfall occurs when the moist air moves up a cool to cold mountain. Low temperature causes precipitation. e. Tropical cyclones: These occur on the coastal areas and may bring heavy rainfall for a few hours. They originate over the Arabian Sea quite often but usually they don’t make landfall in Pakistan but are diverted to India, Oman or Iran. Each year before the monsoon season and after its withdrawal, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. Cyclone Phet in 2010 was the wettest cyclone so far in Pakistan.
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
Reading Graphs
These are rainfall graphs of two locations in Pakistan; Karachi and Lahore. They show an annual pattern of rainfall in both the cities. Study the graph of each city and then compare both the graphs.
Which city has more rainfall in the month of July? The answer is Lahore. Look at the scale of X axis of the graph. Lahore has 200 mm of rainfall whereas Karachi has 85 mm of rainfall. When reading a graph, consider these questions.
a. Which is the wettest month? (the month receiving the maximum rainfall) b. Which is the driest month? (the month receiving the minimum rainfall) c. What is the pattern of rainfall? (Does the place receive rainfall all year long? Is the rainfall equally distributed or concentrated in a month or months? d. What is the yearly average? (Calculate the average of rainfall from January to December) After you get this information, you can go one step further. Ask yourself why does a place have a certain pattern of rainfall? Why only in monsoon months? Or why the place receives rainfall throughout the year?
Now copy and paste the given link on google and find out rainfall graphs of any two cities and interpret the same using the guidelines from ‘a to d’. http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/pakistan/pakistan-climate-listings-a-z.html
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Class 8 Project/Geography/2018-19
These graphs show the temperature of two cities; Sibi in Balochistan and Drosh in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The red line shows the maximum monthly temperature and the blue line shows the minimum monthly temperature of both the cities. Which city has the highest temperature? Which city has the lowest temperature? Which month has the maximum difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures? Are there warmer months more as compared to cooler months or vice versa? Study the graph of each city and then compare both the graphs. Consider these questions while you read the graphs.
a. Which is the hottest month? b. Which is the coldest month? c. Are there more warm/hot months or cool/cold months? d. Which month has the maximum difference between the minimum and maximum temperatures? After you get this information, you can go one step further. Ask yourself why does a place have a certain pattern of temperature?
Now copy and paste the given link on google and find out the maximum and minimum temperature graph of any two cities and interpret the same using the guidelines from ‘a to d’. http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/pakistan/pakistan-climate-listings-a-z.html
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