DOCSLIB.ORG

A KEY for the PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION of GLACIAL LANDFORMS William E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A KEY for the PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION of GLACIAL LANDFORMS William E 776 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINBERING field and in the office. The profession is developing collections of photographs for teaching and research purposes. The success of such a program is hampered by the fact that geographers, generally, are not in a position to broaden their experience in the development of techniques by using photographs which are made specifically for geographic purposes to geographers' specifications. Photographs, in almost limitless num­ bers, are available for geographic use and their contribution to the development of field techniques and interpretation procedures is unquestioned and obvious. The geographer, however, has special needs which are not commonly met and it is not unreasonable to assume that he can best develop methods which are geographically effective if he be afforded the opportunity of experimenting with photography that is designed to serve his particular purposes. A KEY FOR THE PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GLACIAL LANDFORMS William E. Powers (Northwestern University) SUMMARY is presented herein of a key for the photo-identification of A glacial landforms developed by the writer and Dr. Clyde F. Kohn as part of Research Project N -7 -onr-45-005, under a contract between the Office of Naval Research and Northwestern University. Field work was completed during the summer of 1950. The objective of this part of the project was to produce a key or study pro­ cedure by which a photo-interpreter untrained in glaciation or geomorphology can identify correctly the landscape features in a region formerly occupied by continental glaciers. Such' glaciated regions form a large part of the northern United States and Canada, portions of Alaska, and areas of unknown, but almost certainly vast extent, in northern and northeastern Asia. The photo-interpreter is expected to have vertical stereopairs of aerial photographs, and should also make use of all available information on the climate, vegetation, geology, and human occupancy of the region considered. For field studies, five areas were selected in the glaciated region adjacent to Lake Michigan, and their landforms were studied and mapped in detail. In addition, ground photographs of all landform types .studied were taken in stereopairs, so as to show the photo­ interpreter the ground appearance of the features which he identifies on aerial photos. FORM OF KEY Analysis of the landforms in the five areas selected disclosed eleven types of direct glacial origin and four types of non-glacial origin but likely to be as­ sociated with or adjacent to the glacial types. A form of key was adopted in which, by a series of questions pertaining to specific features apparent on vertical stereopairs of photos, the photo-interpreter is able to separate the landform types into smaller and smaller groups until only two remain; a final question then identifies the form. The first question selected is whether the fOfm is of glacial or non-glacial origin; it was considered necessary to examine not one but several contrasting characteristics to make this decision. Subsequent questions deal, for simplicity, with only one element in the appearance of the feature to be identified. A KEY FOR PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GLACIAL LANDFORMS 777 CLASSIFICATION OF LANDFORMS Fifteen types of landforms were recognized in this study. Of these, types 1 to 4 are non-glacial but may be closely associated with glacial types, while types 5 to 15 are directly glacial in origin: 1. Lacustrine Plains 9. Till knobs other than drumlins 2. Valley plains of streams 10. Kames 3. Stream-dissected plains or hill lands 11. Eskers 4. Dunes 12. Valley train terraces 5. Glaciated bedrock-controlled plains 13. Kame terraces 6. Rough and moraine 14. Outwash plains 7. Undulating till plain 15. Filled basins 8. Drumlins INTERROGATION PROCEDURE The following fourteen questions form a guide for differentiating and identi­ fying the 15 landform types: IS LANDFORM TYPE GLACIATED OR NON-GLACIATED? Glaciated Non-Glaciated 1. a. Location: (a) In region believed to Generally found in non-glaciated have been glaciated. region. b. Drainage: (a) Many lakes and swamps; Few or no lakes and swamps; . poor drainage. drainage may be good. Exception: flat lacustrine plains or valley plain may be swampy and poorly drained. c. Stream pat- (a) Aimless; incomplete pat- Branching or rectangular; inte­ tern (if pre- tern. grated and complete pattern; or sent) : regularly meandering. (Applies only if stream pattern is present.) d. Landform (a) Many small diverse Estensive areas of similar land­ types and landforms. forms. patterns: (b) Many landforms appear Some but not all landforms may be unrelated to any stream related directly to stream erosion pattern. pattern, if present. (c) Rounded, isolated hills Irregular but connected ridges and ridges are common. with angular or branching pattern may be present. (d) Low, narrow ridges Low ridges tend to be straight with winding with crests of' uniform crests. (Dunes are crescen­ varying altitude. tic in plan.) (e) Closed deep basins com­ Closed deep basins rare save in mon. dunes. (£) Oriented or parallel Oriented forms rare save beach forms may be present. ridges, sand bars, or crescentic dunes. (g) Forms of crescentic Crescentic ground plan common in ground plan very rare. dunes. (h) Hilly belts higher than Hilly belts if present are not higher surrounding country than surrounding country, save may be present. dunes. e. Soil pat- (a) Irregular, unorganized Darker soils commonly organized terns: pattern of dark soils on into branching or fish bone pat­ low ground. Soil pattern terns. Flat lake plains may have unrelated to stream pat­ irregular soil patterns. Dunes may tern. have crescentic patterns of light soils. 778 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING NON-GLACIATED FORMS II. Is area mainly flat plain, or is it hilly or deeply cut by valleys? a. Lacustrine plains (1) and valley plains of streams (2) are mainly flat. b. Dissected plains or hill lands (3) and dune areas (4) are dominantly hilly. III. If area is mainly flat plain, is it extensive and non-linear, or is it narrow and linear? a. If area is extensive, non-linear, and unoriented with respect to a stream, it is lacustrine plain (1). b. If area is linear with bounding bluffs and is related to a present or former stream, it is a valley plain (2). IV. If area is hilly or deeply cut by valleys, does it contain connected ridges integrated to a drainage pattern, or small individual hills with depressions but with few streams? a. If area has an integrated, orderly drainage pattern separating organized, inte­ grated dividing ridges of branching or rectangular pattern, the area is dissected plain or hill land (3). b. If there are many small hills, some of crescentic pattern, associated with de­ pressions but having few streams and no'organized drainage pattern, area is dunes (4). GLACIATED FORMS V. Is area one of thick glacial drift, or is drift thin w,ith topography dominated by bed­ rock? a. Angular cliffs, very steep or vertical slopes, bare rock outcrops with few or no plants, and stone quarries indicate bedrock-controlled plain (5). b. The absence of angular ciiffs, of very steep or vertical slopes unless associated with undercutting by a stream or wave action, of bare rock exposures without plants, and of stone quarries-indicates that landforms are of glacial drift de- posited by glacier (6 to 15). • VI. Are all landform summits rounded or rolling, or are there flat-topped forms of ac­ cordant level? a. Rounded glacial landforms include rough end moraine (6), undulating till plain (7), drumlins (8), other till knobs (9), kames (10), and eskers (11). b. Flat-topped glacial landforms include valley trains (12), kame terraces (13), outwash plains (14), and filled basins (15). If forms are rounded: VII. Is area extensive including many elevations and depressions, or does area consist of an individual hill br ridge? a. Rough end moraine (6), and undulating till plains (7) are extensive. b. Drumlins (8), other till knobs (9), kames (10), and eskers (11), are individual hills or ridges. VIII. If area is extensive, do the rounded elevations form a belt of hilly topography with moderate to strong relief. or is distribution pattern non-linear and relief low? a. Hilly belts of strong to moderate relief are end or terminal moraine (6). b. Low relief and lack of arrangement among the swells and basins indicate undulating till plain (7). If landform is individual hill or ridge: IX. Are the sides steeply or gently sloping? a. Drumlins (8) and othe'r till knobs (9) have gently sloping sides. b. Kames (10) and eskers (11) have relatively steeply sloping sides. X. If side slopes are gentle, does form have oval, oriented ground plan with one end steeper than other, or is plan non-oval with no spefial relation of side slopes to ground plan? a. Oval, oriented till hills with one end steeper than other are drumlins (8). b. Non-oval hills with slope angle unrelated to form are till knobs (9). A KEY FOR PHOTO-IDENTIFICATION OF GLACIAL LANDFORMS 779 XI. If slopes are steep, is the landform a sharp, roughly circular hill or is it an enlongated ridge? a. Sharp, steep, roughly circular hills are kames (10). b. Elongate, steep-sided ridges are eskers (11). If glacial landforms are flat or contain flat-topped forms: XII. In its broad aspects, is the form terrace-like, with higher ground on one side and lower on the other, or is it a non-terrace? a. Valley trains (12) and, kame terraces (13) are terrace-like. b. Outwash plains (14) and filled basins (15) are non-terrace forms. XIII. If terrace-like, does the outer edge of the terrace form show irregular knobs and pits due to ice-contact when form was being deposited, or does outer edge appear smooth or scalloped as if eroded by a stream? , ' a.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Introduction to Geological Process in Illinois Glacial
    INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ILLINOIS GLACIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPES GLACIERS A glacier is a flowing mass of ice. This simple definition covers many possibilities. Glaciers are large, but they can range in size from continent covering (like that occupying Antarctica) to barely covering the head of a mountain valley (like those found in the Grand Tetons and Glacier National Park). No glaciers are found in Illinois; however, they had a profound effect shaping our landscape. More on glaciers: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10ad.html Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice When placed under the appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature, ice will flow. In a glacier, this occurs when the ice is at least 20-50 meters (60 to 150 feet) thick. The buildup results from the accumulation of snow over the course of many years and requires that at least some of each winter’s snowfall does not melt over the following summer. The portion of the glacier where there is a net accumulation of ice and snow from year to year is called the zone of accumulation. The normal rate of glacial movement is a few feet per day, although some glaciers can surge at tens of feet per day. The ice moves by flowing and basal slip. Flow occurs through “plastic deformation” in which the solid ice deforms without melting or breaking. Plastic deformation is much like the slow flow of Silly Putty and can only occur when the ice is under pressure from above. The accumulation of meltwater underneath the glacier can act as a lubricant which allows the ice to slide on its base.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Glaciers.PM6
    How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarrernary GEOLOGY of MINNESOTA and PARTS of ADJACENT STATES
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Ray Lyman ,Wilbur, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director P~ofessional Paper 161 . QUArrERNARY GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA AND PARTS OF ADJACENT STATES BY FRANK LEVERETT WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY FREDERICK w. SARDE;30N Investigations made in cooperation with the MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1932 ·For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________________________________ _ 1 Wisconsin red drift-Continued. Introduction _____________________________________ _ 1 Weak moraines, etc.-Continued. Scope of field work ____________________________ _ 1 Beroun moraine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 Earlier reports ________________________________ _ .2 Location__________ _ __ ____ _ _ __ ___ ______ 47 Glacial gathering grounds and ice lobes _________ _ 3 Topography___________________________ 47 Outline of the Pleistocene series of glacial deposits_ 3 Constitution of the drift in relation to rock The oldest or Nebraskan drift ______________ _ 5 outcrops____________________________ 48 Aftonian soil and Nebraskan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Striae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 Kansan drift _____________________________ _ 5 Ground moraine inside of Beroun moraine_ 48 Yarmouth beds and Kansan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Mille Lacs morainic system_____________________ 48 Pre-Illinoian loess (Loveland loess) __________ _ 6 Location__________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A
    F-1 Trip F THE PINNACLE HILLS AND THE MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A. Sanders Department of Geosciences Monroe Community College INTRODUCTION The Pinnacle Hills, fortunately, were voluminously described with many excellent photographs by Fairchild, (1923). In 1973 the Range still stands as a conspicuous east-west ridge extending from the town of Brighton, at about Hillside Avenue, four miles to the Genesee River at the University of Rochester campus, referred to as Oak Hill. But, for over thirty years the Range was butchered for sand and gravel, which was both a crime and blessing from the geological point of view (plates I-VI). First, it destroyed the original land form shapes which were subsequently covered with man-made structures drawing the shade on its original beauty. Secondly, it allowed study of its structure by a man with a brilliantly analytical mind, Herman L. Fair­ child. It is an excellent example of morainal deposition at an ice front in a state of dynamic equilibrium, except for minor fluctuations. The Mendon Kame area on the other hand, represents the result of a block of stagnant ice, probably detached and draped over drumlins and drumloidal hills, melting away with tunnels, crevasses, and per­ foration deposits spilling or squirting their included debris over a more or less square area leaving topographically high kames and esker F-2 segments with many kettles and a large central area of impounded drainage. There appears to be several wave-cut levels at around the + 700 1 Lake Dana level, (Fairchild, 1923). The author in no way pretends to be a Pleistocene expert, but an attempt is made to give a few possible interpretations of the many diverse forms found in the Mendon Kames area.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Results & Analysis
    T h e M i d d l e s e x N a t u r a l H e r i t a g e S t u d y on the nature of the soil overlaying the relatively 4. Results & Analysis impermeable clay layer. In general, flat homogeneous areas have experienced the greatest loss of woodlands due to their high agricultural value. This chapter provides a general summary of County trends Kame Moraines, Peat and Muck, Beveled Till Plains and based on the MNHS and LSWS field surveys and on spatial Beaches or Shore Cliffs are uncommon physiographic types analysis of the woodland patches in Middlesex County. in Middlesex, yet a relatively large proportion of these areas are covered in woodlands (Table 4). Peat and Muck soils, which occur on valley bottoms, are too saturated to farm unless drained and are generally used for cash crops. 4.1 WOODLAND PHYSIOGRAPHY Remnant wetlands tend to be irregularly shaped and account for a high proportion of the area in these bottom lands. Table 4 is a comparison between the area of physiographic Woodlands in riparian landscapes tend to be long and types in Middlesex County and the area covered by continuous, but irregularly shaped. The strong relief of woodlands for each physiographic type. Although Kame Moraines, Shore Cliffs and Beveled Till Plains are Undrumlinized Till Plains, Till Moraines and Clay Plains not easy to farm and therefore more of these areas are are common physiographic types in Middlesex County wooded. Sandy soils found in Sand Plains, Spillways and (Table 4), only a relatively small proportion of these areas Kame Moraines are dominated by relatively large forest are covered in woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Imap10 Front.Pdf (6.25
    Illinois Map 10 2001 George H. Ryan, Governor Department of Natural Resources Brent Manning, Director ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William W. Shilts, Chief Geologic Road Map of Illinois: N Natural Resources Building East Dubuque Warren 615 East Peabody South Beloit Richmond Antioch 84 CHAIN- 173 Champaign Illinois, 61820-6964 APPLE RIVER Rockton 173 O-LAKES Zion ILLINOIS CANYON LAKE BEACH LE-AQUA-NA Lake Summerset Galena 78 Durand Roscoe 94 Surface Deposits and Landscapes 26 76 132 Harvard Lena 75 2 Fox Lake 251 90 14 47 83 Machesney 173 Waukegan MCHENRY DAM E 20 Stockton 70 Park ROCK CUT & LAKE DEFIANCE W Pecatonica McHenry North Chicago Woodstock David A. Grimley, Barbara J. Stiff, and Michael J. Andrew Loves Park 23 60 73 Belvidere 12 20 Marengo 176 41 Freeport 176 Mundelein Winnebago 20 Lake Forest Surface deposits compiled from Hansel and Johnson (1996), Lineback (1979), and Willman and Frye (1970) 84 59 Rockford Cherry Valley Crystal Lake 14 22 90 Huntley Lake Zurich Highland Park S Forreston MISSISSIPPI Carpentersville PALISADES 72 Byron 68 Genoa 94 Savanna Mount Carroll Lanark Arlington 26 2 Kirkland 62 Hts. 72 Hampshire WISCONSIN glacial outwash Mount Morris Mt. Prospect Evanston lake plain 39 20 Elgin Des 64 LOWDEN Skokie Driftless 47 Schaumburg Plaines Lake Michigan 52 290 WHITE CASTLE 64 41 Area PINE ROCK Oregon Sycamore 31 Milledgeville Polo FOREST 19 Michigan 19 St. Charles 20 LOWDEN-MILLER Rochelle 43 De Kalb 64 88 38 Oak Chicago 38 Elburn 59 355 Park 290 Fulton 2 Ashton 251 88 Wheaton Chicago MORRISON- Dixon Cicero ROCKWOOD 25 294 34 88 23 Morrison Sterling Downers 30 Rock Falls Waterman Hinckley Sugar Grove Naperville Grove 50 41 A 84 78 30 Aurora IOWIOWA 55 12 90 26 Amboy SHABBONA LAKE Oak A.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Geology of the Quincy North Area
    557 IL6gui 1980-D uide to the geology of the Quincy North area David L Reinertsen Commemorating the 50th Field Trip Season and the Survey's 75th year. Cross section of one of the larger sinkholes exposed along the west siJe of State Route 336 at Stop 2. Printed by authority of the State of Illinois/1980/500 copies 'L L 'NO | STATE GEOLOGICAL l SURVEY | f 3 3051 00006 8142 , A guide to the geology of the Quincy North area In 1930 the Geological Survey was 25 years old and the new Educational Extension Section was conducting its first field trips. Dr. M. M. Leighton, the Survey's third Chief, had created the section and its program "...to cooperate with the science teachers of the state and furnish them information regarding geology, such as will be helpful in their teaching of earth history and the development of life.' Part of the Section's work was to start a series of six annual "earth history field trips." More than 250 teachers and laymen attended the first year's trips near Dun- dee, La Salle-Starved Rock, Charleston- Mattoon-Eff i ngham , Harri sburg-Shawneetown Quincy, and Rock Island. In its 50 years (except for the war years 1942 to 1945), Ed. Extension has conducted more than 290 field trips. In 1979, 367 people from all walks of life attended the Survey's four field trips. 0m, ~x~w* 4 <#P\* -M* mmm-"* s U / • '« '-^L^<*-^ Teachers on the Quincy field trip, October 4, 1930, assemble in a quarry. Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Dahlen Esker by Lorraine A. Manz
    2 3 y a w h g i H e t a t S D a h le n r ke Es About the Dahlen Esker By Lorraine A. Manz First described in detail by Jack Kume in 1967, the Dahlen esker is the one of the best examples of its kind in North America. Eskers are long, sinuous, steep-sided ridges consisting of sediments (mainly sand and gravel with lesser amounts of silt and glacial till) deposited by meltwater streams flowing through tunnels or ice-walled channels at the base or within a stagnant or retreating glacier. When the ice melted these sediments were preserved more-or-less in place as ridges that mark the course of their parent stream, so like the compaction ridges described on page 17, eskers are topographic reversals. The Dahlen esker is located in northeastern North Dakota between the towns of Dahlen and Fordville. It is clearly visible as a prominent ridge from State Highway 32, which crosses its eastern end about half a mile north of the Grand Forks-Walsh County line. The esker was deposited approximately 12,000 years ago by a stream flowing in an ice-floored tunnel near the base of a stagnating glacier. It is roughly 400 feet wide at its base and Kume (1967) estimated its length at about four miles. The crest of the ridge rises to a maximum height of 80 feet and although it is generally level, numerous gaps give it an irregular appearance. The gaps, which have been widened and deepened by modern stream erosion, were probably formed at the same time as the esker, most likely by sediment collapse as the underlying ice melted.
    [Show full text]
  • Interior Plains and Arctic Canada Plaines Mterieures Et Region
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA COMMISSION GEOLUGIQUE DU CANADA CURRENT RESEARCH 1W-B INTERIOR PLAINS AND ARCTIC CANADA PLAINES MTERIEURES ET REGION ARCTIQUE DU CANADA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA COMMISSION GEOLOGIQUE DU CANADA CURRENT RESEARCH 1995-B INTERIOR PLAINS AND ARCTIC CANADA RECHERCHES EN COURS 1995-B PLAINES INTERIEURES ET REGION ARCTIQUE DU CANADA O~inisterof Energy, Mines and Resources Canada 1995 Available in Canada from Geological Survey of Canada offices: 601 Booth Street Ottawa, Canada KIA 0E8 3303-33rd Street N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A7 I00 West Pender Street Vancouver, B.C. V6B 1R8 or from Canada Communication Group - Publishing Ottawa, Canada KIA 0S9 and through authorized bookstore agents and other bookstores A deposit copy of this publication is also available for reference in public libraries across Canada Cat. No. M44-199513E ISBN 0-660-15810-8 Price subject to change without notice Cover description Silicified pillow basalt, semi-conformable alteration zone, near Spi Lake, Kaminak Lake map area (55L/4), Northwest Territories. See report in this volume by Miller and Tella. (Photo by A.R. Miller; GSC 1994-791). Description de la photo couverture Basalte en coussin silicifii, zone d'altiration semi-concordante, prks du lac Spi, rigion cartographique du lac Kaminak (55L/4), Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Voir le rapport de Miller et Tella dans ce volume. (Photo prise par A.R. Miller; GSC 1994-791). ERRATUM Current Research 1995-C The caption for Figure 1 on page 78 in the report by J.B. Henderson and T. Chacko was omitted. The caption is: Figure 1. Geology of the southwestern Slave Province showing the location of the-Paleoproterozoic uplift as expressed by the aeromagnetic anomaly pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science
    The Erie Lobe Margin in East-Central Indiana During the Wisconsin Glaciation 1 William J. Wayne, Indiana Geological Survey Abstract The ice sheet that deposited the Trafalgar Formation during the Tazewell Subage became inactive east of White River after building the Knightstown Moraine and disappeared by downwasting. Patches of low- relief ice-disintegration hummocks cover much of the Tipton Till Plain in east-central Indiana south of the Union City Moraine, where kames, eskers, and ice-walled disintegration channels are the dominant geo- morphic features of the landscape. The low Union City Moraine marks the margin in east-central Indiana of the Lagro Formation, a till sheet de- posited by the Erie Lobe during the Cary Subage of the Wisconsin (glacial) Age. The moraine disappears as a recognizable topographic feature across Delaware County because in that region the Erie Lobe ice rode over the thin sheet of stagnant ice that still remained from the earlier advance that deposited the Trafalgar Formation. Introduction The topographic features produced by melting ice in east-central Indiana—particularly in and around Muncie—have intrigued geologists for nearly a century. Phinney described them in two reports published in the 1880's, in which he recognized the esker system at Muncie and described but did not name the moraines of that area (12, 13). He regarded the eskers and troughs to have been formed by feeder channels for the flood of "Collett's Glacial River" farther south. Leverett, who devoted nearly his lifetime to study of the glacial deposits of the central United States, mapped and named a narrow ridge across Randolph County, the Union Moraine (9, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology Colloquium Glacial Deposits
    Geology Colloquium Thursday, April 12th, Dr. Mark Abbot, Univ. of Pitt The Holocene Environmental History of the Central Andes from Lakes and Glaciers 4:00 pm in Room 310 White Hall. Refreshments will be available at 3:45 PM. Everybody is welcome! Glacial Deposits • Lodgement Till • Ablation Till • Flow Till Form a Committee and see what you get… Till Genesis: Till Work Group 1977-82 Report (Dreimanis) Till Subglacial Till Supraglacial Till Sub- Melt- aqueous & Out & Subaerial Sublim Mass- ation Movement Till Till (Flow Till) Melt-Out Till Melt-Out Lodgement Till Deformation Till Mass-Movement Till Mass-Movement Key: Subaquatic Till Melt-Out Ortho- Till Allo-Till 1 Till - a Type of Glacial Sediment Basal till from the last major glaciation ~ 18,000 years ago; Loch Torridon, Scotland. M. J. Hambrey photo. http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/glossary/till-en.html Glacier-Till Contact, Iceland Photo by Tom Lowell 2 Striated Boulder, Hargraves Glacier, B.C. Photo by Tom Lowell Striated Boulder, Solheimajokull, Iceland. Photo by Tom Lowell Largest Erratic in Maine MAINE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION PHOTO http://www.state.m e.us/doc/nrimc/pu bedinf/photogal/su rfical/surfphot.htm 3 DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS COMPOSED OF TILL: • Moraines = Ice-Marginal Positions Image from Judson L. Ahern http://dynamic.ou.edu/notes/glaciers/moraines.jpg Alpine Moraines Moraine = Landform on Margins of Glacier Lateral Moraine Medial Moraine End Moraine Medial Moraines 4 Photo by Tom Lowell Moraine System, Sierra Nevada, California Massive Lateral & End Moraines New Zealand Photo by Tom Lowell 5 End Moraines Terminal Moraine Recessional Moraines Athabaska Glacier, Alberta Moraine from “Continental” Glaciers: Iceland Photo by Tom Lowell http://www.state .me.us/doc/nrim 700c/pubedinf/facts m ht/bedrock/meg eol.htm Basin Ponds Moraine <60 m Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Landtype Associations (Ltas) of the Southeast Glacial Plains 222Kc05 222Kc04 Scale: 1:1,200,000 Wisconsin Transverse Mercator NAD83(91) Map SEGP3 - Ams 222Kc06
    Landtype Associations (LTAs) of the Southeast Glacial Plains 222Kc05 222Kc04 Scale: 1:1,200,000 Wisconsin Transverse Mercator NAD83(91) Map SEGP3 - ams 222Kc06 222Kc03 222Kc 222Kc01 Landtype Associations 222Kc02 222Ke22 222Ke21 222Kc01 222Kc07 222Ke06 222Kc02 222Kc03 222Kc04 222Ke19 222Kc05 222Kc06 222Ke20 222Ke16 222Kc07 222Ke05 222Ke18 222Kf08 222Ke01 222Ke02 222Ke17 222Ke15 222Ke03 222Kf07 222Ke04 222Ke14 222Ke05 222Ke12 222Kf06 222Ke06 222Ke 222Ke07 222Ke11 222Ke08 222Ke04 222Ke13 222Ke09 222Ke07 222Ke10 222Ke11 222Ke10 222Kf02 222Ke12 222Ke01 222Ke13 222Ke08 222Kf 222Ke14 222Ke15 222Ke09 222Ke03 222Ke16 222Kf05 222Ke17 222Kh05 222Ke02 222Kf03 222Ke18 222Kh01 222Ke19 222Kh02 222Ke20 222Kh03 222Kh 222Kf01 222Ke21 222Kf04 222Kh05 222Ke22 222Kh01 222Kh04 222Kh06 222Kf01 222Kh03 222Kf02 222Kf03 222Kf04 222Kf05 This map is based on the National Hierarchical Framework of Ecological Units (NHFEU) (Cleland et al. 1997). 222Kf06 222Kf07 The ecological landscapes used in this handbook are based substantially on 222Kf08 Subsections of the NHFEU. Ecological landscapes use the same boundaries as NHFEU Sections or Subsections. However, some NHFEU Subsections were 222Kh01 combined to reduce the number of geographical units in the state to a manageable 222Kh02 number. LTA descriptions can be found on the back page of this map. Ecological Landscape 222Kh03 County Boundaries 0 5 10 20 30 40 222Kh04 Miles 222Kh05 Sections Kilometers 222Kh06 Subsections 0 5 10 20 30 40 Ecological Landscapes of Wisconsin Handbook - 1805.1 WDNR, 2011 Landtype Association Descriptions for the Southeast Glacial Plains Ecological Landscape 222Kc01 Lake Winnebago 222Kc02 Oshkosh Moraines The characteristic landform pattern is undulating till plain. Soils are predominantly moderately well drained silt and clay over calcareous clay or loam till. Common habitat types include ATiFrCa(O), ATiFrVb(Cr) and wetland.
    [Show full text]