Somatosensory Systems

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Somatosensory Systems Somatosensory Systems Sue Keirstead, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Integrative Biology and Physiology Stem Cell Institute E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 612 626 2290 Class 9: Somatosensory System (p. 292-306) 1. Describe the 3 main types of somatic sensations: 1. tactile: light touch, deep pressure, vibration, cold, hot, etc., 2. pain, 3. Proprioception. 2. List the types of sensory receptors that are found in the skin (Figure 9.11) and explain what determines the optimum type of stimulus that will activate each. 3. Describe the two different modality-specific ascending somatosensory pathways and note which modalities are carried in each (Figure 9.10 and 9.13). 4. Describe how it is possible for us to differentiate between stimuli of different modalities in the same body part (i.e. fingertip). Consider this at the level of 1) the sensory receptors and 2) the neurons onto which they synapse in the ascending sensory systems. 5. Explain how one might determine the location of a spinal cord injury based on the modality of sensation that is lost and the region of the body (both the side of the body and body part) where sensation is lost (Figure 9.18). 6. Describe how incoming sensory inputs from primary sensory axons can be modified at the level of the spinal cord and relate this to the mechanism of action of some common pain medications (Figure 9-18). 7. Describe the homunculus and explain the significance of the size of the region of the somatosensory cortex devoted to a particular body part. Cerebral cortex Interneuron Thalamus Interneuron 4 Integration of sensory Stimulus input in the CNS 1 Stimulation Sensory Axon of sensory of sensory receptor neuron receptor Graded potential Action potentials 2 Transduction 3 Generation of of the stimulus action potentials Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Main types of Somatic Sensations 1. Tactile: deep pressure, temperature, light touch, vibration, tickle 2. Pain, itch 3. Proprioception: muscle length, velocity of stretch, muscle tension Free nerve endings Merkel disc (itch, pain, temperature, (slowly adapting, touch & pressure) tickle) Meissner corpuscle Skin: (rapidly adapting, touch & Epidermis low frequency vibration) Dermis Ruffini corpuscle (slowly adapting, stretch & pressure) Hair root plexus (rapidly adapting, touch, i.e. movement of hair) Pacinian corpuscle (rapidly adapting, high Subcutaneous layer frequency vibration) Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Pacinian corpuscle: Area deformed by a vibration Nerve ending stimulus Multilayered capsule Extracellular fluid Ca2+ Cation channel Cation channel Plasma Na+ closed membrane open Influx of Na+ and Ca2+ causes a depolarizing receptor potential Cytosol A pacinian corpuscle at rest Transduction in a pacinian corpuscle Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Pacinian corpuscle = Rapidly Adapting Receptor - receptor includes connective tissue structure that cushions the end of the axon - the end of the axon contains mechanically-gated transduction channels From “Principles of Neural Science” by Kandel and Schwartz - the rapid adaptation is due to the connective tissue cushioning which redistributes the pressure among the layers of the cushion - if the connective tissue is stripped away the receptor becomes slowly adapting Modality of Sensory Receptors ⁃ type of stimulus that optimally activates the receptor ⁃ Pacinian corpuscle modality is vibration ⁃ determined by the type of channels on the receptor membrane (mechanosensitive) plus the overall structure and location of the receptor in the tissue. From “Exploring the Brain” by Bear Receptor potentials are graded potentials that can sum over time and space. 8 From http://michaeldmann.net/mann4.html, Michael D. Mann, Ph.D. Proprioception – awareness of the position of your body. Muscle spindle sensory axons (transmit information about Gamma motor neuron to muscle length or stretch) intrafusal muscle fibers Alpha motor neuron to extrafusal muscle fibers Muscle spindle capsule Sensory axon Secondary (flower-spray) Tendon ending Primary (annulospiral) ending Nuclear bag fiber Intrafusal muscle Nuclear chain fiber fibers Extrafusal muscle fibers Golgi tendon organ (muscle tension) Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The size and density of receptive fields influences spatial resolution Caliper Receptive field Skin surface Convergence of primary sensory axons onto a single Primary secondary sensory neuron will sensory reduce resolution. neurons Postsynaptic To higher One point of touch perceived neuron parts of the because only one secondary brain (secondary sensory neuron is being sensory neuron) activated. The size and density of receptive fields influences spatial resolution (the ability to distinguish between two stimuli) Caliper Receptive field Skin surface Primary Two points of touch perceived sensory because each stimulus activates neurons a separate sensory pathway To higher parts of the Postsynaptic brain (i.e. thalamus) neurons (secondary sensory neuron) Sensory neurons with overlapping receptive fields Stimulus Skin surface Receptive field Somatic sensory neuron Higher frequency of Lower frequency of action potentials action potentials Skin Action potentials Sensory neurons Inhibitory (Primary interneurons sensory neurons) – – – – – Postsynaptic neurons (secondary sensory neurons) Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Somatosensory cortex Third-order neuron Thalamus (thalamus) Dorsal column nuclei Brain stem Second-order neuron (secondary sensory neuron) First-order neuron (primary sensory neuron) Modality-specific pathways Spinal nerve • Touch • Pressure • Vibration • Proprioception Spinal cord Sensory receptors Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Primary somatosensory cortex (SSC) Homunculus The size of the region in the SSC that receives information about a Leg specific body part is proportional Foot Shoulder Toes to the density of innervation of Genitals the body part (not to the size of the body part). Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The “withrdrawal reflex” pathway is activated by a nociceptor Nociceptor First-order (primary sensory)neuron Interneuron Skin Spinal cord Motor neuron Skeletal muscle Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Primary somatosensory cortex Limbic Third-order system neuron Thalamus Hypothalamus Reticular formation First-order Nociceptor neuron Skin Second-order (secondary sensory) Second- neuron Substance P order neuron Spinal cord First-order neuron Release of substance P Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE OF BODY OF BODY Primary somatosensory cortex Third-order neuron Thalamus Midbrain Medulla Second-order neuron First-order neuron SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT Modality-specific Receptors for Spinal nerve pathways pain, temperature, itch, and tickle Spinal cord Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Dorsal column pathway Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE OF BODY OF BODY OF BODY OF BODY Primary somatosensory cortex Third-order Third-order neuron neuron Thalamus Thalamus Midbrain Midbrain Second-order Dorsal neuron Column Nuclei Medulla Medulla First-order neuron Second-order neuron First-order neuron DORSAL COLUMN SPINOTHALAMIC Receptors for Receptors for TRACT touch, Spinal pain, temperature, pressure, nerve itch, and tickle vibration, and Spinal cord Spinal cord proprioception LO 5: Explain how one might determine the location of a spinal cord injury based on the modality of sensation that is lost and the region of the body (both the side of the body and body part) where sensation is lost (Figure 9.18). Convergence of somatic and visceral first-order neurons on the same second-order neuron First-order neurons To brain Skin Second- order neurons Visceral organ (heart) Spinal cord Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Distribution of referred pain Lung and Liver and diaphragm Liver and gallbladder gallbladder Heart Stomach Pancreas Liver and Gallbladder gallbladder Small intestine Stomach Ovary Ovary Kidney Kidney Colon Urinary Appendix bladder Ureter Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Incoming pain signals can be modified by descending axons. Periaqueductal gray matter Midbrain Nucleus raphe magnus Medulla First-order neuron To brain Nociceptor Spinal cord Second-order neuron Pre- and post- Neuron from synaptic inhibition by nucleus raphe descending opioid magnus pathways Inhibitory interneuron First-order Endogenous sensory opioid neuron Opioid receptor Second-order neuron Inhibitory postsynaptic Substance P potential Substance P release is reduced or blocked LO 6. Describe how incoming sensory inputs from primary sensory axons can be modified at the level of the spinal cord ... Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Perception involves many areas of the brain, including association cortices, limbic system, hippocampus (memory), etc. PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX (postcentral gyrus) SOMATOSENSORY ASSOCIATION AREA COMMON INTEGRATIVE BROCA’S AREA AREA WERNICKE’S AREA VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA GUSTATORY CORTEX Insula OLFACTORY CORTEX opyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. .
Recommended publications
  • Proprioceptive- Deep Tendon Reflex Dr. Jose Palomar
    PROPRIOCEPTIVE- DEEP TENDON REFLEX DR. JOSE PALOMAR PROPRIOCEPTIVE- DEEP TENDON REFLEX DR. JOSE PALOMAR Proprioceptive-Deep Tendon Reflex About the Author Dr. Jose Palomar Lever, M.D. is a native of Guadalajara, the capital city of the state of Jalisco in Mexico. He began his medical school education at the age of 17 at the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG) and received his training in Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology at the Universidad del Ejercito y Fuerza Aérea (UDEFA). He performed his first orthopedic surgery at the age of 24 and between 1984 and 1988 was an orthopedic surgeon on the staff of the Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery Institute of Jalisco, S.S.A. He went on to receive specialized training in minimally invasive spine surgery at the Texas Back Institute in Dallas, Texas. Pursuing his interest in what he now refers to as the “software” of the human body, a study, which began in earnest for him in 2000, Dr. Palomar became a Diplomate in Applied Kinesiology from the International College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK). He received the organization's Alan Beardall Memorial Award for Research for 2004-2005 and over the years has had eighteen papers accepted for inclusion in ICAK-USA Proceedings. He also completed the Carrick Institute for Graduate Studies program in Clinical Neurology. Today, in addition to pursuing an ongoing research program, Dr. Palomar conducts regular trainings in Proprioceptive-Deep Tendon Reflex (P-DTR) for medical practitioners in USA, Canada, Australia, Mexico, England, Poland, Latvia and Russia, and continues to practice medicine from his home base in Guadalajara, Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacinian Corpuscle Neuroma: a Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
    vv ISSN: 2641-3116 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojor CLINICAL GROUP Received: 03 June, 2020 Case Report Accepted: 26 June, 2020 Published: 27 June, 2020 *Corresponding author: Sujit Kumar Singh, Junior Pacinian corpuscle neuroma: A Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India, Tel: +91-9477943631; E-mail: rare case report with review of ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2285-6905 Keywords: Pacinian corpuscle; Neuroma; Pacinian Literature corpuscle Sujit Kumar Singh1*, Umesh Yadav2, Ajay Sheoran2, RC https://www.peertechz.com Siwach3, Ashish Devgan3, Kshitish Chandra Behera4, Amandeep Verma1, Karunesh Ranjan1 and Surinder Jaiswal5 1Junior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 3Senior Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 4Senior Resident, Department of Orthopedics, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak 5Junior Resident, Department of Orthopaedics, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak Abstract The authors discuss an interesting case of a Pacinian corpuscle neuroma in the fi nger of a young woman who presented with severe digital pain. The clinical signs were very prominent. The patient had complete pain relief following excision of the tumor. Pacinian corpuscle neuromas are rare, with only about few cases reported in the literature. The histology, presenting features and associated conditions are discussed in detail. In addition to a neuroma or glomus tumor, Pacinian corpuscle hyperplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of digital or palmar pain of unknown etiology. Introduction Neural tumours composed exclusively of Pacinian corpuscles or showing focal Pacinian differentiation are extremely rare and have only occasionally been reported in the literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Pacinian Corpuscle Tumor
    International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 Received: 10-08-2019; Accepted: 12-09-2019 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 5; Issue 11; November 2019; Page No. 48-51 Pacinian corpuscle tumor Dr. Pathik Shah1, Dr. Hiten Kareliya2, Dr. Salome3, Dr. Tushar Toprani4 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Indian Oil Corporation limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 2 Consultant Infectious diseases, Prime Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 3 Senior Histopathologist, Toprani Lab, Vadodara, Gujarat, India 4 Senior Pathologist, Toprani Lab, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Abstract The authors discuss an interesting case of a Pacinian corpuscle neuroma in the finger of a young woman who presented with severe digital pain. The pain was initially attributed to pus collection in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. The clinical signs were very subtle. The patient had complete pain relief following excision of the tumor. Pacinian corpuscle neuromas are rare, with only about few cases reported in the literature. The histology, presenting features and associated conditions are discussed in detail. In addition to a neuroma or glomus tumor, Pacinian corpuscle hyperplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of digital or palmar pain of unknown etiology. Keywords: Pacinian cell neuroma, Pacinian corpuscle neuroma, Painful hand lesions 1. Introduction Schematic diagram of the microscopic structure of a Pacinian corpuscles are mechanoreceptors found in human Pacinian corpuscle showing a single unmyelinated nerve and other animals. They are distributed in the dermis from fiber surrounded by connective tissue lamellae. The part of the fingers and palm of the hand, the conjunctiva, near the nerve outside the capsule is myelinated joints, in the mesenteries, branching blood vessels, penis, urethra, clitoris, parietal peritoneum and loose connective tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Tissue Engineered Myelination and the Stretch Reflex Arc Sensory Circuit: Defined Medium Ormulation,F Interface Design and Microfabrication
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2009 Tissue Engineered Myelination And The Stretch Reflex Arc Sensory Circuit: Defined Medium ormulation,F Interface Design And Microfabrication John Rumsey University of Central Florida Part of the Biology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Rumsey, John, "Tissue Engineered Myelination And The Stretch Reflex Arc Sensory Circuit: Defined Medium Formulation, Interface Design And Microfabrication" (2009). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 3826. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/3826 TISSUE ENGINEERED MYELINATION AND THE STRETCH REFLEX ARC SENSORY CIRCUIT: DEFINED MEDIUM FORMULATION, INTERFACE DESIGN AND MICROFABRICATION by JOHN WAYNE RUMSEY B.S. University of Florida, 2001 M.S. University of Central Florida, 2004 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences in the College of Medicine at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2009 Major Professor: James J. Hickman ABSTRACT The overall focus of this research project was to develop an in vitro tissue- engineered system that accurately reproduced the physiology of the sensory elements of the stretch reflex arc as well as engineer the myelination of neurons in the systems. In order to achieve this goal we hypothesized that myelinating culture systems, intrafusal muscle fibers and the sensory circuit of the stretch reflex arc could be bioengineered using serum-free medium formulations, growth substrate interface design and microfabrication technology.
    [Show full text]
  • BRS Physiology 3Rd Edition
    Board Review Series • Reflects USMLE changes • Approximately 350 USMLE-type questions with explanations • Numerous illustrations, diagrams, and tables • Easy-to-follow outline covering all USMLE-tested topics • A comprehensive examination V Ah, LIPPINCOTT -"*" WILLIAMS &WILKIN; mum IEEE mows IF 'IMP IMMO MINK I I. Key Physiology Topics for USMLE Step I Cell Physiology Transport mechanisms Ionic basis for action potential Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle Neuromuscular transmission Autonomic Physiology Cholinergic receptors Adrenergic receptors Effects of autonomic nervous system on organ system function Cardiovascular Physiology Events of cardiac cycle Pressure, flow, resistance relationships Frank-Starling law of the heart Ventricular pressure-volume loops Ionic basis for cardiac action potentials Starling forces in capillaries Regulation of arterial pressure (baroreceptors and renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system) Cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise Cardiovascular responses to hemorrhage Cardiovascular responses to changes in posture Respiratory Physiology Lung and chest-wall compliance curves Breathing cycle Hemoglobin-02 dissociation curve Causes of hypoxemia and hypoxia vq, P02, and P00 2 in upright lung V/Q defects Peripheral and central chemoreceptors in control of breathing Responses to high altitude Renal and Acid-Base Physiology Fluid shifts between body fluid compartments Starling forces across glomerular capillaries Transporters in various segments of nephron (Na Cl-,
    [Show full text]
  • Fine Structure of Eimer's Organ in the Coast Mole (Scapanus Orarius)
    THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 290:437–448 (2007) Fine Structure of Eimer’s Organ in the Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius) PAUL D. MARASCO,1 PAMELA R. TSURUDA,2 DIANA M. BAUTISTA,2 3 AND KENNETH C. CATANIA * 1Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 2Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 3Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee ABSTRACT Eimer’s organ is a small, densely innervated sensory structure found on the glabrous rhinarium of most talpid moles. This structure consists of an epidermal papilla containing a central circular column of cells as- sociated with intraepidermal free nerve endings, Merkel cell neurite complexes, and lamellated corpuscles. The free nerve endings within the central cell column form a ring invested in the margins of the column, surrounding 1–2 fibers that pass through the center of the column. A group of small-diameter nociceptive free nerve endings that are immuno- reactive for substance P surrounds this central ring of larger-diameter free nerve endings. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high concentration of tonofibrils in the epidermal cells of the central column, suggesting they are more rigid than the surrounding keratinocytes and may play a mechanical role in transducing stimuli to the different recep- tor terminals. The intraepidermal free nerve endings within the central column begin to degrade 15 mm from the base of the stratum corneum and do not appear to be active within the keratinized outer layer. The pe- ripheral free nerve endings are structurally distinct from their counter- parts in the central column and immunocytochemical double labeling with myelin basic protein and substance P indicates these afferents are unmyelinated.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction in the Pacinian Corpuscle
    1 Mechanisms of Mechanotransduction in the Pacinian Corpuscle Submitted by Svetlana Pitts-Yushchenko to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics, July 2013 The thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgment. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ………………………………………………………………… 2 3 Abstract Touch perception is important in most living organisms and extremely sensitive detection systems have evolved to meet this need. Pacinian corpuscles (PCs) are primary mechanoreceptors. In the human, they are found in the skin (where they act as touch receptors), in the joints, in muscles and in many organs (where they act as motion sensors). The purpose of the work described in this thesis is to investigate how the performance of the PC is achieved, with reference to structure, mechanical properties and possible transduction mechanisms. PCs were obtained from the equine hoof and their distribution and clustering were investigated. Corpuscles were located in the frog area of the hoof (the digital cushion); they were found to be surrounded by adipose tissue and often closely associated with blood vessels. The physiological implications of these observations are discussed. The structure and composition of corpuscles was investigated using confocal microscopy with histological stains for collagen, proteoglycans and lipids. Nonlinear microscopy was also used to investigate the distribution of collagen (by second- harmonic generation), elastin (by intrinsic two-photon fluorescence) and membrane 4 lipids (by coherent Raman imaging).
    [Show full text]
  • Cortex Brainstem Spinal Cord Thalamus Cerebellum Basal Ganglia
    Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology HST.131: Introduction to Neuroscience Course Director: Dr. David Corey Motor Systems I 1 Emad Eskandar, MD Motor Systems I - Muscles & Spinal Cord Introduction Normal motor function requires the coordination of multiple inter-elated areas of the CNS. Understanding the contributions of these areas to generating movements and the disturbances that arise from their pathology are important challenges for the clinician and the scientist. Despite the importance of diseases that cause disorders of movement, the precise function of many of these areas is not completely clear. The main constituents of the motor system are the cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Thalamus Brainstem Spinal Cord In very broad terms, cortical motor areas initiate voluntary movements. The cortex projects to the spinal cord directly, through the corticospinal tract - also known as the pyramidal tract, or indirectly through relay areas in the brain stem. The cortical output is modified by two parallel but separate re­ entrant side loops. One loop involves the basal ganglia while the other loop involves the cerebellum. The final outputs for the entire system are the alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord, also called the Lower Motor Neurons. Cortex: Planning and initiation of voluntary movements and integration of inputs from other brain areas. Basal Ganglia: Enforcement of desired movements and suppression of undesired movements. Cerebellum: Timing and precision of fine movements, adjusting ongoing movements, motor learning of skilled tasks Brain Stem: Control of balance and posture, coordination of head, neck and eye movements, motor outflow of cranial nerves Spinal Cord: Spontaneous reflexes, rhythmic movements, motor outflow to body.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Receptors A17 (1)
    SENSORY RECEPTORS A17 (1) Sensory Receptors Last updated: April 20, 2019 Sensory receptors - transducers that convert various forms of energy in environment into action potentials in neurons. sensory receptors may be: a) neurons (distal tip of peripheral axon of sensory neuron) – e.g. in skin receptors. b) specialized cells (that release neurotransmitter and generate action potentials in neurons) – e.g. in complex sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste). sensory receptor is often associated with nonneural cells that surround it, forming SENSE ORGAN. to stimulate receptor, stimulus must first pass through intervening tissues (stimulus accession). each receptor is adapted to respond to one particular form of energy at much lower threshold than other receptors respond to this form of energy. adequate (s. appropriate) stimulus - form of energy to which receptor is most sensitive; receptors also can respond to other energy forms, but at much higher thresholds (e.g. adequate stimulus for eye is light; eyeball rubbing will stimulate rods and cones to produce light sensation, but threshold is much higher than in skin pressure receptors). when information about stimulus reaches CNS, it produces: a) reflex response b) conscious sensation c) behavior alteration SENSORY MODALITIES Sensory Modality Receptor Sense Organ CONSCIOUS SENSATIONS Vision Rods & cones Eye Hearing Hair cells Ear (organ of Corti) Smell Olfactory neurons Olfactory mucous membrane Taste Taste receptor cells Taste bud Rotational acceleration Hair cells Ear (semicircular
    [Show full text]
  • Sensorimotor Deficits Following Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2017 Sensorimotor Deficits ollowingF Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy Jacob Adam Vincent Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons Repository Citation Vincent, Jacob Adam, "Sensorimotor Deficits ollowingF Oxaliplatin Chemotherapy" (2017). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 2074. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/2074 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SENSORIMOTOR DEFICITS FOLLOWING CHEMOTHERAPY A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By JACOB ADAM VINCENT B.S. The Ohio State University, 2009 2017 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL April, 14 2017 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE DISSERTATION PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Jacob Adam Vincent ENTITLED Sensorimotor Deficits Following Chemotherapy BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFUILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy. Timothy C. Cope, Ph.D. Dissertation Director Mill W. Miller, Ph.D. Director, Biomedical Sciences Ph.D. Program Robert E.W. Fyffe Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School Committee on Final Examination Timothy C. Cope, Ph.D. Mark M. Rich, M.D.,Ph.D. Mill W. Miller, Ph.D. David Ladle, Ph.D. F. Javier Alvarez-Leefmans, M.D., Ph.D. Abstract Vincent, Jacob Adam.
    [Show full text]
  • A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation Into the Distribution, Morphology and Function of Pacinian Corpuscles
    A theoretical and experimental investigation into the distribution, morphology and function of pacinian corpuscles. Submitted by Joanne Danielle Dale to the University of Exeter as a dissertation for Master of Philosophy in Physics, October 2014. This dissertation is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the dissertation may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. (Signature) ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 Abstract The distribution, morphology and function of the pacinian corpuscle was examined. The distribution in rat feet was recorded using both Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and dissection. The mechanical properties of the corpuscle were investigated using a theoretical model based upon previous work by (Loewenstein & Skalak, 1966). The model was used to examine how the corpuscle’s structure affects its function in healthy and diseased states. Distribution data gathered by dissection revealed the majority of corpuscles were restricted to the adipose tissue of each foot pad. Densest concentrations were in the rear foot pads. The remainder were located in the digits and in close proximity of bone via the interosseous membrane and wrist ligaments. Localisation near capillaries was common. MRI was not invasive and detected a greater number of corpuscles but held limitations in its ability to separate corpuscles in close proximity. Dissection was invasive and showed a lower number of corpuscles but greater confidence could be contributed to the correct identification of each corpuscle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Nervous System S Tructure and Function
    The Human Nervous System S tructure and Function S ixth Ed ition The Human Nervous System Structure and Function S ixth Edition Charles R. Noback, PhD Professor Emeritus Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY Norman L. Strominger, PhD Professor Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology) The Albany Medical College Adjunct Professor, Division of Biomedical Science University at Albany Institute for Health and the Environment Albany, NY Robert J. Demarest Director Emeritus Department of Medical Illustration College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York, NY David A. Ruggiero, MA, MPhil, PhD Professor Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy and Cell Biology Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York, NY © 2005 Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512 www.humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. h ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Production Editor: Tracy Catanese Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary Cover Illustration: The cover illustration, by Robert J. Demarest, highlights synapses, synaptic activity, and synaptic-derived proteins, which are critical elements in enabling the nervous system to perform its role.
    [Show full text]