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Globalization and the Rise of Ngos: a Model of Empowerment Between Hegelian Dialectics and Complexity Science

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Globalization and the Rise of Ngos: a Model of Empowerment Between Hegelian Dialectics and Complexity Science Department of Political Science Chair of International Relations Globalization and the Rise of NGOs: A Model of Empowerment between Hegelian Dialectics and Complexity Science Prof. Raffaele Marchetti Andrea Paganini 087382 SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE Academic Year 2019/2020 1 This page is intentionally left blank 2 Acknowledgements To my own civil society 3 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 7 First Chapter ...............................................................................................................................................11 NGOs, CSO and GCSO: Towards a Working Definition of NGOs ..............................................................11 1.1. Methodological issue and the Taxonomy behind Non-Governmental Organizations: Towards a working definition ....................................................................................................................................................11 1.1.1 Methodological issue behind the Term “NGO”: Concept and Conception .......................................11 1.1.2 A complicated Taxonomy of NGO .................................................................................................12 1.2. The apparent identity NGO-CSO: Distinguishing the two categories ....................................................13 1.2.1 Understanding Civil Society and Civil Society Organizations .........................................................13 1.2.2 The clash between the two acronyms NGO and CSO: The Logical Level of analysis ......................16 1.2.3 Putting the NGO-CSO relation in the Globalization Context: Empirical Level of Analysis ..............17 1.3. Global Civil Society Organizations as a function of NGOs ...................................................................19 1.3.1 The Emergence of Global Civil Society Organizations (GCSO) ......................................................19 1.3.2 Kaldor’s Paradigms of GCSO and the theories of IR .......................................................................21 1.4. Establishing a sound operational definition ...........................................................................................25 1.4.1 The constituent elements of NGOs .................................................................................................25 1.4.2 The Hybrid Definition ....................................................................................................................27 Second Chapter ...........................................................................................................................................29 Globalization, Complexity Science and NGOs ............................................................................................29 2.1. An operational timeline for a Global Perspective ..................................................................................29 2.1.1 The tripartition and Hegel’s dialectics.............................................................................................29 4 2.1.2 Integrity and trigger of the synthesis: Between Plato and Hegel ......................................................32 2.2. Globalization Context ..........................................................................................................................34 2.2.1 A brief overlook of Globalization ...................................................................................................34 2.2.2 The emergence of non-state actors: observing the CSO ...................................................................36 2.2.3 Relevance and Proliferation of NGOs: observing inside the CSO ....................................................37 2.3. The complex rationale behind the effects of Globalization on NGOs .....................................................40 2.3.1 Complexity thus far: Trigger, Synthesis and Emergence .................................................................40 2.3.2 Why employing Complexity Science ..............................................................................................42 2.3.3 Globalization and Complexity: Direct and Indirect impact on NGOs ..............................................45 2.4. Core Assumptions of Complexity Science ............................................................................................47 2.4.1 Complex Adaptive Systems: Nonlinear and Dynamical Properties ..................................................47 2.4.2 Complex, Complicated and Chaotic ................................................................................................48 Third Chapter .............................................................................................................................................50 The Direct Impact of Globalization on NGOs: The “Channels of Empowerment Model”.............................50 3.1. How to read the graphical representation of the model ..........................................................................50 3.1.1 Purpose and Structure of the model ................................................................................................50 3.1.2 Vertical and Horizontal analysis .....................................................................................................52 3.1.3 A tripartite yet organic complex model ...........................................................................................54 3.2. How Globalization Impacted NGOs: The “Channels of Empowerment Model” ....................................55 3.2.1 The First Channel: Global Governance (Governance and Government) ...........................................55 3.2.2 The Second Channel: Transnational advocacy (Collective action empowered) ................................60 3.2.3 The Third Channel: Private-Public Partnerships (Hybrid Diplomacy) .............................................74 3.2.4 The Emergent Synergies at work: The Boomerang Effect and PPF .................................................78 Fourth Chapter ............................................................................................................................................83 The Indirect Impact of Globalization on NGOs: International Relations as Complex Adaptive System ........83 4.1. Level-of-Analysis Approach: International Relations as CAS ...............................................................83 4.1.2 The NGO Level-Of-Analysis: NGOs’ Networks as CAS ................................................................85 4.1.3 The Humanitarian Aid Level-of-Analysis: Humanitarian Aid Network as CAS ...............................87 4.1.4 International Relations Level-of-Analysis: Global Politics as CAS .................................................90 Final Remarks and Conclusion ....................................................................................................................95 5.1. Final Remarks ......................................................................................................................................95 5.1.2 The Channels of Empowerment Model: Potential Pitfalls ...............................................................97 5.1.3 Globalization and Applied Complexity Science ............................................................................101 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................103 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................108 5 List of Abbreviations CAITEC Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation CALP Cash Learning Partnerships CARR Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation CAS Complex Adaptive System CBO Community Based Organization CSO Civil Society Organization CVA Cash and Voucher Assistance ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council ESRC Economic Social Research Council EU European Union GCSO Global Civil Society Organization GSO Grass-Roots Support Organization INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IO International Organization IR International Relations JHA Justice and Home Affairs MNC Multi-National Corporations NGDO Non-Governmental Development Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization ODI Overseas Development Institute OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PPF Put People First PPP Public-Private-Partnership PVD Private Voluntary Organization SBO Social Benefit Organization SES Social-Ecological System TBTF Too Big To Fail TICTF Too Interconnected To Fail TNGO Transnational Non-Governmental Organization TREVI Terrorisme, Radicalisme, Extrémisme et Violence Internationale UN United Nations UNDP United Nation Development Programme US United States WB World Bank 6 Introduction The rise of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in a globalized International Relations (IR) is one of most prominent features of the global political ecosystem. Hall-Jones studied the growth of NGOs in 2006 and gives some data on how massive the magnitudes revolving around NGOs are. The NGO sector constitutes the 8th largest economy in the world, it employs millions of individuals
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