Companion to Urban Design Today the practice of urban design has forged a distinctive identity with applications at many different scales ranging from the block or street scale to the scale of metropolitan and regional landscapes. Urban design interfaces many aspects of contemporary public policy: multiculturalism, healthy cities, environmental justice, economic development, climate change, energy conservation, protection of natural environments, sustainable development, community liveability, and the like. The fi eld now comprises a core body of knowledge that enfolds a rich history of ideas, paradigms, principles, tools, research, and applications, enriched by eclectic infl uences from the humanities, and social and natural sciences. Companion to Urban Design includes more than 50 original contributions from interna- tionally recognized authorities in the fi eld. These contributions address the following questions: what are the important ideas that have shaped the fi eld and the current practice of urban design? What are the major methods and processes that have infl uenced the prac- tice of urban design at various scales? What are the current innovations relevant to the pedagogy of urban design? What are the lingering debates, confl icts and contradictions in the theory and practice of urban design? How could urban design respond to the contem- porary challenges of climate change, sustainability, active living initiatives, globalization, and the like? What are the signifi cant disciplinary infl uences on the theory, research, and practice of urban design in recent times? There has never before been a more authoritative and comprehensive companion that includes core, foundational, and pioneering ideas, and concepts of urban design. This book serves as an invaluable guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students, future profes- sionals, and practitioners interested in architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning, and also interested in urban studies, urban affairs, geography, and related fi elds. Tridib Banerjee holds the James Irvine Chair in Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Southern California School of Policy, Planning and Development. His research focuses on the design and planning of the built environment and the related human and social consequences. In particular, he is interested in the political economy of urban development, and the effects of globalization in the transformation of urban form and urbanism from a comparative international perspective. Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris is Professor of Urban Design at the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Urban Planning. Her research focuses on the public environ- ment of the city, its design, social meaning, and impact on urban residents. In particular, her work is characterized by a “user focus” in that she seeks to analyze and understand the built environment from the perspective of those who live and work there. Companion to Urban Design Edited by Tridib Banerjee and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris First published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2011 Tridib Banerjee and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris; individual chapters the contributors The right of Tridib Banerjee and Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris to be identifi ed as editors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint selections in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in future editions of this book. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Companion to Urban Design / edited by Tridib Banerjee and Anastasia Loukaitou- Sideris. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. City planning. I. Banerjee, Tridib. II. Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, 1958– III. Title: Urban design. HT165.5.C647 2010 307.1′216–dc22 2010008403 ISBN 0-203-84443-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 13: 978-0-415-55364-3 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-84443-4 (ebk) Contents List of fi gures x List of tables xiii List of contributors xiv Acknowledgments xxi Introduction - urban design 1 Part 1: Roots 7 Introduction 1 From CIAM to CNU: the roots and thinkers of modern urban design 9 Eugénie L. Birch 2 The open and the enclosed: shifting paradigms in modern urban design 30 Robert Fishman 3 Pedagogical traditions 41 Danilo Palazzo Part 2: Theoretical perspectives 53 Introduction 4 Urban design: an incompletely theorized project 57 Niraj Verma 5 The two orders of cybernetics in urban form and design 70 M. Christine Boyer v CONTENTS 6 Urban design and spatial political economy 84 Alexander Cuthbert 7 Critical urbanism: space, design, revolution 97 Kanishka Goonewardena Part 3: Infl uences 109 Introduction 8 Urban design and the traditions of geography 113 Larry R. Ford 9 Infl uences of sociology on urban design 125 William Michelson 10 Infl uences of anthropology on urban design 137 Denise Lawrence-Zúñiga 11 Feminist approaches to urban design 150 Kristen Day 12 Environmental psychology and urban design 162 Jack L. Nasar 13 The law of urban design 175 Jerold S. Kayden 14 Political theory and urban design 186 Margaret Kohn 15 Interactions between public health and urban design 198 Marlon G. Boarnet and Lois M. Takahashi 16 Urban design and the cinematic arts 208 Rafael E. Pizarro Part 4: Technologies and methods 219 Introduction 17 Design studios 223 Kathryn H. Anthony 18 Media tools for urban design 238 Martin H. Krieger vi CONTENTS 19 Visualizing change: simulation as a decision making tool 249 Peter Bosselmann 20 City design in the age of digital ubiquity 261 Eran Ben-Joseph Part 5: Process 275 Introduction 21 Customs, norms, rules, regulations, and standards in design practice 277 William C. Baer 22 Decoding design guidance 288 Matthew Carmona 23 Urban design competitions 304 Ute Lehrer 24 The design charrette 317 Douglas S. Kelbaugh 25 Citizen design: participation and beyond 329 Jeffrey Hou Part 6: Components 341 Introduction 26 Downtown urban design 345 Anastasia Loukaitou-Sideris and Tridib Banerjee 27 Suburbs: rus in urbe, the picturesque, and selfhood 356 John Archer 28 Planned communities and new towns 369 Ann Forsyth 29 Neighborhood spaces: design innovations and social themes 379 Ajay Garde 30 Spaces of consumption 391 Klaus R. Kunzmann 31 Cultural institutions: the role of urban design 405 Carl Grodach vii CONTENTS 32 Streets and the public realm: emerging designs 419 Elizabeth Macdonald 33 Mixed-life places 432 Mark Francis 34 Urban fl ux 446 Gary Hack Part 7: Debates 463 Introduction 35 Compactness vs. sprawl 467 Reid Ewing, Keith Bartholomew, and Arthur C. Nelson 36 Living together or apart: social mixing, social exclusion, and gentrifi cation 484 Ali Madanipour 37 Beyond placelessness: place identity and the global city 495 Michael Southworth and Deni Ruggeri 38 Old vs. new urbanism 510 Ivonne Audirac 39 Form-based codes vs. conventional zoning 526 Emily Talen Part 8: Global trends 537 Introduction 40 City branding 541 Jon Lang 41 From metropolitan to regional urbanization 552 Edward W. Soja 42 Ethnoscapes 562 Clara Irazábal 43 Urban design for a planet of informal cities 574 Vinit Mukhija viii CONTENTS Part 9: New directions 585 Introduction 44 Postmodern and integral urbanism 589 Nan Ellin 45 Ecological urbanism 600 Anne Whiston Spirn 46 Metropolitan form and landscape urbanism 611 Brenda Scheer 47 Intertwist and intertwine: sustainability, meet urban design 619 Randolph T. Hester and Marcia J. McNally 48 Smart growth: a critical review of the state of the art 632 Aseem Inam 49 Notes on transit-oriented development 644 Stefanos Polyzoides 50 Placemaking in urban design 654 Kathy Madden 51 Secure cities 663 Carolyn Whitzman 52 Design for resilient cities: refl ections from a studio 674 Mahyar Arefi Epilogue 686 Index 689 ix Figures 1.1 CIAM (1933) meeting and later publications 13 1.2 Michael Reese Hospital area before and after urban renewal 17 1.3 Patrick Geddes’ and Team 10 drawings 23 8.1 Bangladeshi neighborhood in East London 117 8.2 Skyline in Jakarta 118 8.3 Stoops in Baltimore 119 8.4 Rapid change in West Los Angeles 120 10.1 New Chinatown, Los Angeles 141 10.2 Valley Blvd, City of San Gabriel, California 141 12.1 Basis for environmental response 163 12.2 Affordances for sitting 164 12.3 Dimensions of Environmental Appraisal 166 12.4 Behavior setting for outdoor eating 169 14.1 Political march, Avenida Juárez in Mexico City 193 14.2 Plaza de la República in Mexico City 195 17.1 East St Louis Action Research Project 225 17.2 Design studio at the Gulf Coast in the wake of Hurricane