IPILANNIING IHIIISliOI~Y BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY

VOL. 18 N0.3 . 1996 THE mJCLEPRESS ISSN 0959.. 5805 PLANNING HIISTOI~Y BULLETIN O F THE INTERNATIO NAL PlANNING HISTO RY SO CIETY IPLANNIING IHIIISliOifZY BUll! Tl'\. 01 1111 1'\.IIR'\.\TI0'\.\1 PI \'\.'\.1'\.G HISTORY SOCI~ f'r m iTOR Dr. Pieter Uyttenhove 64 rue des Moines Dr. Mtchael Harrison F-75017 School of Theoretical & Historical Studies in An Paris CONliENliS & Design France Department of An Birmingham Institute of An & Design Professor Shun-ichi Watanabe University of Central England Science University of Tokyo Corporation Street Yamazaki, Noda-shi Birmingham B4 7DX Chiba-ken 278 UK Japan Tel: 0121 -33 1 5882/ Fax: 0121-331 7804 Tel: 81 474 24 1501/ Fax: 81 471 25 7833

[OITORIAl BOARD Professor Stephen V. Ward School of Planning Dr. Gerhard Fehl Oxford Brookes University Lehrstuhl fiir Planungstheorie Headington, Oxford OX I 4LR Technische Hochschule Aachen UK SIOO Aachen Te1: 01865 483421/ Fax: 01865 483559 Schinkelstrasse I page 2 Germany Professor Michael Ebner EDITORIAl Tel: 0241 805029 / Fax: 0241 8888137 Department of History page 3 Lake Forest College '\.oOTICfS Dr. Kiki Kaflcoula 555 North Sheridan Road PRESIDE T'S R~POR T page 7 Department of Urban & Regional Planning Lake Forest, IL 60045-2399 School of Architecture USA ACCOUNTS page 8 Aristotle University of Thessalonika Tel: 708 735 5135/ Fax: 708 735 6291 Thessalonika 54006 ARTICI FS Greece Supposing it was Saarinen's Canberra? page 9 Tel: 3031 995495/ Fax: 3031 995576 Publishers Sheila Byard Professor Georgio Piccinato The ARTicle Press Grahamstown, South Africa: page 15 lstituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia Department of An A T ale of Two C ities Dipartimento di Urbanistica Birmingham Institute of Art & Design Wallace Van Zyl 30125 Venezia Santa Croce 1957 University of Central England Italy Corporation Street Birmingham B4 7DX The Story of a Neighbourhood: Past, Present page 20 and T o Be Continued Dr. Halina Dunin-Woyseth UK Alison Ral'er: Oslo School of Architecture Department of Urban Planning Publishing Editor: Michael Hallett REPORTS page 25 PO Box 271 Editorial Associate: Ruth Levy 300 I Drarnmen PUBLICA 110 "'-S page 3-l Norway Planning History is published three times a year for Tel: 47 22 20 83 16/ Fax: 47 22 11 19 70 distribution to members of the International Planning History Society. Neither the Society as a body or The Professor John Muller ARTicle Press is responsible for the views expressed Department of Town & Regional Planning and statements made by individuals writing or reporting University of Witwatersrand in Planning History. No part of this publication may be Johannesburg produced in any form without permission from the POWits20.50 editor. South Africa Tel: 011 716 26.54/ Fax: 011 403 2.519 C 1996 Planning History ISSN 09.59 - 580.5 Dr. Robert Freestone School of Planning and Urban Development University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 20.52 Australia Tel: 02 38.5 4836/ Fax: 02 9901 4.50.5 e-ma.il: [email protected] u.au

P \ Col I • PLA "-1 "-11 '\.oG HISTOR) \ Ol 18 '\.0 I • .::>.;:.() IEIDilliOl~llAlL NOliiiCIES

Canadian Centre for the Study of C ities for the 2 1st Century­ community in such di\Cipltne\ as e'p11e the lo" of Gordon Cherry at the The article~ in thi~ issue relate to what was. architecture, planning. geography. Capitals The Third Conve ntion on Urban bcgmning of 1996, p.lanning history in general, what i~ and what might have been. They cover the very Planning, Housing and Design, urban ~tudies, environmental and the I PI IS 111 part 1cular seem to be in good different ~cttl cmc nt~ of Leeds. Grahamstown and D Within five years, the Canadian 22-24 September 1997, Singapore sciences and related areas arc 'hape. One 'imple measure of this is the number and Canberra. As the exhibition in Australia and recent Centre for the Study of Capitals invited tO propo~e papers and g~:ograph 1 ca l range of the notices in this edition of cvnfe ren ce~ have shown, there is considerable interest in (CCSC) will be Canada's leading CALL FOR PAPERS paneb which address the following Planning lll,,tlll)'. Similarly. the reports on the th e competition for the Federal Capita l of Australia. In centre for research and teaching themes: conference~ in Auckland. Barcelona. Bratislava. her article. Sheila Byard l ook ~ at Eliel Saarincn's about capitals, and a major force The 1997 Convention on Urban ' New planning paradigm~ and Thc~sa l on il...i and Toronto reflect the strength and proposal s. She relates his competition entry to his other internationally. The Centre will also Planning, H ou~ing and Des ign will sustainable development in the face 'itality of scholar:. around the world interested in work in Finland and tries to explore the kind of impact deliver a range of services and be the third in a series, organised by of rapid urban population growth, architectural. planning and urban history. The events in hi ~ scheme might have had if it had been carried out. It products, including course!> for the Singapore Institute of Planners environmental degradation and Canada and Greece were particularly important from the i ~ stimulating to a!.k such hypothetical questions- they credit, policy advice and applied and the School of Architecture, concerns for resource con\crvat1on. · pomt of view of the IPHS. I. myself. am thankful t o encourage u~ to review the original chosen scheme and research for client~. The Centre·~ National University of Singapore, ' lnfrastructural planning and tho'e members who prvided reports on the~e significant a~~e~~ the quality of the development as constructed. clients will be diverse and include which ~ t arted in the late 1980s. It development and the rmpact of e\ent\. We can abo look forward to a fascinating serie'> The relationship between past and present is university students and faculty. ::1~ will focu~ on the theme 'Cities for advances in infonnation and other of conference over the next couple of years. central to the other two article~ in this edition. Alison well as all levels of government. the 2 ht Century'. As the 21 M technologies on ctty planntng, culminating. of cour\e, in the next International Ravet,r and Wallace van Zyl relate the histories of two The Centre's panners will include century approachel>. urban housing and des1gn. · Planning Hi,tory Conference in Sydney. I am sure that very different ~ett l ements and highlight the the public sector, national and settlement\ the world over are 'The role of social and cultural Rob Frce~tone and hil> colleagues will do us proud! con~equen ce~ of later pol itical. economic and planning international governmental confronted with pressing issue!> at factors in urban development and Member~ ''ill al~o note from some of the items deci~ion~ for the very dissimilar groups of people living organisations, and private sector the local. regional and international the creation and improvement of that there are changes afoot in the Society. Everyone in Little Woodhou~e and Grahamstown. They also bodies with an interest in capital level. While the challenges facing the built environment.' w1ll now be aware that we have a new President. add re~~ the future needs of these areas and their issues. cities in the developed and 'New planning and de~1gn concept\ Stephen W ard's fir~t official report is included in this residents and the kind of action and policies required for The Centre's mandate is to developing world may be different, in the face of econom1c expan~ion b~ue. Proposals are being considered for changes their improvement. They both recognise the importance promote inter-disciplinary learning there are abo many common and the attendant lifeMyle changes.· relating to the Council \ officers. Strategies for of l ocal involvement and recognise that small scale opportunities, provide policy concerns. This is particularly the Interested author~ are improving communications between members are being phys ica l measures can be helpful in that process. advice, and carry out basic research case as, increasingly, globalisation invited to submit a concise. 500 reviewed whilst ways of commemorating Gordon Looking ahead, I wish IPHS members a happy for profit about the planning, trends and information technology word abstract and a brief c.v. by 3 1 Cherry's contribution to IPHS are being discussed. On a and productive new year. governance, culture and help to break down the once insular January 1997. Authors of more personal level. it is pleasing to note that, as I come development of capitals in Canada national frontiers and geographic shortlisted abstracts will be a~ked to to the end of my period of tenure as editor of Planning and world-wide. The Centre's focus boundaries. prepare a full-length paper in History, there are a number of people who are interested is policy-oriented disciplines such Many cities in the world are accordance with ~pecific fonnatting in taking over from me. A gain. this is a sign of the as Canadian studies, politica l plagued by common woes of and other publication requirement~ . vitality of the Society and. I trust. of the usefulness of sc ience. sociology, history, overpopulation. housing pressure, Inquiries and abstracts the bulletin. economics, urban and regional pollution, environmental should be sell/ to Dr li en~ Chye planning and public administration. degradation, infra~tructura l Kiang. Chamnan. ICUPHD A Steering Committee of defic1encie~ and losl> of identity. At Organising Committee. School of the four panicipating institution\ the same lime. others are excited by Architecture. National Uml'l'l\11\ oj guides the work of the Centre: the promise of new technologies. Singapore. Smgapore 119260. Universite du Quebec a Hull, the emergence of new des1gn RepubliC ofSingapore. Fen l'i 'i 779 University of Ottawa. Carleton paradigms. the po\\ib1lities offered 3078: Internet · al..1cup@ 11111 .\11 University and the ational Capital by econormc growth and the World W1de ~\.eh Commission. renewed COnSCIOIUSness Of http. wwu .arch .m1!> SI/ For more information tradiuon. comact: Professor John Taylor. It would be meaningful. at Department of History. Carleton this juncture, to taJ...e Moc J... of the University, 1125 Colonel By Dri1•e. development of our built Otttawa. Ontario. Canada K IS- environments and contribute to 586. Tel.: 613 520 2600 ext.2818: those that are in the making. Once Fax: 613 520 2819: £-mail: again academics. professionals and [email protected]. specialists from the international

0.3 • 1996 • PAGE 3 PAGf 2• PLA 1\111'\.G HISTORY VOL. 18 0 3 • 1996 N OliiiCIES N O llll CIES

organ1 '>at1 on\ and exch a ngcc~ have a book will be IPHS Electronic Network. Thi\ Commemoration of Gordon Donate/la Calabi, DtjJartimelllo di 18 July to afternoon tea of Monday envbaged that would ease a nd ;,pced up ample opportunity to make the ibution to publi shed in connecti on with th e Cherry's Con tr Storia Dell' Architel/ura, lstitlllo 21 July. Those allending will be nece\\ary arrangement\. cofcrence theme. The conference announcement;, to membe r~ and Planning Hi tory and the Unil •er~itario di Architelfura di expected to meet their own travel enable exchange\ among;,t There are no b udgetary na l Planning History convenors arc Deni ~ Co~g ro vc, Internatio \ ene:ia, San Polo 2554-30125 costs. Those wishing to stay ca 11 on ~ for the orgam\atlon\ Feli x Driver. Dav1d Gilbert. Anna member,. For tho\e member\ who 1 mpl1 Societ) \ ene:ta, Fax: +39 41 715449. e­ overnight before and/or after the supportmg the exchange. Notaro and Debo rah Ryan. have an e-mall address and who mail: calabi@ium•.tmive.it conference can be accommodated pay the 1r own travel to offer acce~s it regularly, if you wish to be Exchangee\ IDEAS AND COMMENTS (bed and breakfast) for an Those wi.1llilt f( on the new mai ling li st, pl c a ~e ;,end cxpen,es and continue to receive INVITED £25 per papers. or requirinf( further detail.\ , Fourth International Seminar on additional cost of about the1r ,alary from the1r re,pectlvc e 10 th(• followmg a message to Joe Nasr at Ur ban Form, 18-21 July, night. should writ 76746.36@compu;,erve.com. Once employer\ during the exc..hangc The Counc1l o f the lnternallonal University of Birmingham, U.K. Abstracts of proposed addre.1s: lmpen al Cute\ of the L i~ t serv 1\ acti vated. you w1ll be period Society ~ ~ (about 300 words) should be Conferena. Department Planning Hbtory papers 01 mfmmatwn . Royalllolloway, informed of the address to w ht ch f further considering ways of Extending over four days. this sew as soon as possible to Geow·aplly , announcemenh can be po~ t ed . Thi ~ conuu·Rt Noel ohert.\'011 , 42 commemorating the contribut ion of inter-disciplinary conference will Professor J.W.R. Whitehand, Urban University of London, £gham address will also be announced in Chat.wmrth Road. liiKhKatt•, the late Gordon Cherry to both the cover a wide range of aspects of the Morphology Research Group, Surrey. TW20 OEX. U K. Planmng litSIOI'\' We1tet11 Australw 600 l. Au\tralia Society a nd the field of planning physical form of cities. Participants School of Geography. University of Tel ing History If you JOIO this e l ec t ron~t. Tel (1/omeJ (09}32RJ9W history. A festschrift volume i ~ will be mostly architects. Birmingham, Birmingham Bl5 217, International Plann 2000 network, you w1ll receive IPHS n \- or.l.) {09} 2653242, I Cl\ (09J already bemg considered, without geographers, planncrl. , historians England,from whomfurther Conference announcement;, electronicall y 265 J-153 or e-matl financial implications for the and urban designers. The information may be obtained: Tel. : INTEREST rather than in print from that point [email protected] .com .au Society. However, other ideas programme will include invited and 0121414 5536. Fax: 0121414 EX J>R ESSIO NS OF on. Thiavmg;, that can be put to Association of Art Hi\lorians These include the idea of an IPHS­ of publications and a new Imperial Cities: Space, Folio"" ing the The\\alom nfe rence 1996 and the agreement other u ;,e~. 0 1 cour\e, if you do not Annua l Conference, 'Structures sponsored Memorial Keynote researchers' forum. Themes on Landscape and Performance, 2-3 Co nference in JOin the e lectronic networt... , you and Practices', 4-6 April 1997. Lecrure at each lPHS conference which paper sessions are planned May 1997, Royal Holloway, to hold the 1998 Co dney. Australi a, the President will continue 10 receive memo\ and financial assistance for young include urban morphological London. Sy d Council of the I PHS p ropo~e to from the IPHS officers by regu lar CALL FOR PAPERS researc hers to give papers at IPHS theory. tenninology for describing an mail. Plannutl( 1/wory will ing urban form, LL FOR PAPERS make a decision about the location conference:.. and conceptualiz CA butlt em.1ronrnent erence 111 late continue to be deli vered to all The power of the Further ideas and commems national and disciplinary schools of of the 2000 Conf r of member., whether on the e lectroni C to Mrueture the pracllc..C\ ot on the above are encouraged and thought, historical urban This inter-disciplinary conference 1997/early 1998. A numbe ss ion ~ of interest have nctwort... or not. everyday life ha' recetved should be addressed to the morphology and planning practice on imperial Cities will consider the initial expre been received. The people increa;,ing attention ' ince the Presidem before April 1997: and the form of non-Western cities. role of imperialism in the design, already ed have been a;,ked to J ob Exchange Second World War. In the Ses,ion Professor Stephen V. Ward, School The conference will be use and representation of urban concern their pre liminary ideas ·Plan/Non-plan· the convenor<, of Planning. Oxford Brookes organised by the Urban space in the European metropolis. It \ubmit , venue. po;,;,ible Ever thought about li ving in Perth. invue \pealo.. e r~ to d1 ~CU\\ the Unil'ersiry, Headington, Oxford Morphology Research Group on will embrace a variety of themes. about timing themes, likely numbers (including Western Au ~ tralia for a year and attempt ~ made in recent decades to OX1 4LR. United Kingdom. Tel.: behalf of the International Seminar including the ways in which urban from host country/ undertaking a new challenge? Well analy,e, promote. re form or +44 (0) 1865 483211483450: Fax.: on Urban Form and the Historical landscapes articulated different numbers accommodation. outline this could be your opportunity! overturn these framework \. and, in +44 (0) 1865 483559; e-mail: Geography and Urban Geography visions of the impreial project; the region). castings. etc. These preliminary My name i ~ oel Ro bert ~on particular. to con ~ id e r the re lation Sl'[email protected]. Research Groups of the Institute of place of urban spectacle within itted by and I am a Town Planner currently of theory to architectural and urban British Geographers. Poster metropolitan imperial culture and statements should be ;,ubm 1997. employed at the City of Perth. I project\ actually underta lo.. en. T he European City: Places and presentations are encouraged and the imaginative geographies of the October Any other members have fourteen years experience in Analysis of the interaction Institutions - Fourth ample display space will be imperial capital. The conference interested in submiuing proposals, State and local government of architecture and e veryday life Inter national C onference on provided. will include a plenary lecture by with relevant ~ugges tion s, are planning, being involved in a offered b y the New Left (in the Ur ban History, 3-5 September There will be plenty of Professor Tim Ben ton (Open or invited to contact the President, variery of planning di sc ipline~. I work of Henri Lefebvrc and the 1998, Venice. opportunity for informal University), curator of the 'Art and sh to es tabli ~ h a job exchange Situ a tl om ~ t ~ . for in ~ t an ce). and discussions of displays. whiich will Power' exhibition at the Hayward also by October 1997. ""i The contact address is: with an equivalently qualified and revi .,ed by post-structuralb tl>. has Proposals for either the main be in the main seminar room, Gall ery. Papers on the foll owing Stephen V. Ward, School experienced counterpart from been broadened by feminbt sections or specialist sections of adjacent to the room in which themes are especially welcome: Professor of Planning. OJ.ford Brookes Europe. My grasp of language ~ ill criticbm, the assertion o f minority this forthcoming conference should meals, tea and coffee will be taken. The Idea of the Imperial City; Unil•ersity. Headington. Oxford poor. so a predominantly Engh•h­ voice., and the rise of 'po\1 -modern be sent as soon as possible to the The seminar language will Urban Ceremony and Spectacle; OXI4LR. United Kingdom. Tel.. + ~ peaking country would be geographic\·. conference convenors. The call for be English, but every effort will be Architecture and Urban Design; 44 (0) 1865 48321148350: Fax.: pre ferable. Many atte mph to p romote papers for the chosen sections will made to provide assistance for Exhibitions of Empire; +44 (0) 1865 483559: e-mail: The concept of the and re form the regulative and be in April 1997. those who have difficulty in Consumption and the Imperial [email protected]. exchange will in volve the swapping planning power of archuecture and Proposals or inquiries following presentations in English. Suburb; The Post Imperial City. of job and house for a period of urbani\m have been i.,., ucd by the should be addressed to Professor A fee of about £195 is The Conference is organised IPHS Electronic Network approximate ly o ne year. hopefully architectural establi,hment u ~e lf. Peter Clark, Centre for Urban envisaged. This would cover by the Imperial Cities Research commencing December/January For \Ome. modernist dl\c1phne. History, University ofLeicester, administration, accommodation and Project at Royal Holloway, funded IPHS is working on Marting an 1997-98. Thi ~ will ensure both clarity and o rder have been the vel) Leicester, U.K. or Professor meals. from afternoon tea on Friday by the Leverhulme Trust. It is

PLA '\. '\.1'\JG HIS TOR) \ Ol 18 '\.0 3 • I Q96 • PAGE S PAGE 4• PlA I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 NOliiiCIES lP I~ lE S 11 ID lE N ll o S I~IEIPOI~ll

STEPHE V. WARD. OXFO RD BROO KES U IVERSITY. U.K.

of the guarantor~ of freedom and progress. T he Seventh National Conference Taking Stock: T he Twentieth espite the grievous loss of our founding David Massey, much the longest serving officer However. the Eurocentrism of on American Planning History, Century Experience- Eighth President and friend to many of u~. the Society, has also indicated a wish to step down. On modem planning might also be seen Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. 23-26 International Planning History D International Planning Hi story Society remains David's advice, the Council has decided to \plit the po\1 to have been played out in its October 1997. Conference, 14-18 July 1998, in good heart. I was honoured when the Council of the and a formal notice of the change$ will be issued. The application to non-western cultures Sydney, Australia. IPHS unanimously approved my becoming the Society's intention is to split the post into a General Secretary, a (both with1n and without Europe). CALL FOR PAPERS new President for the remainder of what would have Recruitment Secretary and a Treasurer. The intention i~ Pan~ of the architectural profession The e ighth international conference been Gordon Cherry 's fi rst term, that is from 1996-98. to create a wider group of active officers operatin g with have promoted more ncxible T he Society for American City and of the International Planning links in a wider range of geographical arenas than is architecture~. like 'open-plan·, Regional Planning History and The History Society will be held at the Finances currently possible. 'plug-i n' and ·modular design'. Urban History Associati on invites University of New South Wales in The financial position of IPHS is sound. However, the although it ha~ barely been the submission of proposals for Sydney in mid -July 1998. The costs we are now charged for producing Planning IPHS Constitution a\ccnamed where the limits of papers on all aspects of the history conference will take as its theme History are now much nearer the true costs. so that they Under the terms of the 1993 Constitution. your Council operational freedom and built of urban. regional and community 'Taking Stock: the twentieth are no longer as easily covered by membership fees as a has appointed a working pany to review its operation architectural form abut. Nor. it planning. The Program Committee century experience'. Promoting a few years ago. There is no immediate reason to consider and consider any possible changes. Its member\hip \Cem\, ha\ there been adequate welcomes individual papers as well dialogue with contemporary policy an increase in the membership fee. but we may need to compri ses the President. Dr David Massey, Dr Kerrie recognition of the potential of post­ as thematic se~sions with two or issues and debates, the primary return to this question before too long. Macpherson and Professor Peter Smith. If you w1sh to modem. 'informal' or 'picturesque' three presenters. No more than focus will be on critical evaluations make any representations, please commumcate them to plannmg to 1mpo~c equally potent three presenters will be pennitted in of the ideas, ideologies, institutions. Conferences any member of the working group members. po"' er \tructurcs. each session. achievements. conundrums. I am happy to repon the success of our ~even th Radical oppO\itional Those submitting individual problems. legacies and challenges international conference at Thessalonil..i in Greece. On Electronic Communication \lance\. finally. have had an proposals should send five copies of urban and regional planning in behalf of the Society I thank the organisers. Profe~sor Your Council has also appointed another work1qg party enormou~ ly varied political and of a one-page abstract of the paper, the twentieth century. A regional Vilma Hastaglou-Maninidis and Dr Kil..i Kafkoula. for to consider ways of facilitating electromc 1deolog1cal complexion. Anarchists. as well as a one-page vita. Scs~ion focus on Asian/Pacific Rim cities all their effons in making the conference a succes~. communication between IP HS members. It s member\ \Ociali~h. ecologi~t~ and free­ proposals should include thematic will be encouraged. Formal calls Meanwhile, our biennial international are Joseph Nasr, Dr Rob FreestOne, Professor Jav1cr markcteer~ alike have demanded title. abstracts of each paper, chair for papers and other conference conferenceprogramme continues to develop with a Monclus and the President. Panicular question~ involve the right of architecture's users and and commentator. along with vitae information will be distributed from Sydney venue now being detem1incd for July 1998. The the use of the Internet and World Wide Web. Ideas and con su mer~ to determine it!> for each participant. early 1997. venue for the year 2000 wi ll need to be considered suggestions should be forwarded to the working group outcome. Direct intervention into Please submit proposals by If you are interested in be fore then and your ideas and suggestions arc members. In the meantime. we would like to begin the the urban fabric has attempted to 20 .January 1997 to: David presenting a paper and would like welcome. (A separate notice of this appears in the compilation of additional key membership information counter the very institutions of Schuyler. Program Chair. to be plac:ed on the mailing list, 'Notices' section of this issue of Planning History.) The by collecting e -mail addresses, telephone and fax architecture and town planning. American Studies Protvam, please contact Dr Robert JPHS is also eager to encourage initiatives to o rganise numbers. A formal notice giving details of this appears through the legitimated practice of Frank/in and Marshal/ Colfel/e. Freestone. School of Planning and other, more locally-based seminars, possibly with other in this issue of Planning Hist01y. 'community architecture·. the semi­ Lancaster. PA 17604-3003. Urban Development, University of societies. legitimate practices of appropriation Te/.:717 291 4247: Fax.: 717 399 New South Wales, Sydney. NSW IPHS Memorial to Gordon C herry and squatting and the transgressive 4413: e-mail: 2052, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 9385 Planning History Various ideas are under consideration. including a violence of riot and sabotage. D_ Schuyler@acad fandm .edu. 4836; Fax: +61 2 9385 4531: e­ Our magazine continues to be the main means of linking festschrift volume, a Gordon Cherry memorial lecture at Speakers may decide Notification of acceptance will be mail: [email protected]. the IPHS together. Under the capable editorship of each tPHS international conference and IPHS whether they wish to book for all or mailed in mid-April/997 There is a temporary conference Michael Harrison, it has been redesigned with conference scholarships for junior researchers. The pllrt of the conference. They will be information website ar professional assistance and continues to offer an financial implications of each of these arc yet to be offered a reduced rate fee. The Society of Architectural http://www.erch.unsw.edu.aulnorice attractive mixture of relevant anicles. repons. news and determined. but it seems likely that more than one organisers regret that they are not Historians of Australia and New slp/anhistl other features, advised and assisted by an international initiative can be pursued. Other ideas are certainly able to offer free attendance to Zealand Editorial Board. Michael Harrison's tenure of the welcome. A formal notice about this also appears speakers. editorial chair ends during 1997 and your Council is elsewhere in this issue of Planning History. Papers of no longer than 30 The 1997 Society of Architectural now actively considering a successor. We hope to be (This is a slightly amended version of the repon minutes in length (plus 10 minutes Historians of Australia and New able to make an announcement in the next issue about circulated at the Thessaloniki Conference on 19 October discussion time) are invited. Brief Zealand (SAHANZ) Conference the new editor. 1996.) proposals ( 100-200 words) should will be held in Adelaide. South Professor Stephen V. Ward, School of Planning, Oxford be sent as soon as possible to Australia in late September. C hanges of Personnel Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX I 4LR. Simon Sad/er, 21 Trinity Green. Planning is under way and As well as the Planning History cditorship, noted above. United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 (0) 1865 48321 148350: Mile End Road, London £1 4TS, preliminary enquiries should be Rob Freestone, organiser of the Sydney 1998 Fax.: +44 (0) 1865 483559: e-mail: Tel./ Fax. 0171 790 5414 or Dr addressed to: Peter Scriver. conference. now becomes IPHS Conference Convenor. [email protected] .uk. Jonathan Hughes, 38 Gilmerton Department ofArchitecture , Court, Cambridge CB2 2HQ, Tel. University ofAdelaide, North 01223 842695: Terrace. Adelaide 5005. Australia. e-mail: e-mail: 06073 [email protected]. pscri ver@arch .adelaide .edu.au.

PAG( 6· PLA I G HISTORY VOL. 18 '0.3 • 1996 PLA I G HISTORY \ OL. 18 '\.0.3 • 1996 • PAG~ 7 A CCO UINliS SUIIPIPOSIING Ill! WAS

DA\ ID ~ · . MASSEY. U I ERSITY OF ll [RPOOL. U.K. SMIR.IINIEN·s CANIBIEIR.IRA? SHEILA BYARD. VICTORIA U IVERSITY OF TECH OLOGY. MELBOURNE

significant figures in the first hundred years of IPHS T REASURE R 'S R EP ORT F O R 1995 cost of Bulletin production and administration costs (the liel Saarinen, 1873- 1950. was second prize Australian architecture and planning. Since the filltng of latter related to some ad hoc c lerical support for the winner in the 1912 international competition for the design of a national capital for Australia. Lake Burley Griffin in 1964 it has been increastngly I. The Soc t ety'~> income for 1995 was s omewhat down Secretary-Treasurer), but reductions in charges for E hard to consider Canberra without images coming to tn relatton to that received for 1994. Most of the fall­ membership mailing. There were no movements in the What kind of Canberra would we have had if Saarinen mind of the Griffin's original designs for the proposed bad. came from the subscription income area; however, Seminar Fund this year. The net outcome of the income had won the competition instead of being runner up? This paper is a first attempt to respond to this question. federal capitaL These plans with their great sheets of tntcrc~t on our accumulated balRnces increased by over received and expenditure incurred was a small surplus, mined in the light of his other water as a unifying feature have become a recurring £ 100.00 after a long period of falling revenues. Advance which has been added to the Bulletin Fund. His proposal is exa motif in accounts of the national capital of every type, >Ub,cription$ of £557.36 were received for 1996 and 4. The bulk of the Society's funds are held in Deposit piRnning work before he left Finland for the United ranging from official publications of the National 1997. and 90-day Hi gh Interest accounts with the Royal Bank States of America in 1923. It is s uggested that hi s work including the design of the railway Capital PIRnning Authority and the brochures of the 2. The Society is very grateful to Professor Shun-ichi J. of Scotl and. The B. other years 90.00 Bulletin Production 2,560.56 current round of exhibitions and book l aunche~ . As far National Libr

Balance at 3 1/12/94.. £13.153.94 Surplus lnc./Expend. 1995.. 182.85 Balance at31/12/95 £13.336.19

BALA CE at 3 1 December 1995 represented by: ALLOCATIONS TO FUNDS at31 December 1995 Giro ale 33.52 General Fund 852.14 Bank Current ale 13.24 Seminar Fund I ,233.63 Bank Deposit a/c 5,458.82 General Reserve Fund 2,314.12 Bank 90-day ale 7,830.61 Bulletin Fund 8,378.94 £13,336.19 £12,778.94

ADVANCE SUBS FUND 1996 451.33 1997 106.03 £13,336.19 Fig. I. 'A city offorbiddinll formality?' (Finnish Museum of Architecture Archives)

PLA RY VOL. 18 r-....0.3 • 19Q6 • P G£ Q I G I·USTORY VOL. 18 0 .3 • 1996 I G HISTO the group a<,sociated wtth although we know it wa~ hi \ practi ce to employ a team Torben Grut, one of Australian archive in relation to this matter.J An Ideal to note the bareness of the terrain which provided the of designers. Frans Nybery has told of them working the Swedish journal Arkitektllr, reported on the deCt\ton C"'··>. although it necessarily gives pride of place to the backdrop for its line design. Just as Chicago in the 15-16 hour days to meet the deadline for the entry for of the Design Board (or jury) in a lengthy arttcle 19 Gnffin entry. and to the question of the extent to which decades after the lire provided an impetus for architect the Australian competition: " I recall lying on my published late in 1912. Saarinen·~ entry, Grut so the rapid growth of the Nordic Canberra has in fact been planned according to Griffin's and planner alike, stomach for days on top of the big per~pective drawing commended as well worth its <,econd pnte, noting that tdea.,, doe:, preloent :,evera1 aspectS of Saarinen •s capitals at this time created opportunities for the board with my eyes fixed on <>cenes in that capttal city it was knowledgeable and well theonted. although he propo:.al. Thus 11 is not inappropriate to look more commissions for multi-storey buildings which were to on the other side of the world".11 While it \ecm\ that was less enthusiastic about the system of road\, whtch treetscapes hitherto dominated by the care full) at this proposal. especially in the light of what transform the s the office was happy to design a se rie~ of domeMic was altogether too strongly curved: "The very \tght of "e l..no\\ about the difficulties encountered b y Griffin wooden structures and Neo-classical forms, which in dwellings, often following Swedish and German hi~ plan makes one giddy. To live there would make 4 Helsinki's case were the residue of the Swedish and 20 m reah~mg hi~ conception. Perhaps this paper will be exemplars 12, the most impressive development of thi ~ you sick". able to contribute in a small way to the renewal of Russian empires. lt had been only after 1812 that period was Saarinen's capacity to move from the line had replaced Turku as capital of the Grand mtere't in Saarinen 's work as an urbanist.5 Helsinki detail of individual buildings to an over-arching design. T he Saarinen entry Duchy of Finland. The design debates of the early years blending elements of a plan into a harmonious whole. The des ign submission from Saarinen included two of the twentieth century in which Saarinen and his Saarinen - a prophet for the A ustralian desert? Thus, as the late Kirmo Mikkola h a~ decisively sections ( perh aps the least successful e lement of the collaborators took part, reflected a wider social and If we thinl.. again of Boyd's characterization of Griffin demonstrated13, the group of town planning projects entry), the plan of the principal means of political fenncnt, flowing from the struggle to establish ~~ a prophet can we not ask if Saarinen. the Finn, might referred to earlier - the Munkkiniemi-Haaga plan communication between the Federal capital City and 7 mstead have been able to fulfil a prophetic role in the separate nationhood. work in 1910 and 1915 (which led later to work on the outlying districts surrounding it, the plan showing For young architects in Helsinki, ' Finnish style· ·far south land'? Saarinen has been referred to as a 'Greater Helsinki ' and work on the town plans for the general disposition of the town, an account of the a range of issues ranging from the impact of the "cosmopolitan", "a person who travelled the world and meant Tall inn (Estonia) of 1911 - 13, and Budapest, 1911 - 12 - quarters. and three perspective views showing the on interior design to the wa~ at home everywhere, seldom showing any visible Finnish Handcrafts movement although largely unrealized, show us a new sid e of grouping of the main buildings. The e ntry point for hi~ stgns of alienation or non-adjustment".6 It is possible to possibility of incorporating extensive use of granite in Saarinen, demonstrating a powerful grasp of scheme was to be the central rai lway station: " lt tS of gs. rather than simply exporting it for the see the roots of the later cosmopolitan , not so much in new buildin contemporary planning theory, linking building volume great consequence to make the central rai lway ~ tati on ons of St Petersburg. Essentially the object was the young Finn. as in the young provincial. a type we foundati and surrounding streets a nd plazas so as to create a the centre of business, because thus the communication know well in the antipodes. After a period of to find an authentic alternati ve to the Empire style of harmonious whole. The debt to Sitte in relation to between the future suburbs and the busines~ quarter t\ Helsinki.s collaboration ( 1896-1905) in Helsinki. with Gesellius C.-L. Engel's townscape is unmistakeable. and perhaps unsurprising, facilitated. An expansion of the said busines-; quarter t\ This background, admittedly not unusual for the and Lindgren.and then with Gesellius alone ( 1905- given the history of enthusiasm for Sitte's idea~ in possible towards the south and south-east. South of the time. is pan of what produced the multi-lingual 1907). Saarinen 's focus became increasingly Scandinavia at this time, which Porfyriou hall l>O plainly station is the market place with the market halh. To the who could be expected to keep up with international. An early work from the collaboration cosmopolitan shown. 14 Saarinen himself spoke of this debt in the north-west of the station lies the City Hall, the Police shows the importance of national sentiment for what was happening in the field by visits and through following terms: "A carefully meas ured monumentality Station and the Exchange. The busine:,s quarter can ssional journals of the day, not just in Finnish partnership; the Tallberg building in the Katajanokka the profe and an intimate. picturesqueness identify the charm of expand along the broad avenue runmng through the sh but also in French, German and English.9 1 district of Helsinki ( 1897-9 8) was the trio •s ftTSt or Swedi the modem city, just as the charml> of the medieval town to the north bank of the Molongolo river."2 competition success. This s ignificant private Saarinen said his goal was "to get rid of the confused cities rested on the painterly contrast of the gigantic and The official and diplomatic quarter wa' to be entrenched eclectism of my schooling commission can be seen to represent both the struggle and academically richly decorated cathedral and the small residential placed west of the station. Here at the mter<>ection of avoid that style which I regret to say was so towards the National Romantic style and the essential and also streets"15 two avenues. can be seen. "dominating the town", the attractive to all of us young romantics".1o eclecticism of these, and other. Finnish architects of the In terms of Saarinen 's readine s~ to take on the Parliament. with the ministries curving away on either The Saarinen studio between 1905 and 1912 period; the references not surprisingly are towards the Australian national capital commission. it is pos~ible side. and the res idences for the Governor-General and was occupied with a series of projects and competition work of the Swedish greats Ferdinand Boberg and lsak that more significant than these town plans. wa~ the the Prime Minister, beyond ·and to one ~ide. the organ' response to Gustaf C lason (and ultimately to H.H.Richardson). entries which enabled him to make a ready political and administrative experience won by the firm of government grouped in an imposing arc on the ~outh entries in the Australian competition. Figure What is perhaps more interesting to antipodean eyes the call for in relation to the single project preoccupied him, above of the ri ver on "wooded slopes". leading to a beautiful solitary Saarinen in the studio at Hvittrask, looking at contemporary photographs of the building is 2 3hows a all, throughout this period, the Helsinki Stati on re­ park. Thus the axes for Saarinen 's plan were set with a development project16 For fifteen years from first line between the parliamentary precinct and Mount submission of drawings to the inauguration of the Ainslie (as it were on the modem Antac Parade building in 1919, Saarinen had to carry through thi s alignment) intersected at right angles. on the south bank major development project whi ch required both of the Molongolo. by a boulevard or "park avenue". a\ commitment to a vision and negotiating !.kills to bring a he called it. running from the west towards the ~tation. new national capital to li fe. linking the National Art Gallery. museum~. librarie' The other important aspect of thi:. work from and the ational Monument to the principal tran,it this period is that much of it was work under centre. Opposite this parliamentary precinct, on the commercial constraints, involving at the same time north bank of the river. were to be disposed the public relations flair and a sense of the politically University. itS hospitals and park, and the Military feasible. surely vital ingredients in the making of a district. Two of Saarinen's perspectives deal with the successful architectural prophet.17 Parliament seen from north side of the river '>0 that the mas~ of the building is set against the sky. and from the The 1912 Australian National Capital Design east o that the ministries can be seen flanl..ing the Competition legislature forming a harmonious s uite of <;tructures. The competition attracted criticism. a:. we know. for the TI1e third perspective (Fig. I), the strangely surreal shortness of time available to entrant\ and the paucity pattern of water and buildings often used to deride the of the remuneration for contestants despite the time and Saarinen entry. can be seen more clearly now as a vi,ta effort involved. 18 Nonetheless, there were those in combining power and intimacy. as the subordinate Europe and North America who thought it worth their ranks of buildings decending from the parliamentary/ while to enter. and did so despite the unattractive governmental sector on the right to the precinct of features of the competition. lt is to a Scandinavian business behind the university and hospitals on the left. source that we are indebted for one of the most Far in the distance is the industrial tone in the cast so complete contemporary accou nt ~ of the e ntries of the that "the residential part need not then be troubled by winners, especially of Saarinen. and of Gcllerstedt. disagreeable factory smoke''. Lindgren and du Ri etz. the Swedish collaborators. While the constraining of the river into a series whose entry was listed third in the minority report. of water features. and relatively cluttered appearance of Fig. 2. A solitary Saarinen at Hvittrask (I. and K. Saarinen Collecrion)

PLA I G HISTOR) \ OL. 18 '\.0.3 • 1996 • PACJ~ 1 1 PAGE 10• PLA I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 the .111.',1 hl't\\ Cl.'n thl' parhamcntar) precinct and the be ha~ed . I low ~ignifi ca nt Saarinen saw this as being is developed by the National Capital Development social and international expe rience might have given ".Iter, m a) look 0' er-de' eloped to u~ . it can be noted horn out by the d'ominancc in the text of the report, of Commission, which has led to the petrol engine­ him th e ability to work in Australia2'J, e~pecia ll y with. th.lt thl.' mag1n;1l Gnflm pcr'IJCCtive~ also \how a den'c material relating to the~e mau er~. JuM as the dominated Canberra of today.26 and around, the officials who were such a bane to .lrr,l\ t'l hulldmg' do" n to the '' ater. "hach only later Munkkinaemi-llagga ~ uburban developments were to Grut 's criticism of Saarinen 's plan at the time Griffin (what Hancock, another ~on of the vicarage, ) tcld~:d ttl the p.1rl." a) of modem Canberra. Some. with grow along new rail and electric tram lines. so double was, as you will recall, that the s treets were too curved. referred to as " terrible men who counted cost'> and .In cngan~:er', C) c. ha' e been critical of the elements in and 'inglc circ le rou t e~ of varying circumference were 30 According to Saarinen, drawing secondary w cets with knew a great deal about sewe r~"). It wa~ the the ••1arm~:n'' plan "htch "ould have required major to provide the backbone of the transit ~y Memin a slight curve enabled variations in view without drying-up of commissions at home. as much as the e.mh,,orl.' m the central zone.~~ Perhap~ thi ~ might Canberra. while motor vehicles were to be provided compromising c larity. While some vi ll a~ and row­ political and social ferment and the approachang ha' c b<:en an .lppropriate price to pay for the civic with a wad th of Mrcet expre:,sly for their use. Both the houses would form part of the plan it wa~ appropriate to cataclysm of the First World War, which wa\ to dnve 'plcndour '' hach would have been installed againM the hierarchy of roads and the relation of the rail systems to contemplate residential development both of the 3-4 Saarinen to look beyond the borders of Finland for a backdrop of the \\ OOdcd hills: there would, no doubt. the principal part~ of the city can be seen in the 31 storied and 5-6 storied type. These residential context for his creati ve work , and ultimately to the h:l\c b<:cn ''gnificant 'aving~ in a more compact forn1 accompanying illustation (Fig.3). The inner tram line to developments would afford a painterly opportunity for United States, although he returned virtuall y every year ol 'ettlcment to oft\et th e~e expensive ri vers ide 'ervice the U niversity and its hospitals can be seen aesthetic arrangement of views: "The arrangement o f to summer at Hvittrask. engineering work ~. In the long run. the most enduring curving north-west from the vicinity o f the barracks ­ the residential streets and the g rouping of the various Could this man still have become a dynamic element of Saarinen ·~design for Canberra seems to with great prescience-to follow the route of the house-blocks around them admits of creating many influence on Australian architecture and planning. given have been the sketches for the public buildings; indeed . present Bruce bus on the west of Sull ivan's Creek, kinds of interesting street and place scenes from the that Griffin by then had parted company with the ' ome have said that it was the excellence of the through the grounds of the modern universi ty. More plastic and the picturesque point of view".27 Perhaps the govemment?32 A friend o f Alvar Aalto a~ked the drawing:- which must have decided the majority o f the interestingly the disposition of the transport system on careful drawn density o f the central capital area implied question, " Is it not conceivable that at the time just after Board to offer him the second prize.23 Certainly it is as the poor copies which remain of the drawing on the a lack of imagination on Saarinen 's part , although his Richardson, America and the Scandinavian countries an architect o f the monumental that many have seen his tOpographi cal map of the Federal Territory. of the other work from this period demon s tra t e~ a capacit y to had approximately an equal chance to bui ld up an chief importance. especiall y after the Chicago Tribune principal means of communication, shows that Saarinen locate dwellings sensiti vely within landscape. Certainly architecture that not only confined itself to a few competition.24 And it is a tribute to Saarinen that the supposed that the c ity's development would be in a there would be no need for a contemporary push for a scatt ered examples but grew to the proportion ~ of a new G riffins were not averse to borrowing from him.25 series of compact stages not unlike his schematic more consolidated urban form in Canberra had this envi ronment? In your corner of Europe a bridge seem\ Yet it could be the g reat opportunity lost with proposals for Greater Tallinn and for Greater Helsinki scheme been implemented, but perhaps what he re ferred to have been built from that time ri ght into our the Saarinen plan was theway it related its integrated to which we have already referred, and quite unlike the to as the "special character of the town" derived in part own... The gap between Richardson 's time a nd our own road/raill>ystem to the disposition of the suburbs was to dispersed form of the suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s, from the temper3n'ent of the population, would have seems to have been sparmed by a bridge which ha~ worked with Saarinen to produce a different offered you a safe c rossing. Who built this bridge?" ' physiognomy' for the capital than he at first Aalto answered" Eliel Saarinen".U What might proposed.28 Saarinen have done in Australia. supposing the same It is possible to imagine that Saarinen 's broader forces were at work?

OTES

This is an edited version of a paper given at the Urban National Library of Australia 1995 and see alsoK. History/Planning History Conference held at the Fischer Canberra: Myths and Models, Institute of Asian Australian National University, Canberra in June 1995. Studies, Hamburg. l984; Alan Fitzgerald.Canberra in I am grateful for the assistance and encouragement of Two Centuries, Canberra, Clareville Press, 1987; L. the following people in the preparation of this paper: Wigmore, The Long View: A History of Canberra: Rob Freestone, Riitta Nikula, Heikko Murto. Heleni A11stralia' s National Capital, 1963. Porfyriou and Cecili a Wahmer. 5. Here we note the recognition of Saarinen 's work in !.Robin Boyd, Victorian Modem, Students Society, Paris last year at the time of the ' The City: An and Melbourne, Royal Victorian Institute of Architects, Architecture in Europe 1870-1993 · exhibitio n in the 1947. Pompidou Centre when Riitta Nikula spoke on the 19 15 2. John W. Reps,. An/deal City? - The / 912 Munkkiniemi-Haaga plan. It must also be said to that Competition to Design Canberra, Exhibition & Saarinen research has been put on very solid Catalogue, Canberra, National Library of Australia, foundations by the collaborative work through the 1995. 1980s supported by five different agencies which 3. This is not to reflect on the work of the Australian culminated in the monograph produced in 1990 by the Archives, but rather the consequence of the treatment of Museum of Finnish Architecture. £lie/ Saarinen - entries at the time. Of the 137 entries most were Projects 1896- 1923. This massive volume includes the returned without detailed record of their nature and for work not only the work of Marika Hausen. Anna-Lisa the most part we are dependent for information on the Amberg, and the late Kirmo Mik.kola but also a copies which were made of the e ntries which were painstaking catalogue of projects by Tytti V alto. See short-listed, which are to be found in Australian also Eija Rauske. ' Eiiel Saarinen- The Finnish Pe riod· archives, CRS A 710. In the case of Saarinen 'sentry the Finnish Museum ofAr chitecture Bulletin 3/90. Helsinki following comments relate to 'Report accompanying (Translated Heikki Murto), 1990. the Design' also to be found in CRS A 7 10. I have not 6. Marika Hausen, 'The Architecture of Elie l Saarinen · yet been able to locate the original from which this in Hausen et al, op.cit., pp. 7-82. transcription was made. See also John W. Reps, 7. Helpful background reading here is A. Kemilainen. 'Competitors in the 19 12 Competition for the Design of 'The idea of nationalism· Scandinavian Journal of the Australian Federal Capital', Planning History, History, 9. 1984 pp.41 -50; M. Klinge. A Brief History Yo1.15, No. I, 1993 pp. 45-53. of Finland. Helsinki, Otava. 1988 pp. 50 - 96 and 4. Peter Harrison, Waiter Burley Griffin : Landscape Heleni Porfyriou, • Artistic urban design and c ultural Fig. 3. Saarinen's Plan for the A11stra/ian Federal Capi((JI Architect (edited by Robert Freestone), Canberra, myths: the garden city in Nordic countries. 1990- 1925 ·

PAc.l 12· PIA'\o'\.f,.,G HISTORY VOL. 18 '\10.3 • 1996 Plcmrrlll,l/ PerspeCI/I't'S. 7, 1992 pp.263-30 I. 23. Reps htls J.D.Fitzgcrald, a founder of the Australian 8. Otto-1. Mcum1an, et al. Helsinki: A Historical and Town Planning movement, saying of Saarinen 'sentry, Archrtt•cwml Sun·ey. Helsinki. Finnish Museum of "The suggestion for the administration buildings is GI~IHIAM\SliOWN9 SOUiliiHI Archuecturc. 1990. quite solidly Egyptian in some places and the curving Q Edmund Bacon. ' Elie l Saarinen' in Morgan, A.L.and well-beautified area in front of these would make a <~>tor. C. tcd~.) Contemporary Architects. Chicago. St ~ pl endid decoration'' (Reps, 1995, op.cit.). Saarinen AIF IRJ CA: A liAILIE OIF li\WO Cllli iiiES lame' Pre". 1987 pp 772-75. himself seems to have been charmed by his capacity to 10. lben Chmt-Janer, Eliel Saarinen: Finnish generate these striking fonns; Hausen, op.cit., p. 80 \\i\111\Cl \11\'\J/Yl fiSIIHOEK \mt'llcan arclutcct and educator, (first published show:, u:, shows a sketch of a monumental building­ llel,ml..l 1951 ). Umversity of Chicago Press, 1979. "a crown for the city"- presented by Saarinen to 11 Tytll V alto, 1990 ·catalogue of Works­ Sibclius in 1915. for the latter's 50th birthday. he frontier is not merely a mi litary line; it i' a Market Squares. Secondly, there wa\ the hcgmnang' of a Archuecture and Urban Planning' in Hausen et al. op. 24. Albert Bush-Brown, Louis Sullivan, London. zone of cultural contact and p~ychologaca l ' Hottentot' area, beyond the old cemetery; and. la,tly. ('// pp. 249 - 341. Mayflower. 1960. p.29. adjustment. Men on a front ier ~ecm to be the black area spread east from the Kowic <.trcam up the 12. Hauscn. op. cit. pp. 61 -70. T 25. I am thankful to Rob Freestone for pointing this out confused and torn between two wor l d~.' hil l towards Makanas Kop. Today. there arc three black 13. Kinno Mikkola. ' Elie l Saarinen and Town to me. Sec the 'design for municpal center covering Based on the author's research and ~ urveys in central townships. A township poet, Lose, looking west acro" Planntng' in Hausen e t at, op. cit., pp 187- 220. reilroads Melbourne railway center group' Griffin, Grahamstown, this paper will expand on the above to the "other half' of Grahamstown. wrote: 14. Hclcni Porfyriou, ' Physical Town Planning in Marion Mahony The Magic of America, (microform), statement in terms of possible "~ch i.wid" planning. A li the houses are white. Nordic Countries during the first quarter of the Historical Society. New York, 19 .. After a short historical introduction. differen t prioritic~ Did it snow over there? Centu ry', Sixth International Planning History 26. 4 Paul Rcid, 'The Departmental Board's Plan for and values attached to public and private s pace~ will be I wish it would snow here 100. Conference Hong Kong 1994 and also G. and C. C. Canberra its origins and consequences', UHPH ANU illustated by means of a diMurbing case study, namely The Fingo vi llage is the oldest example in South Afnca Coil in~. Camillo Siue and the Birth ofM odem e City Canberra (Unpublished paper) 1995. Market Square. Comparisons with the planning in of black 'ettlement established under a freehold 'Y\!Cm Planning. London, 1965. 27. Saarinen. op. cit . p.9 ff. smaller cities such as Bloemfontcin and Kimberley arc of land tenure, and has intere~ting origin\. Smce the 15. Eliel Saarinen, ·A note on Camillo Sitte' forward to 28. Perhaps the thing that attracted the Board to his also instructive. Perhaps sensitive urban de~ign coul d Fingoes were refugees driven out by other tnbe,, they Camillo Sitte. The Art of Building Cities ( Der Stadtbau proposal was its insistence that the evolution of the new promote "cultural and psycholog1cal adjustment", but tended to adopt the customs of the white\ with whom nach seinen J..unstlerischen Grundsatzen) (ftrst city on harmonious lines would depend on the practice this will require more co-operation between cilltcn,, they came into contact. In 1835. they moved m to the publi~hed in 1889). New York 1945: R.W. Shennan. of good planning: that there should be model-making developers and aut h oritie~. and le\\ politacal Cape Colony and actually a:.sisted the Brill\h tn \Ome ol 'The An of City Building', an interview with Eliel before the development of specific sections of the city, interference. the nine wars against the Xhosa. For example.'' packet Saarinen. The American Architect. 10, 1935 pp 13 -21: that there should be review of these models and the of90 Fingoe~ fonned a ring around Graham~town and and Marc Treib. 'Eliel Saarinen as Urbanist: The Tower oversight of private and public building by 'building Terse, Turbulent History thu\ helped to protect Settler hom es.~ Beside.., the and the Square·, Arkkitehti, 3, 1985, pp. l6 -31 & 92 - committees' with a charter to attend to technical On the afternoon of 22 April 1819 thou\and' of Xho~a diMinctive style of typical Fingo villager\. a 'pecaal 95. matters, to hygiene and to aesthetics. Thus we can warriors were massed on the ea,tem ~lope~ of Mal..ano' relationship exist~ between them and the wader 16.Kinno Mikkola. op. cit.. suppose that Saarinen was uniquely suited to the Kop, where the Market Square is today. Some 350 community. In 1970, the Fingo Village wa.., proclauncd 17. Riitta Nikkula, '20th century design utopias for the committee/commission-driven town that the capital British troops waited with musket~ and artillery a\ the as a Coloured group area. with a propo~althat the centre of Helsinki' Arch. & Comport.IArch. Behaviour, came to be; Griffin for his part was one who said "I will warriors advanced. After an hour, their attack wa• Fingoes be moved far out to Committee~ Drift acro" 1989. 5: I, pp 29-39. and V alto, op. cit. pp. 3 18-20. not sit on a board". repulsed with terrible losses. One of the re,ults of the the Fish Ri ver fifteen kilometres eastwards. This would 18. David Van Zanten, 'Waiter Burley Griffin's Design 29. Alvar Aalto has spoken of the way in which so-called battle of Grahamstown was a rapid deci~ion by have turned the clock back once more to the confu,ion for Canberra, the Capital of Australia', pp. 318-43, in Saarinen's work (for Finland) involved eliminating the Secretary of State. Lord Bathurst. to fonn a human and division of the frontier era! Violent public prote''' John Zukowsky, Chicago 1972-1922: Birth of a "some of the architectural illiteracy and some of the buffer along the Eastern frontier of the Cape Colony. A~ greeted this proposal. Some of the coloured population Metropolis, Munich, Prestel-Verlag, 1987. inferiority complexes in a country removed from the a result, the British 1820 Se11lers landed in A lgoa Bay, were later moved out to Lavender Valley. The growth of 19. Torben A. Grut, ' Den intemationella stats larger cultural centres of the Western world"; Alto, and later dispersed to Bathurst and Grahamstown. th e African population doubled to 25.000 between 1950 planetaflingen for ordnande af ny hufvudstad i Alvar Foreword to the revised edition of Christ-Janer's Grahamstown was established in 18 12 by and 1970, and reached I 00,000 by 1990. While it Australien' Eliel Saarinen, Universit Arkitektur, Stockholm,.1912 pp. l40-57. y of Chicago Press. 1979, Lieutenant-Colonel Graham as the military hcadq uart er~ represents a potential labour force, problems of 20. Grut, op.cit. p.l55 .. p.xiii. of the Eastern Districts, and began to fl ourish with th e education, unemployment. poor infrstructure and 21. Eliel Saarinen. Design for the National Capital 30. Hancock quoted in 'Canberra, A .. C.T.', Current arrival of the 1820 Settlers. When the surveyor. Knoble. housing s till loom large. Competition Australian Archives, CRS A 710, Items Affairs Bulletin, Volume 34, No. 3, December 1964, arrived in 1814, he accepted the siting of existing Romantic stereotypes, cliches and half-truth, 30-35 and ' Report accompanying the Design', p.34. buildings and designed a gridiron pattern of road~. ba~cd still abound! A tourist brochure declares that 31. Saarinen Canberra (Transcription. 17 pages). 1912 p.3. Letter 4 of enquiry re on the line of High Street. 55 metres wide. Although Grahamstown has the unhurried atmo~phe re of an 22. Saarinen 'sentry proposed major retaining works for competition for design of Federal buildings. Australian some existing buildings were at an angle on the north £nglislt country town under an African sky.6 Such a Archives. CRS A 2910/1, Item 410/1/22. the river. away from the ornamental stretch. A planner side of the parade ground. he allowed them to remain. ~o statement might now be tenned "Eurocentric" by blacl.. who was prepared to fill Toolonlahti Bay would have 32. A competition had been announced in London for that a triangular space would be left open on the most South Africans and. in any case. the motor car has made been undaunted by the need to re-engineer the the selection of a design for the temporary Australian elevated ground in its centre for a church. A~ in a mockery of that "unhurried atmosphere .. in country Molongolo. Yet even those claimed then and later to Parliament House. with an international Board Bloemfontein, credit should be given to military towns world-wide. Most towns in England have a Htgh know the terrifying force of some flooding in this valley including Louis Sullivan and Otto Wagner. one week influences and use of topography in the ini tial planning. 2 Street. but Graharnstown has the only traditional ·High· could be caught out, as happened later with the National before the o utbreak of World War One; James Weirick The integration of the angled square and the gridiron in the whole of South Africa. It has been the \cene of Capital Development Commission when seven people believes that Saarincn was asked in 1922 to replace pattern has given Grahamstown an urban fonn many marches and demonstrations in the pal>! (Fig. I). Wagner on the jury, as no Gennan would have drowned after development had begun at Woden. Some been reminiscent of the medieval t own ~ of Europe. with a For example. in the period from 1950 to 1994 commentators have seen King O ' Malley, the Minister politically acceptable at that time. James Weirich, 'The strong townscape image of broad streets. lined with Grahamstown was very divided. both racially and of Home Affairs in the Labor Government at the time as Griffins and the Great War', Urban History/Planning trees and buildings of limited height.3 In white areas. politically. with a mean branch of the Security Po lice. having a s trong political interest in the implementation History Conference, Australian National University, further residential development occured along the Large numbers of people were detained or banned under of labour intensive projects which would have the Canberra, 1995. periphery of the gridiron in the spirit of the Picturesque various states of emergency. and protesting Rhodes 33. Alvar Aalto, op. p.xiv. Minister personally dispensing pay to the day labourers. cit. and Garden City styles. This was in stark contrast to the University students repeatedly clashed with the police squalor of the black townships, which were without and the Special Branch.7 roads, trees or services. By the 1830s. Grahamstown was already A ''Human" Townscape? displaying symptoms of a tluee-way split into white. Certain goals attach to urban design. such as the creation coloured and black areas. The white area spread west on of activity spaces for people in the public realm and a either side of High Street down to the Church and framework which includes movement system:.. built

I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 PLA ~I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 • P Gl 15 Fig. 2. Bathhurst Street/inking Church and Market Squares

cannot accomodate symbolic and intangible values, and ''the the ft of the property o f Bloemfontein 's 16 Fig. 1. High Streetlookin~: west to Rhodes University "privatisation" may also have been used as an inhabitants". Again, two questions arise: instrument to apply oppressive measures in South I. Has any municipality a mandate to commercialise African cities like Grahamstowm, Kimberley and such an historic a nd symbolic open space? Bloemfontein. 2. Shoul d there be sacred, no-go areas? form and open space. By removing barriers to access. will produce an harmonious environment, but ideals like In Kimberley. the creation of the grand Civic In the early days, Church Square formed the traffic-free public spaces may undo w hat has been "good neighbourl iness" are hard to fmd on the Centre and the tendency for new shops to develop in the centre of the G rahamstown e ncampment and performed 12 termed "environmental injustice·, i.e.. inaccessibility. frontier! Local authorities are prone to be project­ southern node were the direct results of "urban removal" the two fu nctions of a parade ground and a market - 8 exclu~ion or unequal distribution of resources. When oriented. rather than conserving whole districts, and thus under the Group Areas Act. In the huge shadeless later separated. (Fig.3) By the turn of the century. the dtfferent elements of the city are integrated and projects arc often undertaken in isolation. In times of parki ng lots o f the supermarkets one can picture the perimeter buildings had been fully "hardened" and h11le compacted. th i ~ allows groups and individuals to share a economic boom, public open space and historic humble houses of the Malay Camp. which were substantial new development has taken place. The happy opportunities and facilities. and may d to o btain " higher or better greater range of buildings may be sacrifice removed because their owners had the wrong -,kin tendency has been to add only new building~ to !he rear promote equity in a j ust city. uses''. At a conference in Basle in 1985, McNulty colour. it was also a neat way of privatising an hiMoric of the Square, due to its deep building lob - all of When one asks w hat t ype of urban spaces attract reminded u s that market forces are short-term, but area so that enormous profits could be earned. 1 ~ In which have lead to its special character. Survey\ seem to suggest 13 people. then surveys and observati on environmental concerns are long-range. Private Bloemfontein, a battle raged around a scheme to indicate that through traffic dominate~ the Squ:1re, but that the an swer is other people and activities. According developers therefore require guidelines to harmonjse the privatise its heart, historic Hoffman Square. A 'hopping there are alternative routes which could accommodate to Whyte, spaces that attract people have food, water different time scales between conservation and centre there, it was suggested. would "put back the this intrusion. and trees, but most of all seats.9 Yet some business development, otherwise a "human" townscape will sparkle" by displacing infonnal sell ers and undesirables. Unlike Market Square, the avai!ability of under­ organisations and local authorities fear that the disuppear. Conservation bodies were so upset th at they spoke of util i~ed land to the rear of the bu ildings fronting Church provision o f seating may attract undesriables or marginalised people. This results in a tendency to cut Paths and Public Squares back on the provision of seating, ftrstly, to focus The commercial activities in the Grahamstown core area shoppers on their " prime missions " and, econdly, to can be analysed in terms of three elements: generators, discourage undesirable people from lingering in town. paths and nodes. Moving west to east, there are three Brambilla and Longo suggest that this s trategy is self­ major paths- namely, High. Bathurst and Beaufort defeating. because it makes pedestrian zones less Streets, and two major nodes along this route­ desirable for everyone, but it is e mbedded in past policy namely, Church and Market Squares. In the west, and attitudes. 10 Rhodes Universit y, with its 5,000 students, is a major In South African cities in general, and pedestrian generator for the High Street path, whjle in GrahamMown in particular. there a re even more pres!>ing the east, the black township of Rini generates the rea~on\ for providing adequate and properly placed majority of pedestrians up the hill at the end of Beaufort \eaung. whtch can be ~ummed up by the t hree Street. The third path is Bathurst Street. the w idest phenomena: namely. pedestrians. street-sellers and boulevard in Graham~town at 64 metres (to fit the mtntbu-.-taxt\. Car ownership among blacks is lower turning \pan of oxen) which form a direct downhill link than that of white\, and public transport is poor, which between the node\ of Church and Market Squares. mean) that the main means of transport are walking and (Fig.2) pnvate taXt\. For example. Mreet surveys in The Square. for too many p lanners, has meant Graham\town revealed that 28 per cent of respondents only an empty area about which traffic circulates. its (mo-,tly black!>) walked ten blocks or further. 11 Since ten rigid shape detem1ined by the b locks that hem it in. and block\ are a very crude indicator, in reality, some people by fortuitous build ings.'4 ln this century, however, the tmght walk di)tances of several k ilometres. Then. too, traffic functi on h a~ dominated all others and tended to there i\ a shortage of informal resting places. subjugate humans in the process. Quite apart from their particularly for mothers, children and the e lderl y. W hy multi-functi onali ty. town squares also have intangible -,hould the public pay for seating in a restaurant as the values such as publi c property. meeting place, beacon or only alternative? symbol. Once again, I will emphasise the word In a townscape context, Cullen suggests that combination " public property and meeting place" and conservation implies a marriage of old and new in impon ant intangible values like symbolism and which good neighbourliness and sympatheti c planning sentiment. In the town centre it seems that market forces Fi~:. J. Church Square at the !Jeginning of the 20th Century

PAGE 16• PIA ING HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 PLAN I G HISTOR) \ OL. 18 '\.0 3 • 1906 • P \(,l I~ Squarl' mak.l' 11 po"ablc to relocate park.ing facilitie~ at ~ ituatcd for re,adent ~ of Rini township, lying as it does ea~ tern ponion of the Graham ~ town core, all o f whach dccio,ion-making. When planning development\ or pre,c:nt found "Hhan the Square. The e \i~tin g network. on the primary axe~ of GrahamMown and therefore in a \eemed to present no ethical dilemma\ Ior developer'> or conservation are mooted it i\ imperative that the ol l.tnc:' alhm' pede,trian aece\\ from the,c area' good "interceptor" po~ ition for trade. The social the authorities. Due to privati\ation, Market Square ha ~ community as a whole be incorporated anto the plannang darc:ctl) anto the quare. The narrO\\ pavement on the potential of thi' node i ~ lying latent as the essential unfonunately failed the t e~ t for mu ha -functionalit y on proce~~. through a planning forum. Sa nee urhan dc\tgn ' outh 'Ilk aflonh pede,tnan' liule space. and the clement. people. arc in abundance but there are half of its area, and this i\ largely the rewlt ol a pohce t'>~UC\ may receive less emphasas an mun1capal hudgeh. Cathedral a' con,tantl) e\periencing vibration and even inadequate facilities to cater for their needs. Mat ion having been constu ctcd there. but fortunately 1t i., therefore in the intere~ts of the community to the occ~a ,aonal " \erapang" from cars. The closure of thi ~ The centre ha~ been adequately planned for the there is funher potential for mulu-functionality on the a~ce rtain what are deemed to be the pnontu:~. and from namm road \\Ould mak.e it more pedestrian-friendly and private motor vehicle with the over-designed parking remainder of the Square. there to address these issues ~ystemallcally with the enhance 'ocaabaht) . acce~sibility and intangible values ~ pace . The result is that uninvolved commuters merely In the process of re-uniting a divided city, it i~ accent on financial independence and '>OCtal cquaty. an a maJor pubhc node. Our auention now turns to the park their cars, do ther shopping and return home. imponant to involve the community. which in c lud e~ Otherwise the ··men on the frontier" will remaan fate of the lc,~er- k.nown Market Square. sited to the Pedestrians. on the other hand, have different needs and developers, the local authority and the public in confused and separated. as history repeats itself. 'outh do" n the Bathurst Street "boulevard". scale requirements. like seat in and rest facilities, while waiting for a taxi or merely for sociable purposes. The I Market Square arcade, although adequately landscaped , provides no M:trk.et Square was, according to Radford. the largest place for shoppers to s it. other than on window sills, on planned space in the cit y. and was a rectangle measuring a wall situated at the Beaufort Square entrance or on 165 by 125 metres which fe ll about 12 metres in a sharp brick-lined edges to the shrubbery, with their clear nonh-easterly d irection. 16 The topography andd size message. may have made it d ifficult to achieve any sense of An area which requires careful consderation is enc l o~ ure . plus the fact that it is panially situated in a that situated on the west side o f the Beaufon Street re,idential area. The Square is now occupied by a police corner of Market Square. which has become a popular ~talion. a new mid-block service road. a new shopping stop for buses and taxis. Apan from some palm trees, no centre and an under-utilised parking lot. Their impact on faci lities have been provided to accommodate taxi the 'ocaabtlity of the node will now be discussed - in commuters waiting for lifts, because the area has not panacular. that of the new shopping centre and the large been formally declared a "taxi rank". Provision should pohce compound. also be made for the informal sellers who find this an The contrast between these two developments. ideal place in which to trade, using their own makeshift commerce ver~u~ law and order. is stark: one suggests stru c ture~. an atmo-.phere of ~oc iabili t y. the other gives the In relation to the two cities theme of this anicle, ampre,,aon of being a fonress controlling the strategic it see m ~ ~ ignificant that a so-called ·•frozen area" was entrance to the black townships. The presence of the situated to the nonh of Market Square, just across the pohce ~ tat ion may provide residents nearby with a sense busy Beaufon Street path. Instead of this area being of \afety. but why did such a building have to be used for redevelopment. it was in fact employed by developed on their public open space? The only government as an ideological buffer between the "white andacauon of ~oc iability along its boundary are the west" and the "black east". Yet, when one examines the an formal ~e llers who have positioned themselves along a real situation on the ground. this strategic "frozen area'' four metre strip on the Beaufon Street side. The police was in a p ivotal position to act as a catalyst for balanced ~ tat ion has effectively sterilised and " privatised" one redevelopment. llowever, to prevent a "total onslaught" half of a public square. Since it will be difficult to from the poorer ''black cast'', the o ld Pretoria Fig. 6. Cralwmstown showinf? "frozen area" change. one should now address the needs which exist at government (dedicated to law and order) was able to the shopping centre. which is the "monopolised'' hub of persuade local government to sacrifice half of a public Market Square. The corner remnants of the Square can open space. Market Square, and thus distort the future o f be clearly ~ee n on two illustrations of the streetscape. the "frozen area", besides fostering a di vided city. (See (Figs.4 and 5) Fig.6) The design of the new shopping centre building OTES is reasonably auractive and would blend in well with its Conclusion Some time ago. Cooke correct wrrounding~. if at were not so bulky and blatant. The ly predicted that the The author wishes to dedicate thi ~ anicle to the memory 10. Andrew Schultz, 'Urban Design A~pect~ of the truncation of Market Square ~hopping centre lines busy Beaufon Street, and behind it would create the following of the late Gordon Cherry for hi ~ in ~p irati on to a ll Grahamstown Core, with refernce to PedeMriano, ·. planning prob l em~: contex he\ a large parking space without trees. which has yet to t. conservation, scale. planning historians. Unpublished Masters Thesi . Free State UniveNt)'. reach us full potential. Within the confines of the centre convenience and accessibility, to which we may add I. Winifred Maxwell. ' Presidential Addre.,~·. 1994. intangible values and multi 17 t'> a pleasantly de ~ igned arcade with p lenty of plants and -functionality. The "taking" Grahamstown Historical Society. 1972. 11 . Gordon Cullen. Townscape. Arcitectural Pre:.:.. \hrubs. illustrating a tendency towards monopoly and of Market Square is by definition anificial and socio­ 2. Wallace Van Zyl. 'The Planning Origin~ of London. 1961. political and distons the "natural" commercaal "internalisation". the centre is favourably morphology of the Bloemfontein·. Planning HistOI)' Vo1.15 o.2. 12. Robert Me ulty. ·wedding Conservauon to 3. Eily Gledhill et al, Grahamstown: a Pilot S111d1• in Economic Development' in C onsen·a11on and Towl.\111. Consen ·ation, 1975. Heritage Trust. Basle. 1985. 4. Emily O'Meara, Grahamstown Reflected. Albany 13. G. Kidder Smith. Italy Builds. Architectural Pre\\. Museum. 1995. London. 1955. 5. Ibid. 14. Wallace Van Zyl, 'Conservati on in Kimberley: 6. Albany Museum. Walking Tours ofCralwm.,tmt•n. Dilemmas of Development'. Plannin}l H i~tory. Vo1.17. 1990. p.3. No.2. 7. Barry Streek. 'Grahamstown s a l u t e~ Madiba ·. Capl' 15 Jan Van Bcukering. 'Foundarion up\et by 'theft' of Times 11 May 1996. l-l offman Square·. Ons Stad. I I November 1994. 8. Suzanne Leonard. Liva!Jie Cities, Gondolier. 16. Dermis Radford. 'Grahamstown. a Town~capc Southampton. 1987. Study'. Unpublished paper. Grahamstown City Council. 9. R. Brambilla and Longo. For Pedestrians On/1•. 1990. Planning. Design and Manaf?ement. Whitney Mu~eum . 17. Julian Cooke. 'The market. the mill and the ,quare·. Figs. 4 and 5. Remaining corners ofMarket Square 1977. An·hiteclllre S.A.. 1984.

f>ACf 18• f>LA'\.'\.1'\.G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 f>l A['..['.. F\.G HISTOR'r \ OL 18 '\.0 3 • I QQ6 • P· \c.l 1o surrounded by two squares of genteel, terraced houses, On the clearance areas new high-rise and lo w­ but the development was abortive owing to the pollution rise council estates were built, with scant reference or liiHIIE SliOIR.Y OIF A of encroaching mills. which drove the moneyed classes linkage to the surrounding streets. One cliff-ltke and to seek more salubrious homes on higher ground. picturesque swathe of houses proved impossible to It was not for another century that the empty redevelop under modem regulations and its \ it e became NIEIIGIHIIBOUIIRJHIOOID: IPASl~ IPIR.IESIENll building plots on the squares and newly laid out roads an accidental green escarpment, receiving only !>poradic were filled in with lesser, though still solid, hou ~e s for and partial planting and maintenance. (Figs.3 and 4) professionals, rentiers and businessmen. Indeed, most of During these years, the neighbourhood was AN ID liO IBIE CONliiiNUIIEID the leading Leeds families and city father!. li ved here at progressively denuded of its services: Post Office, different times; and, as was then customary, the s lum ~. chemist, Library and local bus routes. In spite of it\ ALl SO mainly in the form of tightly packed back-to-back central location, it thus became strangely c ut off from houses. began only a few hundred yards away. in the the rest of the city: its steep hills and th e ever-expanding valley bottom. (Fig. I) University and hospitals presented actual or perceived As time passed. the larger h ouse~ were put to barriers, and the sunken ring road effectively cut off use as hotels, offices and colleges. and the rnan~ion pedestrian routes into the city. For those without cars, In general we know little of the individual histories of encapsulates two centuries of the industrial-urban became successively a nursing home and local authority who were the great majority, it was surprisingly diffic ult our multitude of urban neighbourhoods; and where we environment. home for the aged. Residents of th e larger square, to get to any shopping centre, to medical services do have histories they are likely to be confined to spans At first a small pastoral vi llage, Little however, clung to their gentility, picnicking and playing (ironical in view of the plethora of hospitals), or even of modem policy-making, such as post-war slum Woodhouse began to be annexed by the rising class of tennis within its locked precinct. The rot probably began the rai lway station. clearance and redevelopment. To engage our attention. a industrialists, mainly textile manufacturers and with that fatal episode of modern hi story, when the The underlying cause of this isolation and neighbourhood needs to have a clear identity and, if merchants, in the 1780s. The bridgehead was a large railings were taken away to be melted down for the war neglect (whi ch was shared, of course, by co unti es~ other possible, be interestingly heterogeneous. Little mansion (now Grade 11* listed) which stood in parkland effort. With its surrounding roads. the park eventuall y inner city tracts) was the suburbanisation of the Woodhouse, on the western edge of Leeds city centre, sloping towards the River A ire, having its own passed into municipal ownership. becoming ~ ubj ec t , younger, more affluent and ambitious secti ons of satisfies both criteria. and its planning history industrial premises behind. It was intended to be respectively, to the Highways and Parks (now Leisure society, who were followed, if not indeed led, by Services) Departments. (Fig.2) retailing and transport interests, schools and other The worst slums began to be cleared between services. But the biggest immediate contributor to \ocial the wars and in this period also an evangeliqic vicar change here was the ri se of a resident student established in his church the renowned St George'\ population. Since the 1960s, when students began to Crypt as a night shelter for down-and-outs. a function it live independently in shared houses rather than halh of still retains. The social decline of the district was now residence or lodgings with landladies. this ha ~ now apparent, but its real, and literal, carve-up took place in reached a point where students form a quarter of all the 1960s and 1970s. when the last rei ics of its rural households (four times as many as in Leeds as a 'whole). past, most of its small shops and many of its roads and It has become a self-reinforcing process, as house lanes fell victim to the expansion of the adjacent prices. reflecting the returns to landlords, escalate University, Polytechnic, Medical School and no less beyond the reach of ordinary families. than three teaching hospitals, as well as the culling The physical environment reflects this change. made for a sunken inner ring road. The Council even Houses fall into disrepair, boundary walls collapse, sanctioned the demolition of an early Victorian chapel, gardens become jungles. piles of household rubbish until it was saved at ground floor level through protest accumulate and draw vermin. Student houses wi th and spot listing. multiple T.V. sets and computers are targets for thie ves.

Fig.2. Woodhouse Square : original houses Fig.3. The Rosebank with view over southll'est Leeds Fig./ . Lillle Woodhouse now in institutional use

PAG~ 20• PlA'\.1".11'\..G HISTORY VOL. 18 '\.0.3 • 1996 I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0 .3 • 1996 • PAGf 2 1 kept under the ward councillor's tight personal and Heritage. to be spent on the restoration of hi\tonc political control. While it has no formal powers, it buildings and matched by their owners. The rule~ have permits departmental officials to be call ed to answer recently been changed to exclude general envtronmental questions, and it also provides an opportunity for wider improvements, which residents see as the most pre\\ing three-cornered discussions (between politician~. officer'> need, and which English Heritage, at lir<>t, recogm\ed a\ and local people) of important neighbourhood i'>~Ue~ ­ of equal importance to buildings. But after so many youth and crime are two that have recently been aired. yearsn of eglect. the CAP is being counted on to bring The Community Association has gained much new respect both from the Council and from user'> of the from the joint action with the o ne remaining local area. A write-up by Martin Wainwnght in The primary school, which has been un ~ u ccess fully lighting Guardian, though admittedly full of inaccurac1e\. had a battles on its own account for many years; with the galvanising effect on councillors and played a energetic community work team of the pari~h church; ~ig nili cant part in their decision to bid for the CAP. The and, above all. with the tenants· association of the most Community Association intends to use thi\ 10 wheedle problematic, because high-rise, local coun cil estate, action and resources from the statutory service\, so that correcting what might otherwise be a strong bias roads, open spaces and, perhaps, even student houses towards owner-occupiers and conservation. might be improved. Their is now a confusing array of The greatest example of proactivity wa~ a fund s and ' partnerships' that might be utili1>ed: the twenty-page report prepared by a small working g roup National Lottery and the Millenium Fund as well a\ the of the association, which they grandiosely, but as it Single Regeneration Budget. not to mention many turned out usefully, entitled Lirtle WoodlwuJe Planning voluntary agencies and charities. But the e nergising and Audit and Strategy for Rgeneration. Using Census co-ordination of all this falls to the Community Fig.4. The Rosebank with 20 year old e.1tate 0 11 right material, parish social survey work and data of current Association, which means, in effect, a r.mall handful of services (or lack of these), together with picture~ and activiMs. descriptions of the wealth of hi storic buildings and Three strategies have been essential to bnng green spaces, the report presented a comprehen~ive things to their present level. First, the neighbourhood profile of the area, highlighting its assets as well as it'> needed to find a name- and that chosen wa\ m fact a At the \ame tune. the central location leads affluent mature trees. outbuildings and other irreplaceable problems. At the suggestion of the Conservation Team revival of its historic name which had fallen 11110 d1suse. commuter' to dump their cars on the streets all day. features. leader (whose background of working through a local With the name, neighbourhood history needed to be To take control of the many and overlapping attracting car crime. (Fig.5) Civic Trust in another city made him more open and rediscovered. to arouse a sense of identity and local problems of a neighbourhood such as this would require Over and above students. the social responsive than his fellow officers) the report was used pride. The c rucial research was done by an indefatigable inner-city stress: a concerted inter-departmental effort beyond the ability. cnvtronment di,plays typical as the basis for a bid for Conservation Area Pa rtn er~ hip local historian who created a travelling exhibition that and po~~ ibly even the comprehension. of present-day unemployment levels twice the city's average. high (CAP) status. The ' partnership' in question is between has toured the city's Planning Advice Shop. the Council local government, at any rate in Leeds. It is not helped leveh of unqualified youths. of non-white families, of Council, English Heritage and local property owners, so Chamber ante-room and local colleges. Thirdly, Little by the obli gatory contracting out of services, such as poverty and family breakdown. The minority of owner­ that the Community Association is not strictly included: Woodhouse needed to be put on the map - quite street cleaning and park maintenance, which adds occ upi e r ~ are scattered and demoralised, the wealthier but both the local authority and English Heritage are so literally so- as the flfst draft of the Unitary another layer of command. Liule Woodhouse has found one ~ among them in converted ' luxury' apartments. impressed with the degree of local initiative that they Development Plan carefully drew the city centre that the single department that is most resistant to hiding behind doors with e lectronic security systems are inviting close consultation with. and input from, the boundary so as to skirt round it, with the implication change or joint action of any kind is Highways, which and no letter boxes. Things normally taken for granted Community Association. that it had nothing in common with, and could as gu·lrdian of footpaths, road safety, signage and ebewhere. like mi lk and newspaper deliveries, are either It would clearly be unreasonable to expect the contribute nothing to, the centre. This was formally unauthorised parking has a crucial role to play - even difficult or impossible to obtain. CAP to bring about all that is needed 10 regenerate Little objected to and amended, so that when the UDP is more so. perhaps, than Planning itself. What ro le, if any. has the local authority had Woodhouse. The grant money involved is s mall: finally approved Little Woodhouse will automaticall y be The question then is, what or who is in a in all this? At one time. it had a considerable housing £50,000 a year from the local authority and Eng lish included within central Leeds. (See Fig. l) However. presence beyond its o wn estates. For instance, as a result position to arrest the neighbourhood 's decline? of 'dea l ~· with elderly home owners it had a stock of Typically. local residents are only rallied into action (or ' mi!>Cellaneous properties' that were always more in reaction) by some external threat which calls out their demand than council estate tenancies- a lesson that latent solidarity. This kind of reaction occurred here in housing policy makers would do well to take to heart. response to the aggravation of commuter parking, which The Environmental Health Department once kept close prompted several campaigns and ultimately won a watch over landlords. devising measures to limit the residents' permit scheme for the whole area. Mutual spread of student houses. The Council's policy now, defence may well arise again in reaction to an however, seems to be: know nothing. see nothing, do emergency helicopter ambulance service which a local nothing. In spite of its avowed intention 10 divert student hospital plans to operate from its roof, alarmingly close accommodation elsewhere. it regularly condones the to thousands of homes and workplaces. conversion of houses 10 multiple occupation without lt is far less common for neighbourhood planning permission. and fails to use its environmental action 10 be proactive; that is, not simply defence health powe r~ 10 ensure safety and sanitary standards. against external threat but campaigning to meet needs in With policies claiming to favour residential use of the a positive and innovative way. Such proactivity is, city centre, it chooses to ignore residential needs and however. found here: at first in a limited area where interests here, although this is the largest central, residents fought for Council intervention over neglected established residential area that Leeds possesses. gardens and back lanes. A much wider campaign was At the same time. after a burst of concern sparked off by the letter to a ward councillor from one twenty or more years ago, which resulted in Little resident warning of the strong possibility of the Woodhouse being given no less than three conservation neighbourhood's physical and social decline beyond a areas and some 35 li sted buildings, the historic value of point of no rerum. This eventually led to the formation the area has been ignored and unsupported. Under of a neighbourhood-wide Community Association to present Govemmment pressure not to impede property absorb all the small scattered groups in existence up to developers. approval is regularly given for development then. and the selling up of a community forum. This is a Fig.5. Environmema/ Deterioration that wi 11 involve the removal of boundary walls, paving, non-statutory. unconstituted, unfunded body which is

PLA 0.3 • 1996 • PAGE 23 PAG[ 22• PLA I G HISTORY VOL. 18 '0.3 • 1996 vanou' telm"· ''orking parties and policies have yet to use. Ono the ther hand, there is just about to be a notable gra~p th1,, or to mclude the neighbourhood within their victory, in the restoration of the railings around the park. IR. lE lP 0 IR. ll S 0'' n tenn' of reference. The Community Association is always What 1, c>.pected of the CAP is that it will vulnerable to the loss of any of its small handful of ra"e the profile of the di~trict to a degree that will spark activist!>, although there are signs of more participation off 'JXlntaneou' '"' e~tmcn t in, and care of. the from the council estates and from some of the em mmment. A fa1th rather than a certainty, this ~eques tered luxury-flat residents. Objectives are ' carccl) touche, the area's social problems, although tediously slow to achieve and the work unremitting; but ne" I) 111\tlluted play schemes and an annual festival in there is a personal reward when streets th at were the park might be ju~t beginning to address these. There fonnerly faceless and alienating become peopled with ACSP I AESOP Joint I nternational Congrcs~. \ Ub-theme wa\ the way Toromo ha\ for many year\ rcm:un count le~~ opportunities not as yet developed for familiar and friendly figures. Those who choose to Toronto, Canada, 25-28 July been ~cen am\ a odel by many cit1e\ in th e Un11ed want of people to undertake the task: for instance, the identify with, and work for, an area like this are opting 1996 Oxford /Jroo/.. es Uni1•er.w y Stat e~> and the wa y that role i 1> now bemg wJ..en over, \O negotiation of a strategy for student occupation and the for engagement, rather than withdrawal. What all the Stephen V. Ward, it was claimed, by Portland, Oregon. M o\1 of the improvement of the green escarpment, which lends itself effort is about is the re-humanisation of the urban Five years ago in 1991, the firM joint conference of th e speakers, who included the dbting ui ~ hcd Canad1an to nature trails and cycleways. There have been some neighbourhood, through the re-invention of its public Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP) urban hiMorical gcographeri., Richard ll arri ~ ol notable failures - the worst being to stop the Council rea lm, that presently disparaged pan of the city where and the Association of European Schoob of Planning M cMaster University and James Lemon of the selling off the listed mansion to a private developer, the mutual interests of an otherwise divided society (AESOP) took place at wha t was then Oxford U ni vcr~i t y of Toronto, spoke to the first pan of thi ~ despite $evcral opportunities to retain it for community must inevitably meet. Polytechnic in the historic city of Oxford in the United th eme. With Frances Frisken of York Unive r~ it y rhcy Kingdom. The 1996 Toronto conference wa1> th e revealed much of the historical und e rp i nning~ of 'return match ', hosted by the R yer~on Polytechnic Toronto's compact core, never abandoned by the University and held at the Chelsea Delta Hotel, clol>e 10 middle c las ~e s, its pioneering metropolitan government the metropolitan attractions of downtown Toronto. structure and its enlightened policies, e\pecially 1n Predictably, the conference, in one of North America 'l> revenue ~ haring , education and transit. lt wa\ ea\y to most appealing cities, drew many hundred 1> of ~c c why it had tOwered over equivalent U.S. Cllle\. We delegates, from both continent ~. There were no l e ~ l> aho a gained sense that some of these advantage' were than 19 subject ' tracks' running ~ imultaneo u \ l y, piu\ a in danger of being lost. poster ' track'. In total. something over 650 paper' were The next two planning hisrory '>e\'>1011\ dea lt programmed. together with 32 ficldtrip' {'mob1IC with ·Urban Space: European and U.S. Per-.pectlve' · workshops') and several plenary \C\\iOn\. El,cwhcre and 'Telling the Urban Story·. The fir\ t included a on the continent. so it was rumoured. the Olympic paper on the Pre-industrial Town \Cape in the ln ~ u\ln al Games were taking place. Age by Profe%or Jurgen Lafren; from rhe Un1 vcr\lty Within all this activity there wa \ a plannmg of Hamburg, a comparative paper on European and history track comprising almo ~ t thirty ind1 vidual Amencan c iti e~ by M oshe Adler and a remarkable offerings, together with 1>cveral historical p a pe r~ di -.c u ~ \i On on ' Nature and the City: Conceptual Duahtj scattered in other parts of the programme. A' in all and the Rbe of the Modern Zoological Garden· by such events, it is difficult to convey a full flavour of Pat rick Win; of the U ni vcr~ it y of Sou them Califom1a. what was on offer, but this review trie, to record at In rhe second ~ess ion were two papers dealing with least some fragments of the whole event that were <\\peels of the urban narrative. John Mull in of the particularly relevant to practitioners of planning Unive r~ it y of Ma~s a chu se tt ~ gave a spirited history. presentation on th e subject of Edward Bel larny', I HH7 Perhaps the most popular of the sc~' ion~ in the novel, Looking Backward. ~ cttin g it in the \ OCi al and planning history track was th e first. Thi1> wa' around cultural context of Boston of the 1880' in wh1ch he table sess ion organised by Carl Abbott, the Pres ident of wrote. He w a ~ followed by J a m e~ Clapp of San Diego the Urban History A ~s ociati o n and a fonner Council Swte University who ~ po k e about · Per\ pccti vc-. on member of the IPHS. Entitled " Toronto a' a Capital ol American Urbanism in American Cinema·. lt wa\ a Good Planning: Canadian and U.S. Per\ pcctlvc'' . 11 ' top1c to which the audience particularly wanncd and

Toron/0 Centrai/Jusme.1.1 District (0 . Massey)

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one of the most animated discussions in the to put 10gether another planning history programme produced buildings around the city's basic axis of La Rambla of the process. from related contributions in other tracks. Of the "hole tract... . were the framework for the Congress and all owed The aim of the Congress wa~ to reflect on and e next ~ess i on in the track was another round sessions I caught. I particularly enjoyed David Th participants to come into direct contact with the city. debate the contributions which architecture can make cular interest to the readership of this Crombie's fascinating and spirited reflections on the table. of parti During the Congress. architech from all over to the new metropolitan situation. This Congres~ was . Entitled ·A Life in Planning History: Gordon planning process in Toronto based on many years of bulletin the world wondered about the role th at architecture can structured around the following themes: very active political engagement in the process. It was Cherry 1931- 1996 · it took the form of a series of short play in the changing conditions of the contemporary Mutations- the major changes taking place in the ti ons re flecting on Gordon Cherry's also nice to see planning historians contributing in presenta city. In the last twenty years the process of urban context of the transformati on of today's cities (I had other arenas. such as Rob Freestone's work on the edge contribution. Thus Stephen Ward offered some development around the world has entered a new. the honour of presenting a pape r in this se~~ion entitled city phenomenon, Joe Nasr talking about agriculture as th oughts on Gordon 's scholarship in planning history accelerated phase of growth. The pheneomenon of 'Shaping the architectural and urban complexes in a sustainable use of land or Marsha Ritzdorf about and Cliff Hague. the current President of the Royal urban concentration is common both to the most Poland as an element of planning the sustainable women and planning history. Yet the most impressive Town Planning Institute. spoke ofGordon's long developed and to Third World economies. There are development of cities); example of a planning histori an finding a w ider role ~ervi ng role within the Institute. David Massey more than a dozen cities with over ten million Habitati ons- new housing models arising from the was Eugenic Birch of Hunter College, New York. reflected revealingly on many years o f working closely inhabitants, and more than two hundred with over a new metropolitan situ ation; ory Group From being President of the Society for American City with Gordon in the Planning Hist I million. The other, frequently negative, feature of ci t ie~ Flows- the influence of the media and means of and Regional Planning History in 1991 , she has now International Planning History Society. From Australia is that they are spreading out over an ever larger information and transport on contemporary architecture become President of the Association of Collegiate and South Africa, Rob Freestone. Wallace van Zyl and territory, with increasingly imprecise boundaries. Some and cities; Schools of Planning. Alan Mabin ~ poke about Gordon·s impact as a stimulus main features, which characterise this process. include: Containers- the forms of architecture dealing with In some ways, this wider contribution of to planning history in their own countries. Donald changes in population, health and hygiene. new the new rituals. which shape the public and pnvate hfe planning histori ans hints at the importance of very Krueckeberg from Rutgers Uni versity. who chaired the consumer strategies, new technologies and the growth of the inhabitants of cities; large co nfe rence~ like these for our subject. The ~e~Mon. also spoke about his transatlantic contacts w ith of new channels of communication and transport. Terrain Vague - w aste or obsolete land within the city bewildering randomness of the subjects of the papers Gordon. There were also many speakers from amongst We could sum up this trend and call it the fabric, and the urban projects which may transform presented means that they cannot ri val our own, more the audience, adding perspectives from Hong Kong. transformation 'from city to metropolis', but we should them. ~ pec i a li s t . gatherings as arenas for developing or Ireland and further insights from the U.S.A. aim to make this change a positive one. The need for For example. the urban redevelopment of Barcelona refining the subject. The importance of gatherings, like This was fo llowed by a session called ·Selling new organisation of space is a most urgent task. ln this rests largely on the articulation and recuperati on of Toronto. for planning history is that they allow us to Places. Sell ing Hi story'. with papers o n the history of situation it is very difficult for architects and dozens of ' terrains vagues' in the inner city. which publicly assert and demonstrate its significance with in place marketing by Stephen Ward, and the selling of architecture to stake o ut a role as director and arbitrator were turned into parks,amenities, services and even hiMory in U.S. cities by Robber Hodder of Virginia the wider setting of planning studies. In this connection Commonwealth Uni vers ity. Elizabeth Morton of the it is worth noti ng that the planning history track, M as~achu se tts Institute o f Technology gave a paper th ough by no means the largest, came about middling call ed 'Using Heritage in the promoti on of Regional in terms of track size. Areas such as planning education Identity and Regeneration', highlighting U.S. examples or planning theory were quite a number of tracks of heritage planning. Finally. Alec McG illi vray spoke small er than planning history. Many other tracks were on the i.ubject of ' Planning and the promotion of broadly the same size. In other words, planning history complexity'. focusing on the so-call ed 'Theatre Block' can fi eld a solid team. Its place certainly does not go by in downtown Toronto. default. At times it can draw in those w hose primary The last session in the planning history track interests li e elsewhere. Some of its practitioners can wa~ another rather full event call ed ·Making and cont ribute to other aspects of the planning debate. Remaking History: Germany, Eastern Europe and the Doubtl es~ we can do more to raise the profile of our U. K.·. Maria Cavalcanti of the Federal Uni versity of subject, but there is certainly much to be pleased about. Pernambuco in Brazil presented a paper about ·Urban Reconstruction and Autocratic Regimes', highlight ing XIX Congress of the International Union of her fascinating research about President Ceaucescu 's Architects grand schemes for Bucharest and comparing these with Karar:y11a Plura. Warsaw U11iversiry ofTeclmology the works of other dictators. Something of the same theme was evident in Reiner Jackson's (Univers it y of The XIX Congress of the International Union of Toronto) paper on 'Urban Planning from Communism Architects had as it!> theme ·Present and Futures, to Capitalism·. Lynn Davies of the University of Architecture in Cities' and was organised by the Reading looked at the remaking of planning in the Architects' Association of Catalonia. It was held in United Kingdom betwee n 1976 a nd 1996 in a paper Barcelona between 3 and 6 July 1996 and it had broad­ entitl ed 'T wenty Years of Radical Change'. Finall y. based institu tional backing. The Congress included an Dirk Schubert of the Technical University of Hamburg extraordin ary number of exhibitions, debates, looked at the scientifi c concepts of urban planning in conferences and vi sits and was a cultural event of the Britain and Germany before the First World War in a greatest import ance. paper entitled • From Urban Expansion to Urban The host city of the Congress. Barcelona, is a place which has undergone spectacular transformations Renewal'. This, then, was the formal planning history in recent years and has a rich architectural legacy. welcomed architects to its very centre. Various programme. Yet it would almost have been impossible Barcelona (K. Plura. 1996)

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ne\\ centre:, in conjunction with certain general city Organising Committee included Or Kiki Kafkoula, delegates. that they stayed in Thessaloniki on the infra~trucure projects. That was the strategy behind Professor Georgios Lavas, Or David Massey and Mr Sunday morning. The majority of the delegate\ took both a rehabilitation of the districts of the city and the Savas Tsilenis. the opportunity to visit Pel la, the site of the capital ol launching of the programme which made it possible to Almost 100 delegates from 25 countries were Phi lip of Macedonia. and Lefkadia. They left me with host the 1992 Olympic Games. able to attend this conference. Although they were the impression that that trip was a s ucces~ abo. During the Congress in Barcelona an enormous greeted by rain when they arrived in Thessaloniki, they On a more sombre note, a session wa' ~>C t a\1dc number of architects and students from all over the were given a warm welcome (and a large conference on the Saturday evening for delegates to pay tribute to world exchanged ideas and engaged in debates. These pack) by Yilma, Kiki and their colleagues and helpers. the late Gordon Cherry. Stephen Ward took the chair involved various groups and institutions: architecture The programme for the conference, whose and Tony Sutc liffe, Te resa Zarebska, Shun-ichi ~choob. professional organisations, national sections of theme was 'The Planning of Capital Cities', was an Watanabe. Kiki Kafkoula. Robert Home and llan Trocn the UlA and their work groups. Over 500 professionals impressive, if ambitious. one. In her Opening Address, all 'poke movingly about the former IPHS Pre~>ident. from 66 countries responded to the request for Vilma Hastaglou-Martinidis welcomed delegates and While recognising his academic contribution~. they all tndlvtdual paper!>. with the aim of presenting their reflected on the honour and fear she had felt when the \tressed hi!> human qualities. especially his abi lity to rcnections on the themes of the Congress or projects late Gordon Cherry had invited her to organise the engage, involve and encourage other people. The I PI IS wh1ch set out relevant answers to the questions under event. She acknowledged that it had been a fascinating Council, for its part. is considering ways of debate. A selection of these proposals was presented at challenge to bring so many proposals together. Stephen commemorating Gordon Cherry·~ contributton to one venue in the form of oral communications and Ward. the new President of the international Planning planning history. graph1c pre entations. History Society. rightly thanked the organisers for Perhaps mindful of Gordon 's dictum that Currently there are many recommended and bringing the conference to fruition. He noted that the planning history can be fun . the organiser<, arranged a more frequently observed methods of planning cities theme and the venue had proved attractive. Indeed, ..uitably named 'Convivial Dinner' on the Saturday which \hould assure their sustainable development. but Thessaloniki will be the Cultural Capital of Europe in evening. Here.as elsewhere, during this stimulattng and to reach that target it is necessary to restore the proper 1997. varied Conference old friendships were renewed and role for the factor of urban composition. The built Stephen Ward expressed pride in being new contacts were made. Once again. the organ1ser<, env1ronment in cities should be treated in the same way nominated President of IPHS but sadness at the loss of should be commended for bringing together thi\ a~ the natural world. Both environments s hould be the Society's founder, Gordon Cherry. The latter's \timulating and friendly body of planning hbtorian,. treated equally and simultaneously on a scale which is scholarship, leadership and friendship had been of The delegates will have left Thessaloniki with many i~ c lear and understandable by citizens. Such activities inestimable value to the Society. Gordon had always happy memories and interesting thoughts. We look w1ll enable us to attain the following aims: the taken ~ reat pleasure in the growing diversity and forward with interest to see what Robert Freestone can prevention of the ecological destruction of town space, strength of this increasingly world-wide body of arrange for us in Sydney in two years time. the encouragement of the physical and psychic comfort scholars. He would be pleased if we could maintain this For the information of IPHS members I li st of man. the retoration of nature's right to harmonious momentum. Stephen Ward concluded his address by below the names o f the contributors to the Conference development and the active shaping of the bio-climate recalling a message from Gordon Cherry that planning and the title of their papers. by urban activities. history could be such fun. The truth of this was evident Exhibitions, conferences, debates. seminars and in the ensuing sessions and social gatherings. design competitions were part of the wide variety of Whatever the tone of the conference, there was Plenary Lectures events on offer to participants of the Congress. Added much to be learnt from the proceedings. The main Professor Georgios Lavas (University of At hen~ ). to thb were the schemes and presentations presented by problem was deciding which of the many sessions to Thessaloniki. a non-capital city of capita/meaning City delegates and national organisations. All these attend after the Plenary Lectures. The larter were of a Professor Wolfram Hoepner (Frei Universitat Berhn). made the UIA 96 Barcelona Congress the cultural very high standard. They ranged in time from the Capital Cities of the Hellenistic Age. event of the year. Hellenistic age to the present, and geographically from Profe,sor Anthony Sutcliffe (Leicester Universtty). Thessaloniki to Canberra. I must be one of the many Paris and London: Tll'o approaches to capital cuy 'The P lanning of Capital Cities' delegates looking forward to receiving the printed planning. MtChael Harrison, University of Central England conference papers. They were timetabled from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m. (although Professor Alexander Papageorgiou-Yenetru. The topics of the Working Sessions were even they were allowed a couple of breaks). As ever. the (Technische Uni versitat Munchen), Athens: Modern Thi\ was theme of the First lnternationaal Conference more wide-ranging. The period covered spanned early organisers and chairpersons had difficulty keeping thi ~ planning in cm historic comext. Early planning of the Hellenic Planning and Urban History and medieval capitals through to contemporary large group of independent-minded and loquacious schemes and their impact on the creation of the AsSOCiation and the Seventh International Conference Khartoum. National capitals, divided capitals, regional academics to time. (I should be careful here. as Heleni cultural-arclwelogical park. of the Internati onal Planning History Society. The capitals and fragmentary interventions were Porfyriou reminded me that English workers are among Professor llan Troen (Ben-Gurion Uni versity). The conference was held at the Aristotle University of considered. A number of capital cities came in for the worst time-keepers in Europe!) Perhap ~ it was more tramformation ofJ em salem imo a modern capital Thessaloniki from 17 to 20 October 1996. The event repeated scrutiny: Paris. London, Athens, Canberra, a case of doesn't time fl y when you are enjoying city:an exploration of the politics and aesthetics of was supported by the University's Research Committee Washington and Helsinki. Eastern and Northern yourself. planning. and the School o f Technology, the Geothe Institute, the Europe, the Far East and parts of Africa and Latin The enjoyment was apparent during the two Professor Thomas Hall (Stockholm University). Is British Council , the lnstitut Francais, the School of America were featured in the sessional papers. Among planned visits. On the Friday afternoon. after a li vely capital city plamring differem? Reflections on Architecture o f the National Technical University, the individual planners, the name of Haussmann not and illuminating introduction to the c ity by Alexandra European developmemfrom Henry IV to Ceaucescu. by coach round parts of Mint ~ try of Culture and the General Secretariat of surprisingly cropped up more than most. Yerolympos. we were taken Professor John Reps (Cornell University). Forgotten Research and Technology. The Conference Convenor In order to make the most of this rich and the historic city of Thessaloniki. This so whetted the plans and neg lected designs: a new look at the 1912 and a number of other was Professor Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis and the impressive agenda the delegates had to work hard. appetite of this reviewer, competition for the Australian National Capital.

PAG£ 28• PLA '\Jir'-.G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 PLA ING HISTORY \ OL. 18 '\.0.3 . 1996 • PI\ G[ 2Q lfZ IEIPO I~liS lfZ lE lP 0 lfZ ll S

sieel e. Shun-ichi Watanabe (Science University of Tokyo), ional Pa pers capital city in sixteenth century Spain. Sess Manolis Marmaras (University of the Aegean), From The 1995 earthquake in Kobe and its recon.smu 11on Stcphane Yerasimos (lnstitut Francais d 'Etudes Capital - the concept the policy of town planning to that of compacmess: planning: an historical analysis. Stephen Ward (Oxford Brookes University), Rhetorical Anatoliennes), Constaninople: une capitate avantla Athens during the first half of the twentieth cemury . North American capitals planijicarion. capitals. The recompositioning of regiional cities on Divided capitals Davis Goldfield (University of North Carolina). Faded Fragmenta ry planning the glolwl stage. Andreas Ashiotis (Nicosia Pl anning Department), City, Fine Capital. The limits of planninr.: in Carola Hein (Tokyo Metropolitan University), Visions William Wright (University of North Carolina), White Planning in a divided capital: Nicosia. Washington DC 1790-1860. city. white elephant, white blouses: reusing and reality of the European capital. Rassem Khamaisi (Haifa University), The British Sara Amy Leach (National Park Service, USA}, Panayotis Toumikiotis (National Technical University Washington's Union station. Mandate planning legacy as a tool for I'OIItrol of Washington DC at 2000: from I' Enfant's vision to a Natasa Remundu-Triantafyllis (Greek Ministry of of Athens). Lo terre er le papier. Palestinian development in the West Bank by Israeli Planning), Twenty years experience of corrective modem capital city. Early capitals occupation. John Taylor (Carleton University, Ottawa), Who.\e measures: The making of the historical identity of the Corinne Lathrop Gilb (International Society for Ursula von Petz (University of Dortmund), Berlin after plan? Planning in Canada's capital after / 945 Comparative Study of Civilizations), The nature of rule Athenian capital. 1989: The renewal ofa capital. Disruptions and capitals in the twentieth century the planning of capitals: some early examples. Cleopatra Karaletsou and Rena Papageorgiou and Capital-scale projects Michael Holavko Long (Rutgers Uni vcr\ ity, New Felipe Gorostiza Arroyo (Uni versity of Pennsylvania), (University of Thessalonik.i), Fragmentary Yorifusa Ishida (Kogakuin Univer\ity) and Sumtc Jersey) and Leonid Raputov (Moscow Architectural Budding Cosmopolis: Planning and the sign in Mexico­ inter1•e111ions in Thessaloniki: Restruclllring the urban Shohji (Kantoh-gakuin Univer~ it y . Yokohama). ln ~ titut e), Capital city as garden city . The planmnf? of experience. Tenochtitlan. Wate1[rom developmem in the capua/ city · To /.. yo posr-re1·olwionary Moscow. Evangelos Dimitriadis (University of Thessaloniki), Provincial capitals expanded to the ''anishing Tol..)·o-ll'am Bm Helen Meller (Univer ity of Nottingham). ~ ·muw . The new urban model of post-Renaissance Europe: the Fransisco Javier Monclus (Barcelona School of M aria Gravari Barbas (Universite d 'Ange~q. La orld ~\- at Architecture), Barcelona: Urban discourse and Prague and Budapest after the First W 'capital city'. reconquere desfroms de mer. srraregu' prinnpa/e de Capua/ ciues of newly separate nation statef planning strategies 1897-1923. The model capital cas de Baltmwre. Man•land Stamatina Malikouti (National Technical University of plannijicarion urbaine: le Saval> T~ il e ni s (Greek Secretariat of Research). Donatella Calabi (lstituto Universitario di Architeettura Ministry of Culture). llo.\tmg Athens), The planning evolution ofPireus 1834-1922. Petros Synadinos (Greek Ankara: Capital of the new Turkish Republ1c di VeneLia). The capital city as a model of modernity. the Olympic Games: The urban impact. Planning Canber ra planning in the second Ljubinko Pusic (University of Novi Sad), The Pans: an example for Italian Pla nning a nd depla nning y of New South Wale\), transformation ofNovi Sad in the first half of the Robert Freestone (Universit half of the nineteemh century. Kerri e I. MacPherson (University of I long Kong), The federal capital of Australia: Planning idea.\ and twentieth century. Ro~a Tamborrino (Politecnico di Torino), Paris as Beijing or Nanjing ? The deCOIIStmction oj a national 1•isiom 1901 -11 . Becoming the capital model: Haussmann and the capital of the nineteemh capital/928-49. Theresa Zarebska (Warsaw University of Technology), Christopher Vemon (Queensland University of century. Adli Mustafa Ahmad (University of Khartoum). Technology), Canberra's nexus: Wafter Burley Xavier Malverti (Ecole d ·Architecture, Paris-la-Seine), Bet oming the capital: Warsaw in the 16th and 17th Khartoum Blues: The deplanning of a capital city. Griffin's landscape oeuvre and Enfant's Washington. centuries. r Alger: construction of the modern city. Joe Nasr (Univers ity of Pennsylvania), Local wishes Nadja Kurtovic Folic (University of Belgrade), Rosemarie Willet (Unjversity of New South Wales). Inter -war capital pla nning and national commands: Planning colllilluity in the Belgrade in planning history: the 16th- 19th centuries. From Capitol to Capital. Democracy, creativity and Takashi Yasuda and Makoto Terauchi (Setsunan French provinces in the 1940s. Laura Kolbe (Unversity of Helsinki), The University the development of the urban cemrepiece of Canberra. University), Dai Osaka and planning an economic Late med ieval capitals and the City : Turku and Helsinki 1802-1995. Evolution of capital cities capital in the imer-awr period in Japan. Fariba Nourdeh (Laboratoire de Recherche 'Territoires Nicolae Lascu (In stitute of Architecture ' Ion Mincu · ). Public space Kiki Kafkoula (Uni versity of Thessalonik.i), An out-of­ d 'lspahan du / l me Aleth Pi card (Ecole d' Architecture de Normandie), Urbaines'.EHESS), Vil/-jardin Nineteenth centlll)' Bucharest and modem urban place wopia? The Garden City movement and the siecle. planning. planning of capital cities outside metropolitan regions. Paris 1850-1900: modernisation of capital cities and Chye Kiang Heng (National University of Singapore), ). LofabncatiOII public space. Mercedes Volait (URBAMNCNRS Pavlos Delladetsimas (University of the Aegean), The an and Su:hou. Dirk Schubert (Technische Universitat Hamburg), A tale of two cities: Clwng' d'une metropole moderne: Le Caire 1870-1950 . immed1ate post-war period ( 1944-52). Policy measures ng (University of Washington. Creating Imperial London: planning Kingsway and the Maria-Cristina Gosli Milica Bajic Brkovic (University of Belgrade), Cif) and their impact on the developmefll and planning of Seattle), The three capitals of Bra:if . 'Haussmannisarion' of the capital. plan11ing in YugosiA 1•ia in the twemieth cenlllry: The Greater Athens. T he centre of the capital Heleni Porfiriou (lstituto Universitario di Architerrura case study of Belgrade. · C ity conceptions and forms of Helsinki), The rwemierh di Vene.tia), Haussmann and Siue: Formal versus Riitta Nikula (University Capitals of the late twentieth century Marina Lathouri (University of Pennsylvania). Le cemury cemre ofH elsinki: A gr01•eyard of heroic town informal planning. Jurgen Lafrenz (Uni versity of Hamburg), The planning Corbusier: from Paris to Chandigarh:Variarions on the plans. Planning colonial capitals a11d realisation ofAjuba, the new capital of Nigeria same theme 1922-56. New Yorl..). The Robert Home (University of East London), Planning James Rossant (Pratt University. Maro Papadopoulou (Architect: Athens and Cypru ~) . Kermit C. Parsons and Bonnie MacDougal (Comell making of the national Nlpital centre: Dodoma, British colonial cities as future national capitals. Nicosia within the walls. The di1'ide capital. University), Chandigarh's romantic/rational Tanzania. Alexandra Yerolympos (University of ThessaJoniki), Maria Bertrand (Universite du Chili), Plannijication reputation reconsidered. saw Universit y of Technology), Planning colonial capitals in the early twentieth Katarzyna Pluta (War urbai11e d Samiago du Chili. Luiz Cesar Queiroz Ribieiro and Lena Lavinas (Federal Shaping the landscape of Warsaw as an elemem of the cenltlry: The twilight ofgrand design. Capital planning in the twentieth century University of Rio de Janeiro), Images er historic process of the reconstm crion of the city. Vassilis Colonas (Architect, T hessaloniki), Civic Norioki lshimaru (Hiroshima University), On the represemations des femmes dans la construction de la anning centres in the capital cities of the colonies 1840-1940. Stategies of capital pl original reconsrmction planning in rheTokyo Ward modemite de Copacabana. Lutz Luithlen (De Mont fo rt University), Athens: Modern ca pital a~·ea, by means of the records of the proceedings of the Com paring capita ls a11d town plan11ing Di mitris Philippidis (National Technical University of Landownership, urban development City plannmg commiltee. Pierre Pi non (Ecole d' Architecture Paris-la Defense), in Britain. Athens), An insignificant footnote in the Athens plan Panagiotis Skarlatos (Architect, Thessaloniki). Sofia: La ville-lotissement: trois capitales aux 18me et 19me David Massey (University of Liverpool). A somewhat From the pre-capitalisr city ro the post-socialist cirv. siecles: Londres, Paris et Istanbul. 1838-39. daunting project. Proposals for Greater London Elisha Efrat (Tel-Aviv University). Jerusalem intl;e Jesus Escobar (Fairfield University), A project for Eleni Kalafati (National Technical University of Regional Planning 1925-35. twemieth cemury. Madrid: Fransisco de Sotomayor and the planning of a Athens), Lo mairrise de/' eau aAthenes aux 19me

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DOCOMOMO Fou rth In ternational C onfe rence the Baltic and Black Seas. illustrating heterogeneity as Fordism to urban development - the founder, Tomas Readers imerested in participating in docomomo'J Dal'ld 1\ lutlwm. DOCOMOMO Scouish National resulting from political differences and uneven Bat 'a had worked in a Ford factory in the United State~. auivities should write to: DOCOMOMO lmematwnal Group technological development. An extreme case was This was followed by a visit to Svit, a synthetic libre Secretariat, Eindhoven University ofTechnology, BPU Turkey. where modernism formed an essential part of and textile plant beneath the High Tatra. In dustri al. c ivic Postvok 8, PO Box 513,5600 MB Eindhoven, The Proceeding~ of the fourth DOCOMOMO intmational the westernising programme of Ataturk 's new republic. and housing areas are laid out on a regulation Netherlands. conference began on Tuesday. 17 September 1996 at an aspect developed later by a Turkish contributor. In chequer-board plan. Factory bui ldings, oflices, ~chools, Brati~lava. capital of the Slovak Republic, dominated by such contexts 'style' was all- important, whatever the department store and hostels are contained in modular Society of Architectura l Historians of Australia and ib much recon~tructed castle and a new single-towered level of constructional technique. concrete structures of 20ft bays, with round columns New Zealand (SAHANZ) 'u~pcn~ion bridge over the Danube. Business began In the urbanism stream Miles Glendinning, li ke tree-trunks, and brick or glazed inlill. Houses are Christine Gamaut, Sowh Australia '' ith meetings of docomomo ·s specialist committees, ~peaking of Cumbernauld, contrasted the monumental brick- built cubes, later with pitched roofs, each covenng Registers. or the recording of modem town centre ( 1959-67), hailed by Reyner Banham as occupying two s mall squares, alternately house and The annual SAHANZ Conference, held at the mo\ cment site~ finnl) related to Its political geography. in the close 1960~ in the Netherlands. idealistically planned and large-scale urban redevelopment or large recreational architecture in New Zealand was a recurring theme in encounter of Carpathian. Alpine and Mediterranean initially popular. but now displaying familiar symptoms complexes. National working parties will be a~ked to the papers that accompanied the architectural tour. Thai building traditions. The resulting attitudes were of decay. small -scale crime and lack of maintenance. prepare s tructured reports from their area!. based on theme was also addressed in other cultural contexts by conservative: accepting the new, in continuity with Rob Docter asked whether adaptation and renovation draft guidelines. Docomomo members thrive on speakers from countries outside New Zealand. cx1Ming values: eclectic and rational. in testing was really a valid proposition: is this a mid- life crisis or homework. applications of new ideas; a pragmatic rather than the end of the road? ideological adopti on of modernism. Three examples of post- war housing Caution against fashionable re-readings of the examined as subjects for conservation by Catherine modem movement was urged by Fabio Grementieri Croft of Engli sh Heritage were Keeling House in (Argentina) from a technical standpoint; a building Bethnal Green. Alexandra Road, Carnden, and Park Hill indu\try becoming internationalised; steel, an in Sheffield. The three cases are very different: Keeling intemat•onal product without specific local qualities. House empty and lire-damaged, Alexandra Road while G~rard Monnier (France) stressed the need for undergoing expensive upgrading but fully occupied and dpcumentation and research to develop assesssment attracting tenants who enjoy its extrovert style and Park beyond the merely 'famous·. Modernity is often not Hill still commanding respect in its superb central readily recognised and a 'crisis of modernity' manifests location. Where there are few redeeming characteristics, Itself differently in different situations; for example the recording might be the best method of preservation: expression of 'post-modernism· in Britain and in DOcumentation precedes COnservation in docomomo's France. acronym. But the housing debate raisedthe most After a reception hosted by the Mayor of puzzling question of our week in Slovakia: like the dog Bratislava. in the splendidly preserved Primate's Palace. that didn't bark. housing was all around us, our lengthy the whole group of conference delegates made a coach journeys passing vast areas of post- 1950 three-hour coach journey to Sliac, a mountain spa in industrial development- 'all heavy and polluting; Stalin central Slovakia. to stay for three days in the Palace was to blame', I was told - and attendant estates of Hotel, the central building of a therapeutic and system-built housing. conforming to the ClAM recipe recreational complex planned by Rudolf Stockar, a (apart from zoning) of the early 1930s- surely a Prague- bom architect, in 1928. laboratory for examining the legacy of the modem At Sliac paralle l sessions ran on five main movement. Of that we were told nothing, and questions themes: hiMory. gardens and landscape, education, the were hardly a nswered. register. and urbanism. Andras Ferkai (Hungary) began Some housing we did see, from the approved the hi\tory session with an excellent account of inter-war period. A paper on the Bat'a townships 1nter-war modem architecture in a greater ('latter-day New Lanarks'. as a colleague remarked) by central-eastern Europe, extending from the Adriatic to Peter Li zon (USA), describing the application of

PAGE 32• PLA '\J'\JI'\.G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 I G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 • PAGE 33 IPUIIBILIICAlii!ONS IPUIIBJLIICAliiiONS

D tl\ id Ball, The Road to Nowhere? Urban Freeway Chris Brooks and Andrew Saint, The Victorian Gordon E. Cherry, Town PlanninK 111 Britain .lim'l' memorial to thi ~ inspirational figure and anolher Planmll!!, 111 S\'llney ro 1977 and in the Prese11t Day. Church: Architecwre and Sociery. Manchester: 1900. Oxford: Basi l Blackwell, 1996, 260pp., ISBN 0 reminder of his academic achievemenl\. W\UJ..1ng Paper o. 51. Urban Research Program, Manchester University Press, 1995, 222pp., ISBN 0 631 19993 4, Clo1h £40.00, ISBN 0 631 19994 2, Paper 7 Au,trahan ational University, February 1996, 52pp .. 190 4019 I Cloth £40.00. ISBN 0 7 190 4020 5 Paper £ 19.99. Benjamin Derbyshire1 Will H alchett and Richard lSB 0731524 11 X . £ 14.99. This poslhumous volume by I he former Turkington (eds.), Taking Stock: Sncial hou.1ing and Th1' monograph explores the 'rise and fall' of This volume provides a reassessment of Presidenl of JPHS examines 1own and coun1ry planning th£• CIH in the twentieth century, Coventry: Chartered po,t-war proposa l ~ for an inner suburban radial freeway nineteenth century British church architecture. lt bui lds in 1wen1ie1h cen1ury Brilain as an imporlanl a~pcc 1 of lnslitute of Housing, 1996, 30pp.,ISBN I 900 396 00. nc1worJ.. in Sydney. A lthough the actual mileage of on and moves beyond th e inventories and stylistic and slale ac1ivi1y. Tracing !he orig in ~ of plan ning idea ls and Paper £5.00. freeway built was modest, 1he dominance of the State biographical approaches that have dominated the field, praclice, Gordon Cherry lucidly c hart ~ 1hc adoplion by This Housing magazine supplement provid e~ a well Government'~ Department of M ain Roads endured until and presents a range of new interpretations that view the state, al both central and local l evel, of' m etl \ urc~ 10 illuslrated and concise crilica l account of \Ocial hou\ing 1hc 1970,. From 1hi' time, more complex and hoMile Victorian churches a~ products of institutional needs, control and regulate features of Britain \ urban and rural in Britain in the twentieth century. It also ~eek<. 10 place political force' came into play- the anti-freeway ~ocio-cu ltura l developments and economic forces. The environments. He begin ~ by ~ how in g how 1own the history of the Chartered Institute of Hou\ing in il\ group,, the green ban movement and a progressive e~\ay~ cover a wide range of city and country churches planning first l ook root a!> a profe~ ~ional activity and an ~oc ial. political and architectural context. lnd1v1dual Commonwealth Government. This coalition led to the acro~' England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. They offer academic discipline around lhe lurn of the century, contributions in the booklet examine the development of abandoning of the radial framework by 1977. A way'> of reading churches as architectural statements largely as a reaction to the apparent problem' of the late the profe~sion of housing management in the 192(h and PO\t\cript con\iders the revival of the freeway planning that were both constructed by, and helped to construct, Victorian city. He explains that 1hi ~ impciU '> for change the key role of women (Mary Smith), the feature' ol lobb) in the 1990 ~. Victorian ~ocie t y a~ a whole. The issues addressed coincided with a new perception among political social housing that make it a valuable and \U\tainable £11quine~ abow the URP Working Paper series include the rival building programmes of the Anglicans thinkers of state planning a ~ a legitimate and nece'>'>ary resource (Aiison Ravetz), the rich legacy of hou"ng can be d1recred to Rira Cotes. Urban Research and Nonconformists. financial support for rural and function of government. Town planning became an ~ t y le ) and layouts from the ninetee mh century to the Pro,r:ram, Australian National Unil•ersity, Canberra, urban church building, the importance of church importanl beneficiary of these development'>. prel.ent day (Richard Turkington) and an asse\\ment of ACT. 0200. Australia. re\toration and 1hc changes in theology and liturgy that With great clarity. the book explore~ change~ in I he continuing value of this design tradition (Ben shaped the de~ign of the Victorian church. planning policy over subsequen1 decade~. 1t highlights Derbyshire). With its useful selective reading gt~~de. thl\ the impact of World War 11 and the arrival of the booklet offers a useful, brief starting point for the corporate state as a 'Command Eco}lomy', and ~ hows Mudent of social housing. lt also presents a timely how town and country planning took it ~ place in post­ reminder of the positive role that social houioing ha\ war reconstruction. The final pan of the book focu sses played in lwentieth century Britain. on I he breakdown of concensus from I he mid- 1970s. wilh the assault on col lectivism by th e New Right, and Hugh Ferguson, Glasgow School ofArt : The 1/istory, asks lo what extenl the new market orthodoxy has Glasgow: The Poulis Press of G lasgow School of Art, affected planning policy in the 1980s and 1990s. This 1996. 240pp. , I SBN 0 901 904 25 2, Cloth £30.00. book (one of two volumes Gordon Cherry wa:. This lavishly illustrated book recounli. the 150 completing at the time of his sudden deal h) is a lively year history of this famous institution. The School

Wesleyan Central Hall Westminster. 1905-11 (in The Victorian Church) Corporation Buildings. London. 1865 (in Taking Stock)

PAGE 34• PLA lf\.G HISTORY VOL. 18 0.3 • 1996 PLA ING HISTORY OL. 18 0.3 • 1996 • PAGE 35 IPUilBILIICAli ii O N S NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS

The prime aim of Planning History is to increase NOTICES OF CURRENT EVENTS Serie~ (Helps for Students of opened m 1845 \\ uh the limited objective of training History). London: T he awareness of developments and ideas in planning tc\lllc dc~•gner,. lt later expanded to include the art~ ll i ~ t o ri ca l As~ociation, 1996, 47pp.,ISBN 0 85278 7, history in all pans of the world. In pursuit of this, These are welcome from any part of the world. and crafh. a~ well a~ architecture and town planning. Paper £2.95 Members, £3.95 Non-members. contributions (in English) are invited from members and Organisers of events should, however, bear in mind that The author. an architect. town planner and long-time Col in Pooley provides a clear, concise overview non-members alike for any section of Pl anning History. PH is only published three times a year, normally in member of IPHS. i~ well qualified to review the latter of th e development and decline of local authority Non-native English speakers, please do not worry if April, August and December. Please try to ensure that and de~cribe Mackintosh's famous designs for the housing in the United Kingdom, from its origins in the your English is not perfect. The editor will be happy to Calls for Papers etc. are notified sufficiently in advance School building. This study of a complex insti tution late-nineteenth century through to the early 1980s and help improve its readability and comprehension, but for inclusion. Later inserts are possible, at the time of conclude~ with a chapter on Glasgow School of Art in the right to buy. He begins by exploring the context of unfortunately cannot undertake translations. dispatch, lhough sufficient copies, folded as required, the 1990~ by Professor Dugald Cameron and a series of the first pioneeri ng schemes and takes us through to the The text for PH is prepared by using must be supplied b y the event organiser. Nothing larger per~onal reminiscences by forn1er members of staff and I 919 Housing Act . Although intended as a temporary Mac Write II and the journal is designed in Pagemaker than a single A4 sheet will be accepted. Every effort will measure, this Act paved the way for the start of large­ Mudent~. v.4.2. Contributions on disk compatible with this be made to include such inserted news material without scale central government intervention in hiusing software are encouraged along ~ith accompanying hard cost. However, the Editor reserves the right to charge for C lara G reed (Ed.). lm•estigating Town Planning: production. Pooley then reviews the massive local copy. such material at normal advertising rates. Clrangmg Perspecti1•es and Agendas, London: authority building boom in the years after 1945 and proceed~ to analyse the gradual decline and Longman. 1996. 288pp.. ISB 0582 25834 0. Paper ARTICLES OTES FOR ADVERTISERS £14.99. marginalisation of public sector housing. By the 1990s Although concentrating on conte mporary local authority involvement in new housing production These should be in the range of 2,000-3,000 words. Planning History has a circulation of approximately 400, planning theory and practice. this volume addresses the had been reduced almost to the level it was in 1919. They may be on any topic within the general remit of reaching most of the world's active planning historians. changmg per;pecti tves on own planning. It investigate~ Thi~ booklet includes a substantial bibliography, case IPHS and may well reflect work in progress. mainly in academic institutions. Publishers in particular what the current planning agenda is, where it comes studies and an examination of the main sources Illustrations should be supplied as Xerox copies for line will ftnd it a useful way of publicising new books. from and what are the likely future trends. It covers available at the local level. drawings or as good quality black and white Advertisements can be carried either printed within the major themes in town planning, including economic photographs where there are half tones. Articles should magazine or as inserts. Sufficient copies of inserts must development, environmental and green issues. urban John T aylor, A Dream of England: Landscape. normally be referenced with superscript numbers and a be supplied in good time for despatch. Advertisements de~ign. and transportation planning and city form. phtography and the tourist's imagination, Manchester: full reference list at the end. printed in the magazine must be supplied camera ready Manchester University Press, 1995, 272pp., ISBN 0 and respect normal deadline times. The usual charge is Bria n Hudson, Cities on tire Shore: The Urban Littoral 7 190 3723 9 Cloth £50.00. ISBN 0 7 I 90 3724 7 Paper OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS £50 for up to a single A4 sheet or page. Multiple page Fromier, London: Pinter, 1995, 180pp., ISBN £ 16.99. I 85567 inserts will be accepted This book explores pro rata. 38 1 9, C loth. English society and its Other types of contribution are also very welcome. re lationship to the landscape. as This book ' is concerned with the physical seen through Research reports should not be more than 2,000 words. photography and growth of human settlements, focussing on the urban tourism over the last hundred years. It They need not be referenced, but any relevant is a thoughtfu l contribution development of aquatic areas on the margins of oceans to the debates on the publications should be listed at the end. Illustrations national heritage and p hotography. All the major tourist and inland water bodies'. It is a systematic cross­ where provided should conform to the above notes. venues are covered. including national historical-geographic study of the motivations, Stonehenge, National Similar short pieces on important source materials, Trust properties. the Lake District proce~ses. morphological and environmental impacts of and Shakespeare aspects of planning history practice (e.g. conservation) country. The photographers noted inlude Emerson, planned land reclamation. It draws on case studies. are also encouraged. Abstracts of relevant publications Martin Parr. Jo Spence and Peter particularly San Fransisco Bay. Hong Kong Harbour Kennard. originally published in a language other than English are and Teesside. and culminates with a model summarising requested. They should follow the format in this issue. the pattern and sequence of city development involving reclamation. Colin G. Pooley, Local Authority Housing: Origins and De,·elopmem. The Historical Association Local History

PAGf 36• PI A '\.1\ii'-G HISTORY \ Ol 18 '\.0 3 • 1996 INTERNATIONAL PLANNING HISTORY SOCIETY (IPHS)

1 H~ INTIRNATIO'\JAL PLA NING HISTORY SOCIETY

• endeavours to foster the study of planning history. It seeks to advance scholarship in the fields of history, planmng and the environment, particularly focussing on industrial and post-industrial cities. In pursuit of these :urns tts interests are worldwide.

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The Society was inaugurated in January 1993 as a successor body to the Planning History Society, founded in 1974. Its membership is drawn from several disciplines: planning, architecture, economic and social history, geography, sociology, politics and related fields. Membership is open to all who have a working interest in planning history. The Society for American City and Regional Planning History (SACRPH) and the Urban History Association (UHA) are American affiliates of IPHS. Members of IPHS elect a governing council every two years. In turn the Council elects an executive Board of Management, complemented by representatives of SACRPH and UHA. The President chairs the Board and Council.

PRESIDENT MEMBERSHIP

Professor Stephen V. Ward Applications are welcome from individuals and School of Planning institutiClns. Oxford Brookes University Headington, Oxford OXl 4LR The annual subscription is: UK Australia 24.50$ Aus Tel: 01865 483421 Canada 21.50$ Can Fax: 01865 483559 France 90.00FF email: [email protected] Germany 27.00 OM Italy 23,500.00 Lira EDITOR OF PLANNING HISTORY Japan 1700.00 Yen Netherlands 30.00A Dr. Michael Hanrison USA 17.00$ us School of Theoretical & Historical Studies in Art UK 10.00£ & Design Department of Art Further alternative currencies available on request University of Central England from: Birmingham Institute of Art & Design Corporation Street Dr. David W Massey Birmingham B4 7DX Secretary I Treasurer IPHS UK Department of Civic Design University of Liverpool Tel: 0121-331 5882 Liverpool L69 3BX Fax: 0121-331 7804 UK

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