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Edited by Richard T. Legates and Frederic Stout THE CITY READER Second edition edited by Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout London and New York CONTENTS List of plates xn Acknowledgements xiii Introduction xv PROLOGUE KINGSLEY DAVIS 1965 "The Urbanization of the Human Population" 3 Scientific American 1 THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES Introduction 17 V. GORDON CHILDE 1950 "The Urban Revolution" 22 Town Planning Review H. D. F. KITTO 1951 "The Polis" 31 from The Greeks HENRI PIRENNE 1925 "City Origins" and "Cities and European Civilization" 37 from Medieval Cities FRIEDRICH ENGELS 1845 "The Great Towns" 46 from The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 W. E. B. DU BOIS 1899 "The Negro Problems of Philadelphia," "The Question of Earning a Living" and "Color Prejudice" 56 from The Philadelphia Negro HERBERT J. GANS 1967 "Levittown and America" 63 from The Levittowners SAM BASS WARNER, JR. 1972 "The Megalopolis: 1920-" 69 from The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City ROBERT FISHMAN 1987 "Beyond Suburbia: The Rise of the Technoburb" 77 from Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia PLATE SECTION: THE EVOLUTION OF CITIES VIM CONTENTS URBAN CULTURE AND SOCIETY Introduction 89 LEWIS MUMFORD 1937 "What Is a City" 92 Architectural Record LOUIS WIRTH 1938 "Urbanism as a Way of Life" 97 American Journal of Sociology JANE JACOBS 1961 "The Uses of Sidewalks: Safety" 106 from The Death and Life of Great American Cities WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON 1996 "From Institutional to Jobless Ghettos" 112 from When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor CHARLES MURRAY 1984 "Choosing a Future" 122 from Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950-1980 SHARON ZUKIN 1995 "Whose Culture ? Whose City ?" 131 from The Cultures of Cities FREDERIC STOUT 1999 "Visions of a New Reality: The City and the Emergence of Modern Visual Culture" 143 PLATE SECTION: VISIONS OF A NEW REALITY 3 URBAN SPACE Introduction .149 ERNEST W. BURGESS 1925 "The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project" 153 from Robert Park et al., The City JOHN BRINCKERHOFF 1952 "The Almost Perfect Town" 162 JACKSON Landscape WITOLD RYBCZYNSKI 1995 "The New Downtown" 170 from City Life: Urban Expectations in a New World EDWARD SOJA 1989 "Taking Los Angeles Apart: Towards a Postmodern Geography" 180 from Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory MIKE DAVIS 1990 "Fortress L.A." 193 from City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles DAVID HARVEY 1992 "Social Justice, Postmodernism, and the City" 199 International journal of Urban and Regional Research CONTENTS SASKIA SASSEN 1994 "A New Geography of Centers and Margins: Summary and Implications" 208 from Cities in a World Economy 4 URBAN POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND ECONOMICS Introduction 215 JOHN MOLLENKOPF 1992 "How to Study Urban Political Power" 219 from A Phoenix in the Ashes: The Rise and Fall of the Koch Coalition in New York City Politics MARGIT MAYER 1994 "Post-Fordist City Politics" 229 from Ash Amin (ed.), Post Fordism: A Reader SHERRY ARNSTEIN 1969 "A Ladder of Citizen Participation" 240 Journal of the American Institute of Planners JAMES Q. WILSON AND 1982 "Broken Windows" 253 GEORGE L. KELLING Atlantic Monthly MIKE SAVAGE 1993 "Cities and Uneven Economic AND ALAN WARDE Development" 264 from Urban Sociology, Capitalism, and Modernity MICHAEL E. PORTER 1995 "The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City" 278 Harvard Business Review 5 URBAN PLANNING HISTORY AND VISIONS Introduction 295 RICHARD T. LEGATES AND 1998 "Modernism and Early Urban Planning, FREDERIC STOUT 1870-1940" 299 from Early Urban Planning, 1870-1940 FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED 1870 "Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns" 314 American Social Science Association EBENEZER HOWARD 1898 "Author's Introduction" and "The Town-Country Magnet" 321 from Garden Cities of To-morrow PATRICK GEDDES 1915 "City Survey for Town Planning Purposes, of Municipalities and Government" 330 from Cities in Evolution LE CORBUSIER 1929 "A Contemporary City" 336 (CHARLES-EDOUARD from The City of Tomorrow and Its JEANNERET) Planning x I CONTENTS FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT 1935 "Broadacre City: A New Community Plan" 344 Architectural Record PETER CALTHORPE 1989 "The Pedestrian Pocket" 350 from Doug Kelbaugh (ed.), The Pedestrian Pocket Book 6 URBAN PLANNING THEORY AND PRACTICE Introduction 359 PETER HALL 1996 "The City of Theory" 362 from Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century EDWARD J. KAISER AND 1995 "Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: DAVID R. GODSCHALK A Stalwart Family Tree" 375 American Planning Association Journal ALEXANDER GARVIN 1996 "A Realistic Approach to City and Suburban Planning" and "Ingredients of Success" 396 from The American City: What Works, What Doesn't JOHN FORESTER 1987 "Planning in the Face of Conflict" 410 American Planning Association Journal PAUL DAVIDOFF 1965 "Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning" 423 Journal of the American Institute of Planners STEPHEN WHEELER 1998 "Planning Sustainable and Livable Cites" 434 1992 LEONIE SANDERCOCK "A Gender Agenda: New Directions AND ANN FORSYTH for Planning Theory" 446 American Planning Association Journal PLATE SECTION: URBAN PLANNING 7 PERSPECTIVES ON URBAN DESIGN Introduction 463 CAMILLO SITTE 1889 "Author's Introduction," "The Relationship Between Buildings, Monuments, and Public Squares," and "The Enclosed Character of the Public Square" 466 from The Art of Building Cities KEVIN LYNCH 1960 "The City Image and its Elements" 478 from The Image of the City CONTENTS WILLIAM H. WHYTE 1988 "The Design of Spaces" 483 from City: Rediscovering the Center ALLAN JACOBS AND 1987 "Toward an Urban Design Manifesto" 491 DONALD APPLEYARD American Planning Association Journal DOLORES HAYDEN 1981 "What Would a Non-sexist City Be Like ? Speculations on Housing, Urban Design, and Human Work" 503 from Catharine R. Stimpson et al. (eds.), Women and the American City SYM VAN DER RYN 1995 "An Introduction to Ecological Design" 519 AND STUART COWAN from Ecological Design THE FUTURE OF THE CITY Introduction 531 MELVIN M. WEBBER 1968 "The Post-City Age" 535 Daedalus PAOLO SOLERI 1969 "Arcology: The City in the Image of Man" and "The Characteristics of Arcology" 540 from Arcology: The City in the Image of Man ANTHONY DOWNS 1989 "The Need for a New Vision for the Development of Large U.S. Metropolitan Areas" 545 Saloman Brothers MANUEL CASTELLS 1993 "European Cities, the Informational Society, and the Global Economy" 557 Journal of Economic and Social Geography STEPHEN GRAHAM 1996 "The Transformation of Cities: Towards AND SIMON MARVIN Planetary Urban Networks" and "Telecommunications and Urban Futures" 568 from Telecommunications and the City DAVID CLARK 1996 "The Future Urban World" 579 from Urban World/Global City Illustration credits 590 Copyright information 592 Index 597.
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