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The Mineral Industry of South Africa in 2008

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The Mineral Industry of South Africa in 2008 2008 Minerals Yearbook SOUTH AFRICA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF SOU T H AFRICA By Thomas R. Yager The Republic of South Africa remained one of the world’s Production leading mining and mineral-processing countries. In 2008, South Africa’s estimated share of world platinum production In 2008, feldspar production increased by about 17%; iron ore, amounted to 77%; kyanite and other materials, 55%; chromium, 16%; manganese ore, 14%; mined copper, by 12%; and lead, 45%; palladium, 39%; vermiculite, 39%; vanadium, 38%; 11%. The output of mineral pigments decreased by 83%; talc, zirconium, 30%; manganese, 21%; rutile, 20%; ilmenite, 19%; 64%; slate, 59%; pyrophyllite, 35%; direct-reduced iron (DRI), gold, 11%; fluorspar, 6%; aluminum, 2%; antimony, 2%; iron 31%; ferromanganese, 28%; crude petroleum, silicomanganese, ore, 2%; nickel, 2%; and phosphate rock, 1%. South Africa and sodium sulfate, 23% each; kaolin, 22%; refined cobalt, 21%; also accounted for nearly 5% of the world’s polished diamond brick clay and shale, 19% each; andalusite and refined copper, production by value. The country’s estimated share of world 18% each; mined gold and mined nickel, 16% each; diamond, reserves of platinum-group metals (PGM) amounted to 89%; 15%; fire clay, refined zinc, and vanadium, 14% each; flint clay hafnium, 46%; zirconium, 27%; vanadium, 23%; manganese, and refined nickel, 12% each; sulfur and phosphate rock, 11% each; 19%; rutile, 18%; fluorspar, 18%; gold, 13%; phosphate rock, mica, 10%; and refined gold, an estimated 10% (Martin Kohler, 10%; ilmenite, 9%; and nickel, 5% (Bray, 2009; Carlin, 2009; Deputy Director of Statistics, Department of Minerals and Energy Corathers, 2009; Gambogi, 2009a, b; George, 2009; Jasinski, of the Republic of South Africa, written commun., July 17, 2009). 2009; Jorgenson, 2009; Kuck, 2009; Loferski, 2009; Magyar, 2009; Miller, 2009; Papp, 2009; Potter, 2009a, b). Structure of the Mineral Industry Minerals in the National Economy Most of the South African mineral industry was privately owned. The production of diamond and gold, which were The output of the mining industry accounted for 9.5% of the produced mostly by artisanal miners in many African countries, gross domestic product in 2008; crude and processed mineral was dominated by large-scale producers in South Africa. The products accounted for 41% of the value of total exports. About leading producer’s share of total output varied sharply by 73% of crude mineral products and 80% of processed mineral commodity; the leading producer of diamond accounted for 93% products, by value, were exported in 2008. Employment in of national production; iron ore, 69%; manganese ore, 51%; the mining industry amounted to 518,519 in 2008 compared chromite, 43%; and coal, 24%. with 495,150 in 2007. PGM mining accounted for 38.6% of the mining industry’s employment; gold, 32.1%; coal, 12.6%; Mineral Trade diamond, 3.6%; and other minerals, 13.1% (Mwape and others, 2009, p. 10-12, 14-15). In 2008, exports of PGM amounted to $9.43 billion; gold, $5.32 billion; coal, $5.13 billion; iron ore, $2.45 billion; Government Policies and Programs manganese ore, $1.89 billion; nickel, $497 million; copper, $183 million; chromite, $154 million; and other crude mineral The Diamonds Act of 2005 was enacted in early 2006; products, which included diamond, ilmenite, rutile, and this legislation was intended to promote domestic cutting zircon, $1.33 billion. Exports of ferrochromium amounted and polishing of rough diamond. In February 2008, the State to $3.43 billion; manganese metal and alloys, $1.44 billion; Diamond Trader was established with a mandate to purchase vanadium alloys and other vanadium products, $374 million; 10% of South Africa’s rough diamond production for use in silicon metal and alloys, $209 million; and other processed domestic cutting and polishing plants (Mining Review Africa, mineral products, which included aluminum, $2.86 billion 2008b; Mwape and others, 2009, p. 3). (Martin Kohler, Deputy Director of Statistics, Department of The Government’s Black Economic Empowerment program Minerals and Energy of the Republic of South Africa, written required that black ownership of the mining industry reach commun., July 17, 2009). 15% by 2009 and 26% by 2014. Recent deals to increase black In 2008, South Africa’s imports of industrial minerals and ownership included the acquisition of Namakwa Sands (Pty) processed industrial mineral products amounted to $1.61 billion; Ltd. by Exxaro Resources Ltd. Anglo American Platinum Corp. diamond and other gemstones, $176 million; and ferrous metals sold its 22.4% share in Northam Platinum Ltd. to Mvelaphanda and products, $116 million (Mwape and others, 2009, p. 16). Resources Ltd., which increased Mvelaphanda’s share in Northam to 63%. Anooraq Resources Corp. planned to purchase Commodity Review a 51% share in Anglo Platinum’s Lebowa Mine in November 2008; the deal was postponed until the first quarter of 2009 Metals (Mwape and others, 2009, p. 2; Onstad, 2009). Aluminum.—South Africa produced primary aluminum from imported alumina. BHP Billiton Ltd. operated the Bayside SOUTH AFRICA—2008 37.1 and the Hillside primary aluminum smelters at Richards Bay. Assmang Ltd. [African Rainbow Minerals Ltd. (ARM), In March 2008, BHP Billiton announced plans to reduce 50%, and Assore Ltd., 50%] operated the Dwarsrivier Mine production by about 90,000 metric tons (t) because of power in Mpumalanga. In fiscal year1 2008, production increased to supply constraints. The smelters’ electricity consumption 849,000 t from 710,000 t in fiscal year 2007. The Dwarsrivier accounted for 2,150 megawatts (MW) of capacity (BHP Billiton Mine had an estimated remaining life of 30 years (African Ltd., 2008, p. 6; 2009, p. 2; Ryan, 2008). Rainbow Minerals Ltd., 2008, p. 3, 46). Rio Tinto Group planned to start building a new aluminum Assmang produced ferrochromium at the 290,000-t/yr smelter at Coega in Eastern Cape Province in 2008 at a cost Machadodorp plant in Mpumalanga Province. In fiscal year of $3.25 billion. The smelter was expected to be completed in 2008, output increased to 270,000 t from 242,000 t in fiscal 2011 with a capacity of 360,000 metric tons per year (t/yr). By year 2007. In late October, Assmang announced plans to reduce 2013, Rio Tinto planned to double the smelter’s capacity. In its ferrochromium production by 100,000 t/yr. The company first stage, the smelter’s electricity consumption was expected also planned to reduce ore production at Dwarsrivier (African to account for 670 MW of capacity, and in the second stage, Rainbow Minerals Ltd., 2008, p. 46; Ryan’s Notes, 2008b). 1,350 MW of capacity. In May, Rio Tinto put development of ARM and its joint-venture partner MMC Norilsk Nickel of the smelter on hold (Mining Journal, 2008b; Ryan, 2008). Russia operated the Nkomati chromite mine. In fiscal year 2008, Chromium.—Xstrata plc of Switzerland and its joint-venture production increased to nearly 1.18 Mt from 631,000 t in fiscal partner Merafe Resources Ltd. operated the Boshoek, the year 2007. Production at Nkomati was expected to be more Helena, the Horizon, the Kroondal, the Thorncliffe, and the than 1 Mt of chromite in fiscal year 2009; the life of the mine Waterval Mines, which had a total capacity of 5.57 million was estimated to be 18 years. In October 2008, ARM planned metric tons per year (Mt/yr) of chromite. The company’s to reduce sales of chromite and to continue to produce and production in South Africa increased to 4.15 million metric stockpile ore (African Rainbow Minerals Ltd., 2008, p. 3, 31; tons (Mt) in 2008 from 3.47 Mt in 2007. The Boshoek Mine Ryan’s Notes, 2008b). produced 1.33 Mt in 2008 compared with 602,000 t in 2007. ASA Metals (Pty) Ltd. produced about 360,000 t/yr of Production at the Helena Mine increased to 434,000 t from chromite from its Dilokong Mine at Burgersfort in Mpumalanga 335,000 t (Xstrata plc, 2009, p. 76). Province. The company planned to increase the capacity of its Xstrata and Merafe operated the Boshoek, the Lion, the beneficiation plant to 1.2 Mt/yr and to sink two new mine shafts; Lydenburg, the Rustenburg, and the Wonderkop ferrochromium capacity at the ferrochromium plant in Limpopo was expected to plants. These plants had a total combined capacity of 1.98 Mt/yr. increase to 360,000 t/yr from 120,000 t/yr. In the fourth quarter In 2008, output decreased to 1.13 Mt from 1.22 Mt. Production of 2008, ASA Metals was operating at about 75% of capacity; decreased at Rustenburg to 302,000 t in 2008 from 381,000 t further cutbacks in production were expected (Mining Journal, in 2007; and at Lydenburg to 283,000 t from 341,000 t (Xstrata 2008b; Ryan’s Notes, 2008c). plc, 2009, p. 45, 76). Hernic Ferrochrome (Pty) Ltd. (a subsidiary of Mitsubishi The proposed doubling of the Lion plant’s capacity to Corp. of Japan) operated a ferrochromium plant with a 720,000 t/yr by the end of 2010 was put on hold because of capacity of 420,000 t/yr. The company mined chromite at the power supply constraints. In November, Xstrata and Merafe Maroelabult open pit mine from 1996 to 2000; development of a announced plans to shut down temporarily about 500,000 t/yr new underground mine at Bokfontein was planned in mid-2008. of ferrochromium capacity; an additional 406,000 t/yr was shut The new mine was expected to have a capacity of 1.5 Mt/yr. down at the beginning of December.
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