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St George for England’ 1 2 A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of Warwick Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/135003 Copyright and reuse: This thesis is made available online and is protected by original copyright. Please scroll down to view the document itself. Please refer to the repository record for this item for information to help you to cite it. Our policy information is available from the repository home page. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications iii The Cultural and Political Significance of St George in England, 1509 – 1625 by Alice Byrne A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of Warwick, Department of History September, 2018 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: ‘St George for England’ 1 2. The Origins of St George in England, 800 – 1509 10 St George arrives in England 10 St George and the Reign of Edward III 11 St George and Henry V 14 St George and the people 18 The Cult of the Martyr, 800 – 1100 18 St George and the Written Word, 1100 – 1500 21 St George’s Rise in Popular Culture, 1415 – 1528 26 3. St George and Henry VIII, 1509 – 1532 33 Henry’s Personal Devotion to St George 33 Henry and St George as Chivalric Warriors 36 St George and Henry as Defenders 41 4. St George and the Henrician Reformation, 1533 – 1547 50 St George, Henry and the Legislation of the Reformation 51 St George and the Material Culture of the Henrician Court 57 St George and the Order of the Garter 62 Henry and St George and the People 66 St George and the devotional practices of the people 71 St George and St Michael: Saints separated by reformation 76 St George and managing dissent 79 St George and Robin Hood in Popular Practice 81 5. St George and Religious Upheaval, 1547 – 1558 95 St George and the Boy King 95 v St George and the Edwardian Legislation 99 The Order of the Garter during the Edwardian regime 101 Responses to Edwardian Reform 104 The end of St George’s cult? 107 St George and England’s First Queen 109 St George and Marian legislation 110 The Order of the Garter under Mary 112 St George and the wider population of Marian England 114 6. St George and the Virgin Queen, 1558 – 1603 119 St George, the new Queen and the Order of the Garter 122 St George, Gloriana and England 131 7. St George and the Jacobean Court, 1603 – 1625 146 St George and King James of Scotland, England or Great Britain 152 St George, King James and the Order of the Garter 157 8. St George and the English 1558 – 1625 171 St George and Religious Identities 173 Popular displays and references to St George 183 St George and the Wider Christian Collective 191 St George and Outward Expansion 199 9. Epilogue 217 Bibliography 220 vi LIST OF IMAGES Figure 2.1. The Douce Hours, Thomas, earl of Lancaster with St George, Bodleian Oxford, MS Douce 231 (fol. 1), a Sarum Book of Hours made in the diocese of Lincoln, dated c. 1325-1330, p. 31. Figure 2.2. The Milemete Treatise, St George arming Edward III, Christ Church, Oxford MS 92, (fol. 3), c. 1327, p. 31. Figure 2.3 Triptych with scenes from the life of St. George, tempera, gold leaf, and silver leaf on panel, school of Aragon, William Randolph Hearst Collection (50.28.8), c. 1425–50, (https://collections.lacma.org/node/230183), p. 32. Figure 2.4 Saint George dragged through the streets (detail), by Bernat Martorell, 15th century, (https://saintscatholic.blogspot.com/2016/04/saint-george-of-lydda.html), p. 32. Figure 2.5 St George and the Dragon, Broughton c. 1470, (www.paintedchurch.org), p. 32. Figure 3.1 Henry VIII's writing desk, The Victoria & Albert Museum, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 46. Figure 3.2 Detail of St George on Henry VIII's writing desk, The Victoria & Albert Museum, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 46 Figure 3.3 The Howard Grace Cup, ivory, silver gilt, pearls and garnets, c.1530s, The Victoria & Albert Museum, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 46. Figure 3.4 Detail of St George on the Howard Grace Cup, The Victoria & Albert Museum, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 46. Figure 3.6 The Meeting of Henry VIII and the Emperor Maximilian I, Oil on panel, c. 1513, Royal Collection Trust, p. 47. Figure 3.5 The Battle of the Spurs, Oil on panel, c. 1513, Royal Collection Trust, p. 47. Figure 3.7 Jousting cheque from the Field of the Cloth of Gold. Sydney Anglo, Images of Tudor Kingship (London, 1992), p. 32, image on p. 48. Figure 3.8 Henry VIII Disputing with Charles V before Pope Leo X. B.L. MS Add. 35, 254, fol. S, p.48. Figure 3.9 Round table at Winchester Castle as decorated by by Henry VIII, c. 1540s, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 49. Figure 3.10 The George Noble Coin (www.coins-of-the-uk.co.uk/pics/sixs.html), p. 49. Figure 4.1 Detail of the Anthony Roll, The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 85. Figure 4.2 The Allegory of the Old and the New Testament, Hans Holbein, Oil on panel, c, 1530s, The National Galleries, NG 2407, p. 85. Figure 4.3 Christ's Resurrection, Hampton Court Palace, Historic Royal Palaces, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 86. Figure 4.4 Detail of Christ's Resurrection, Hampton Court Palace, Historic Royal Palaces, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 86. vii Figure 4.5 The Embarkation at Dover, Oil on panel, c. 1545, Royal Collection Trust, p. 87. Figure 4.6 The Field of the Cloth of Gold, Oil on panel, c. 1545, Royal Collection Trust, p. 87. Figure 4.7 Detail of The Field of the Cloth of Gold, Oil on panel, c. 1545, Royal Collection Trust, p. 88 Figure 4.8 Pin thought to belong to Henry VIII, c. 1520, Royal Collection Trust, p. 88. Figure 4.9 Henry VIII wearing St George pendant, Hans Holbein, Oil on panel, National Maritime Museum, Caird Collection, p. 89. Figure 4.10 The Black Book of the Garter, Royal Collection Trust, p. 89. Figure 4.11 Portrait of Thomas Cromwell wearing the chain of the Order of the Garter, 1537, Oil on panel, Royal Collection Trust, p. 90. Figure 4.12 The Second Great Seal of Henry VIII with St George slaying the dragon (left). The Third Great Seal of Henry VIII with the king as St George and Defender of the Faith with the livery symbol of the hound (right), The National Archives, p. 90. Figure 4.13 Cover of the Coverdale Bible 1535, Woodcuts, archive.org, CoverdaleBible1535_838, p. 91. Figure 4.14 Cover of the Great Bible 1539, Woodcuts, Ohio State University Exhibit, leaves: ill.; 39 cm. (fol.), p. 92. Figure 4.15 Cover of the Illuminated Bible 1542, with woodcuts, British Library, C.18.d.10, p. 93. Figure 4.16 A sketch of St George Slaying the Dragon in the Stratford Upon Avon Guild Chapel after being uncovered in 1804, British Library, 1701.b.23., plate XVII, p. 94. Figure 4.17 The wall of the Guild Chapel, present day, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 94. Figure 5.1 Detail from Mary I's Plea Roll, 1553, The National Archives, KB 27/1172, p. 117. Figure 5.2 Portrait of Philip II and Mary I Under the Garter, 1555, engraving, Private collection, p. 117. Figure 5.3 Philip II and Mary I by Hans Eworth, 1558, oil on canvas, National Maritime Museum, Caird Collection, p. 118. Figure 6.1 Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, 1575, oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, NPG 447, p. 137. Figure 6.2 Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, c. 1584, oil on canvas, Yale Centre of British Art, B1975.1.7, p. 137. Figure 6.3 Sir William Cecil, c.1571 oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, NPG 2184, p. 138. Figure 6.4 William Cecil, Lord Burghley, c.1585, oil on canvas, National Portrait Gallery, NPG 362, p. 138. Figure 6.5 Sir Henry Lee's Garter Book, c.1587, pen, ink and watercolour on paper, Victoria and Albert Museum, D.610&A-1894, p. 139. viii Figure 6.6 Sir Henry Lee, c. 1597, oil on canvas, Private Collection on loan since 2008 to Tate Britain, p. 139. Figure 6.7 Medal used as Sir Henry Lee’s seal, Victoria and Albert Museum, photograph by Alice Byrne, p. 139. Figure 6.8 Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, 1590-1592, oil on canvas, Private collection, p. 140. Figure 6.9 Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, 1592-1596, oil on canvas, Private collection, p. 140. Figure 6.10 Robert Devereux, second earl of Essex, 1597, oil on canvas, The National Portrait Gallery, NPG 4985, p. 141. Figure 6.11 Woodcut of Essex’s celebration of St George’s Day in Ireland, 1599, Shirburn Ballads, p.141. Figure 6.12 Eliza Triumphans, c. 1601, oil on canvas, Bridgeman/Private collection, p. 142. Figure 6.13 Detail of Eliza Triumphans with the shoulder Garter jewel, p. 142. Figure 6.14 Elizabeth I, Crispin van der Passe, c. 1580, engraving, Hulton archive, p. 143. Figure 6.15 Elizabeth I, Crispin van der Passe, c. 1592, engraving, Hulton archive, p. 143. Figure 6.16 The Entrance of Elizabeth I, Crispin van der Passe, c.
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