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Diversity of Tree Species in Petlad Taluka, Anand District, Gujarat, India

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Diversity of Tree Species in Petlad Taluka, Anand District, Gujarat, India The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05 DIVERSITY OF TREE SPECIES IN PETLAD TALUKA, ANAND DISTRICT, GUJARAT, INDIA Article Received on Kamlesh S. Patel & Kaushik C. Patel P. G. Centre in Botany, Smt. S. M. Panchal Science 25 Aug 2016 College, Talod - 383215 Dist. Sabarkantha, North Gujarat, India Accepted on: Email: [email protected] 26 Sept 2016 ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to find out the structure and composition of tree plant species in Petlad taluka. The study of plant community structure is called plant sociology or phytosociology. Phytosociological characters such as frequency, density and abundance were affected by the climatic, anthropogenic and biotic stresses prevailing. Random quadrate method was adopted for studying the phytosociological attributes of the tree species. In each field site 20 quadrates of 10,000 × 10,000 cm2 (100 × 100 m2) size for tree species were laid down in the study site. Total 72 tree species belonging to 57 genera and 28 families have been selected for the phytosociological study. The IVI of trees was highest for Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (38.77) while the lowest was recorded for Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. (0.035), Bauhinia purpurea L. (0.035), Annona reticulata L. (0.047) and Bombax ceiba L. (0.05). The abundance and frequency ratio (A/F) for tree species was >0.05 and showed the clumped distribution. KEY WORD: Petlad taluka, tree species, distribution, frequency, abundance, density, species richness. INTRODUCTION India is the native of a large number of species. About 5000 species of flowering plants belonged to 141 genera and 47 families had been seen in India. India occupied the unique position as a mega biodiversity in the global biodiversity. Every bio geographical zones of the country have characteristic biota, broadly represent similar climatic conditions and constitutes the habitat for diverse species of flora and fauna. The Ministry of Forest and Environment reported that now-a-days India has about 45,000 plants and 77,000 of animal species representing about 7% of the world flora and 6.5% of the world fauna respectively (GOI,2000), representing about 6.5% of the global biodiversity. Biodiversity is also responsible for the regulation of nutrient cycle. Phytosociology means the distinctive field of study of plant www.twjeas.org | Online International Research Journal Vol: 02 Issue: 02 (AUG -SEPT) 2016 Page 1 of 22 The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05 society with respect to their classification, structure and components forms the basis of division of ecology. (Srinivasa Rao et al., 2013). The structural property of a plant community is the quantitative relationship among the species growing in the particular area. Phytosociology means the quantitative study of vegetation which aims to describe vegetation & biodiversity in terms of number of species may extinct (Swaine et al., 1987; Abdulhadi et al., 1987). According to many authors plant sociology (or phytosociology) is defined as the discipline which concerns itself with the study of vegetation as such, with its floristic composition, structure, development and distribution (Tansley, 1920). For road side phytosociology in all over the world, especially in developing countries, roads are continuously increasing at a fast rate; and recognized as a primary influence on plant community composition and spread of invasive exotics (Larson, 2003). The intention of this article is to complete the classification of the tree species formation of Petlad taluka, and providing a guide for managers to use in determining vegetation types and their potential based environmental factors such as climate and soil properties. STUDY AREA Petlad Taluka is situated in Anand district nearby Borasd Taluka. Anand district is situated in the middle of Gujarat state, India. Anand district was established in the year 1997. The district of Anand comprises of 8 Talukas, i.e. Umareth, Petlad, Sojitra, Borsad, Anklav, Khambhat and Tarapur. Its population is about 2,092,745 people. It is located 21 km towards west from district Anand and 100 km far from state capital Gandhinagar towards North. Petlad Taluka is bordered from Borsad Taluka towards the South, Sojitra Taluka towards the North, Tarapur Taluka towards the west, Khambhat Taluka towards the south. Such Taluka has 56 villages. Petlad has been the main industrial contributor in the history of Gujarat. Petlad is located at 22o28’ N 72o48’ E / 22.47o N 72.8o E. It has an average elevation of 30 meters (98 feet). Economy depends on farmers from surrounding villages. Total population of Petlad Taluka is 2,87,924 out of these 2,32,594 persons live in urban and 2,32,5948 live in rural areas (Census, 2011). MATERIALS & METHODS The study area was divided in such 20 sites as we could study phytosociology of all the villages of Petlad Taluka (Table-1). Phytosociological work of tree species was done during summer. There were three types of quadrat methods such as list quadrat, list-count quadrat and chart quadrat. Out of these three methods we applied list-count quadrat method for phytosociological study. In every study site, we randomly studied 20 quadrats of 10,000 × 10,000 cm2 (100 × 100 m2) size for tree species. Girth was measured at breast height (DBH) using the measuring tape. All tree species were identified with the help of Gujarat flora. Table-1: List of the sites of the Petlad Taluka Site Site Name Length (km) No. 1 College chokdi to Bandhni chokdi 8 2 College chokdi to Dharmaj chokdi 7 3 Vav chokdi to Santokpura Sim 6.5 4 Petlad bus stand to Amod 6 5 Rangaipura to Shihol 6.8 6 Jesarva railway crossing to Nar 9.7 www.twjeas.org | Online International Research Journal Vol: 02 Issue: 02 (AUG -SEPT) 2016 Page 2 of 22 The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05 7 Petlad bus stand to Palaj 5 8 Vatav to Morad 5.6 9 Bamroli to Ghuteli 6.5 10 Padgol to Demol 7.6 11 Bandhani to Padgol 5.9 12 Dantali to Ashi 5 13 Ashi to Virol 5 14 Ashi to Boria 5 15 Boria to Petlad college chokdi 8.5 16 Sasaj to Manpura 5.5 17 Manpura to Sundra 10.1 18 Vadadla to Jogan 7.3 19 Bharel to Sudarna 7 20 Sudarna to Davalpura 5.5 The phytosociological attributes: density, frequency, abundance, basal area and importance value index (IVI) were calculated according to the principles of Curties and McIntosh (1950), Curtis (1959) and Misra (1968). The following were the different parameters for calculation of relevant attributes: Number of quadrats in which the species occurred Frequency (%) = × 100 Total number of quadrats studied Number of occurrence of the species Relative frequency = × 100 Number of occurrence of all the species Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats Density = Total number of quadrats studied Number of individual of the species Relative density = × 100 Number of individual of all the species Total number of individuals of a species in all quadrats Abundance = Total number of quadrats in which the species occurred The abundance of individual species Relative abundance = × 100 Total abundance of all species counted The basal area and relative dominance of each tree species was calculated by using Basal area = Cbh2/ 4휋, Where, Cbh= Circumference of the tree at breast height. Total basal area of the species Relative dominance = × 100 Total basal area of all the species The IVI were calculated by computing the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance of each individual tree species. For the basal cover and canopy cover calculate the mean basal area and canopy covered by the tree species and then multiplied by the density of the species. www.twjeas.org | Online International Research Journal Vol: 02 Issue: 02 (AUG -SEPT) 2016 Page 3 of 22 The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05 The following formulas were used for different biodiversity indices. Species diversity index (SDI) (Kohli et al, 1996) s SDI = − ∑i log10(Pi) / log10(1/S) Where, S = the number of species at that site Pi = ni/N th ni = total number of individuals in the i species N = total number of individual of all species Shannon Weiner’s diversity index (SD) (Kent and Coker, 1992) s SD = − ∑i Pi ln Pi Simpson index (D) (Eshaghi Rad, et al., 2009) s 2 D = ∑i Pi Equitability (Evenness) (Isango, 2007) E = SD / SDMax Where, SDMax = log10(S) Species richness (SR) (Variety indices) (Odum, 1971). SR = (S-1) / (log10N) Where, S = the number of species at that site N = total number of individual of all species Whitford’s Index The distribution pattern of the species was studied by using Whitford’s Index (Whitford, 1948). Whitford’s Index = Abundance (A) / Frequency (F) If A/F ratio: Regular distribution (< 0.025), Random distribution (0.025 – 0.05), contagious or clumped distribution (>0.05) Raunkiar’s frequency After determining the percentage frequency of total numbers of species are distributed among Raunkiaer’s (1934) five frequency classes and values (Table-2). Table-2: Raunkiaer’s frequency values and classes Frequency % Frequency class 0 – 20 A 21 – 40 B 41 – 60 C D 61 – 80 81 – 100 E For the calculation of all the phytosociological data we used Microsoft excel-2007. www.twjeas.org | Online International Research Journal Vol: 02 Issue: 02 (AUG -SEPT) 2016 Page 4 of 22 The World Journal of Engineering & Applied Science ISSN 2349-4514 ICV Impact Factor 2.05 OBSERVATIONS Table-3: Frequency, Density, Abundance and Raunkiar's frequency of tree species at Petlad Taluka. ) 2 No.
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