In-Vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Cassia Genus – an Overview
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British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 7(4): 236-246, 2015, Article no.BJPR.2015.106 ISSN: 2231-2919 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org In-vitro Antimicrobial Potential of Cassia Genus – An Overview Vinay Kumar Gupta1*, Amit Singh2, Asha Pathak1, Rajesh Verma2, Seema Dayal3, Atul Jain1 and Manoj Gahlot4 1Department of Pharmacology, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah, India. 2Department of Microbiology, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah, India. 3Department of Pathology, UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah, India. 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SGRR Institute of Science and Technology, Dehradun, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJPR/2015/17506 Editor(s): (1) George D. Geromichalos, Department Cell Culture, Molecular Modeling and Drug Design, Symeonidion Research Center, Theagenion Cancer Hospital, Greece. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, University of Naples, Italy. (2) Ary Fernandes Junior, Microbiology and Immunology Department, São Paulo State University, Brazil. (3) Anonymous, The University of Texas, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/9808 Received 17th March 2015 th Review Article Accepted 18 May 2015 Published 18th June 2015 ABSTRACT Antibiotics are one of the most important weapons in fighting bacterial infections and have greatly benefited the health-related quality of human life since their introduction. Infectious diseases caused by microorganism are still a major threat to health, despite the tremendous progress in human medicine. Dramatic increase in microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents is well known. Such situation leads the necessity for development of new anti-microbial agents in order to treat the infectious disease in an effective manner. The Medicinal plants are considerably useful and are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. Several attempts are continued to identify the potential antimicrobial agent from the natural resources. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Gupta et al.; BJPR, 7(4): 236-246, 2015; Article no.BJPR.2015.106 Considering the enormous potentiality of plants as sources for antimicrobial drugs with reference to antibacterial agents, a systematic review was undertaken in the present article for antimicrobial potential of Cassia genus. Keywords: Cassia; extract; MIC; antibacterial activities; antifungal. 1. INTRODUCTION Cassia is a large genus of around 500 species of flowering plants in the family Leguminosae [10]. The wide use of antibiotics in the treatment of Senna is a large genus of flowering plants in the bacterial infections has led to the emergence and family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpiniaceae spread of resistant strains [1]. Increasing which is often treated as a sub-family development of drug resistance in human Caesalpinioideae of the large family pathogens as well as the appearance of side Leguminosae. It is closely related to Mimosaceae effect of synthetic drugs needs to develop new and Papilionaceae, but can be distinguished by antimicrobial drugs from natural sources. few stamens and five free petals. Infections are increasing alarmingly and have Caesalpinioideae consist of trees, shrubs and a emerged as a critical issue in hospital care few woody herbs found in the tropics. outcome. Opportunistic microorganisms primarily cause nosocomial infections; and multidrug- They are well known in folk medicine for their resistant pathogens that are commonly involved laxative and purgative uses [11,12]. Besides, in nosocomial infections are difficult to treat. they have been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory Multidrug resistant infectious diseases of [13], antioxidant [14], hypoglycaemic [15], bacterial and fungal origin are leading killers and hyperglycaemic [13], antiplasmodial [16], account for approximately 25% of global deaths larvicidal [17], antimutagenic [18] and anticancer [2]. There are reports of antibiotics resistance of activities [19]. They are also widely used for the human pathogens, to available antibiotic [3,4] . treatment of wounds [20], skin diseases such as ringworm, scabies and eczema, gastro-intestinal This situation has forced to search for new disorders like ulcers, uterus disorders [21], antimicrobial sources like medicinal plants [5]. rheumatism, anorexia and jaundice [22]. The bio molecules of these plants origin appears as alternative for the control of human pathogen 2. Cassia alta [6 ]and their uses have been shown to have scientific basis, chemicals compounds found in 2.1 Leaf Extract the various species have different medicinal effects. The use of plant extracts and phytochemical with known antimicrobial Leaf, stem and root were extracted with properties are of great significance. In the past chloroform, acetone, methanol and water. The few years, a number of investigations have been clinical isolates viz., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus conducted worldwide to prove antimicrobial cereus, Esherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, activities from medicinal plants. Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and MTCC isolates Today medicinal plants are important to the viz., Bacillus cereus (MTCC-430), Bacillus global economy, as approximately 85% of subtilis (MTCC-441), Staphylococcus aureus traditional medicine preparations involve the use (MTCC-96), Staphylococcus epidermidis (MTCC- of plants or plant extracts [7]. A large proportion 435), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC-744), Escherichia of the world’s population depends on traditional coli (MTCC-1687), Klebsiella pneumoniae medicine because of the scarcity and high costs (MTCC-3384), Psuedomonas aeruginosa of orthodox medicine [8]. Medicinal plants have (MTCC-741) were taken for study. The provided the modern medicine with numerous antibacterial assay of the extracts was performed plant-derived therapeutic agents [9]. Although in using agar well diffusion method. traditional medicine Cassia species have been well known for their laxative and purgative The antimicrobial activity of acetone root extract properties and for the treatment of skin diseases, was found highest in P. vulgaris with zone of Still Cassia invites attention of researchers inhibition of 28.0±0.5 mm and in B. subtilis worldwide for its phytochemistry and (MTCC 441) with zone of inhibition of 22.3±0.3 pharmacological activities ranging from mm. The lowest activity was found with acetone antidiabetic to antiviral. stem extract against S. aureus with zone of 237 Gupta et al.; BJPR, 7(4): 236-246, 2015; Article no.BJPR.2015.106 inhibition of 8.0±0.5 mm. Acetone root extract 0.62 mg/ml). The leaf extracts exhibited gave a zone of inhibition of 8.3±0.6 mm against comparatively better activity displaying their zone K. pneumoniae (MTCC 3384). No significant of inhibitions 10-19 mm and largest zone was antimicrobial activity was seen in the aqueous shown against S. dysenteriae (19 mm) [25]. extracts [23]. 4. Cassia arereh ROOT AND STEM BARK 2.2 Leaf and Root Extract EXTRACT Leaves and roots were extracted with hot water, Root and stem bark of plant was extracted with acetone and methanol. Bacterial isolates of E. ethanol, acetone and water. The bacterial coli, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhi, species E. coli, S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. Typhi, Shigella flexneri, S. Aureus, Streptococcus K. pneumoniae and C. albicans were taken in pyogenes and the fungal isolates of Aspergillus study. The disc diffusion method was used for flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and screening of antimicrobial activity. Cryptococcus neoformans used for this study. Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and organic The acetone and ethanol extracts of the root and extracts of the plant sample was evaluated by stem barks for C. arereh showed the highest cup plate agar diffusion method. 100 μl aliquots antimicrobial activity against E. coli followed by of extract dilutions reconstituted in minimum K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. Typhi. amount of solvent at concentrations of 50 and Aqueous extracts of both root and stem barks did 100 mg/ml were applied. not show measurable zone of inhibition against the tested organisms [26]. S. pyogenes and S. aureus were the most susceptible bacteria to all the extracts followed 5. Cassia auriculata by S. Typhi and E. coli. The most susceptible fungi species were C. neoformans and C. 5.1 Leaf Extract albicans while the least susceptible was A. flavus. The highest activity of the plant (roots and Leaves were extracted using hexane, chloroform, leaves) was demonstrated by methanol extract ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. Two Gram- [24]. positive (E. faecalis and S. aureus) and eight Gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. 3. Cassia angustifolia LEAF EXTRACT vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, S. Typhi, S. paratyphi, S. boydii and V. cholerae) bacterial stains were used in the study. Aqueous extract inhibited S. Alcoholic leaf extract was taken in study. For aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli at evaluation of antibacterial activity Gram-negative concentrations of 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml and 250 bacteria [E. coli (ATCC8739), Shigella shiga μg/ml respectively but did not inhibit the