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PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW on CASSIA FISTULA LINN (AMALTAS) Sunita Verma* Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, India

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PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW on CASSIA FISTULA LINN (AMALTAS) Sunita Verma* Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, India IJPCBS 2016, 6(3), 332-335 Sunita Verma ISSN: 2249-9504 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Available online at www.ijpcbs.com Review Article PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON CASSIA FISTULA LINN (AMALTAS) Sunita Verma* Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, India. ABSTRACT Cassia fistula belonging to the family Fabacae commonly known as Golden Shower, Amaltash. This plant is used in folk medicine to cure burns, constipation, convulsions, diarrhea, dysuria and epilepsy, to cure leprosy, skin dieseases and syphilis. Cassia fistula have a rich source of tannins, flavonoids and glycosides. Pharmacological activities include antidiabetic, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-inflammatory antioxidant, hypatoprotective, antitumor, antifungal activities. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on Taxonomy, Botanical description, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Keywords: Pharmacological activities, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial. INTRODUCTION VERNACULAR NAMES Cassia fistula L., (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae), a English : Golden shower, Indian laburnum very common plant known for its medicinal Sanskrit : Saraphala, Survanaka, Argwadha, properties is a semi-wild in nature. It is Rajtaru distributed in various regions including Asia, Urdu : Amaltas South Africa, China, West Indies and Brazil1. Bengali : Amaltas, Sondal, Sonali. Cassia fistula is a deciduous, medium sized tree up to 24 m in height and 1.8 m in girth, BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION cultivated almost throughout India. The tree is It is a deciduous tree with greenish grey bark, one of the most wide spread in the forest in compound leaves, leaf lets are each 5-12 cm long India, usually occurring in deciduous forests pairs. A semi-wild tree known for its beautiful throughout the greater part of India, ascending bunches and also used in traditional medicine up to an altitude of 1,220 m in the sub for several indications. The leaflets are 4-8 pairs, Himalayan tract and outer Himalayas. It is opposite, dark-green and shining above. Leaves common throughout Gangeetic valley, 23-40 cm long; main rhachis pubescent; stipules particularly abundant in Central India and South minute, linear-oblong, obtuse, pubescent. India2. It is planted as an ornamental tree in Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, homesteads and along the roadside. Many 5-12.5 by 3.8- 9.5cm, bright green and glaborous biologically important compounds were isolated above, paler and silverypubescent beneath and identified from different parts of the plant3. when young, the midrib densely pubescent on The present review of the Cassia fistula is based the underside, base cuneate; main nerves on botanical characters, Taxonomy, numerous, close, conspicuous beneath; Phytochemical constituents and petiolules 6-10 mm long, pubescent or Pharmacological activity. glaborous4. Flowers are bright yellow in colour, appears in graceful hanging clusters5. Flowers TAXONOMY in lax racemes 30-50 cm. long; pedicels 3.8- 5.7 Kingdom : Plantae cm. long, slender, pubescent and glaborous. Subkingdom : Tracheobinota Calyx 1 cm long divided to the base, pubescent; Super Division : Spermatophyta segments oblong, obtuse. Corolla 3.8 cm across, Division : Mangoliophyta yellow; stamens all antheriferous. Class : Magnoliopsida A fruit is cylindrical pod and seeds many in Sub Class : Rosidae black, sweet pulp separated by transverse Order : Fabales partitions. The long pods which are green, when Family : Fabacae unripe, turn black on ripening after flowers Genus : Cassia shed6. The pods are 40-70 cm long and 20- Species : fistula 27mm in diameter, straight or slightly curved, 332 IJPCBS 2016, 6(3), 332-335 Sunita Verma ISSN: 2249-9504 smooth but finely striated transversely, the endosperm in which the yellowish embryo is striations appearing as fine fissures. The embedded7. Pulp is dark brown in colour, sticky, rounded distal ends bear a small point marking sweet and mucilaginous, odour characteristic, the position of the style. The dorsal suture and somewhat disagreeable8. Drug occurs in flat appears as a single vascular strand and the or curved thick pieces; outer surface smooth to ventral suture as two closely applied strands. rough with warty patches; greenish grey to red; Internally the pod is divided by thin, buff inner surface rough, reddish with parallel coloured, transverse dissepiments at intervals of striations; fracture, laminate; odour, sweet and about 0.5cm. Each compartment contains one characteristic; taste, astringent9. Seeds broadly seed which is flat, oval, reddish brown with a ovate. well marked raphe. The seed contains a whitish 8mm. long, slightly less in breadth, and 5mm thick4. A B Fig. 1: Cassia fistula [A] Leaves [B] Fruits 333 IJPCBS 2016, 6(3), 332-335 Sunita Verma ISSN: 2249-9504 PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY extract was found to be more than that seen Anti-Fungal Activity with 100-g of chloramphenicol15. 4-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrate obtained from the extracts of the flower of Cassia fistula Anti-fertility (an ethnomedicinal plant) showed antifungal Cassia fistula reversibly suppresses fertility in activity male rats. Withdrawal of extract restored all the against richophyton mentagrophytes (MIC 0.5 altered parameters, including organ weights, mg/ml) and Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC fertility, circulatory level of hormones and tissue 0.5 mg/ml)10. biochemistry, to control levels after 120 days16. Oral administration of aqueous extract of seeds Wound Healing of Cassia fistula to mated female rats from day 1- Infection is the major problem to treat the 5 of pregnancy at the doses of 100 and 200 wound. Antibiotic resistance by the pathogenic mg/kg body weight resulted in 57.14% and microorganism renders drug ineffective. The 71.43% prevention of pregnancy, respectively, alcohol extract of C. fistula leaves was analyzed whereas 100% pregnancy inhibition was noted for antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus at 500 mg/kg bw 17. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cassia fistula treated rats showed, better wound Anti-leishmaniatic activity closure, improved tissue regeneration at the The effectiveness of Cassia fistula in the wound site, and supporting histopathological treatment of leishmaniasis, the efficacy of parameters pertaining to wound healing, and concentrated boiled extract and hydroalcoholic thus confirming efficacy of Cassia fistula in the extract of C. fistula on leishmaniasis was treatment of the infected wound11. compared with intralesional injection of Glucantime (meglumine antimonate) in this Antipyretic activity study. Results indicate that the C. fistula fruit gel The Cassia fistula pod was found to be devoid of increases the efficacy of intralesional meglumine antipyretic activity in experimental models. The antimonate for the treatment of cutaneous pods extracts showed a marked antipyretic leishmaniasis. Combination therapy with effect by causing a reduction in yeastinduced intralesional meglumine antimonate and C. fever. The extract caused a better hypothermal fistula fruit gel should be considered for the activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. treatment of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis18. Subcutaneous injection of yeast induces pyrexia by increasing synthesis of prostaglandin and is CONCLUSION used to screen12. The extensive literature survey revealed that Cassia fistula is an important medicinal plant. Antioxidant activity This plant is used by traditional medical The antioxidant properties of 90% ethanol practitioners for the treatment of various extracts of leaves, and 90% methanol extracts of diseases. Phytochemical and Pharmacological stem bark, pulp and flowers from Cassia fistula. reviews on plants will give valuable information The antioxidant activity power was in the which will assist the scientists in getting more decreasing order of stem bark, leaves, flowers advanced knowledge about a plant species. and pulp and was well correlated with the total polyphenolic content of the extracts. Thus, the REFEENCES stem bark had more antioxidant activity13. 1. Prashanth Kumar V, Chauhan NS, Padh H and Rajani M. Search for antibacterial Anti ulcer activity antifungal agents from selected. The ethanol leaf extract (ELE) of Cassia fistula International Science Congress Linn. (Caesalpinaceae) was evaluated for anti Association. Indian medicinal plants, J. ulcer activity against pylorus ligation - Induced Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107:182-188. gastric ulcer14. 2. Chatterjee TK. Herbal Options. Eastern traders, Calcutta. 1996;29:171. Antimicrobial activity 3. Thirumal M, Surya S and Kishore G. The leaves, stem bark and fruit pulp showed Cassia fistula Linn - pharmacognostical, antibacterial activity. The fruit pulp was the phytochemical and pharmacological most potent in this respect. The activity might review. Crit Rev Pharmaceut Sci. be due to the presence of flavonoids. The solvent 2012;1:43-65. ether extract of the fruit pulp possess the 4. Kirtikar K.R. and Basu BD. Indian maximum activity and when compared to Medicinal Plants, International book chloramphenicol, the activity of 1 gm of this distributors. 2006;2:856-860. 334 IJPCBS 2016, 6(3), 332-335 Sunita Verma ISSN: 2249-9504 5. Khan MS and Alam MK. Homestead (Leguminosae) Leaf Extract. Journal of flora of Bangladesh. 1st edition, Pharma Bio. 1998;36:140-43. Forestry division, BARC, Dhaka, New 13. Ilavarasan, R., Moni Mallika and Airport road, Farmgate, Bangladesh. Subramanian Venkataraman. African 1996;95-96. Journal of Traditional. Complementary 6. Indian Herbal
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