ISSN 0976 – 3333

Available Online at www.ijpba.info

International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives 2017; 8(2): 12-20

REVIEW ARTICLE

Phytochemical Profiling of Different Species A: Review

* Bhavna Kabila , M.ICLE C. Sidhu, A. S. Ahluwalia

Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh - 160014,

Received 18 April 2017; Revised 25 April 2017; Accepted 27 April 2017 ABSTRACT The have been used in traditional medicines over a long period throughout the world. Species of genus Cassia contain many important phytochemicals and are well known in folk medicines. These phytochemicals exhibit interesting biological and pharmacological properties. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins etc are some of the useful phytoconstituents used for the preparation of various medicines. This review is compiled to document the alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins present in species of the genus Cassia using different solvents. It will throw a light on the treasure of phytochemicals with a potential for pharmaceutics. Based on this information, species can be selected and characterized to meet the requirements of human health care system.

Key words: Cassia, Phytochemicals, Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Saponin, Tannin. INTRODUCTION the presence of different phytochemicals of Plants are important for humans in different medicinal and nutritive value [23]. Phytochemicals capacities including their crucial role as source of are produced in plants as protectants but medicine since long due to the presence of various researchers have demonstrated their role in the phytochemicals[42]. based medicines are management of human diseases as well. The generally considered to be safe. More than 50% detailed account of phytoconstituents may be of all modern clinical drugs are natural products useful for the synthesis of complex molecules of that play an important role in drug development in medicinal interest [55]. The recent studies related to pharmaceutical industries[28]. The use of medicinal phytochemicals possessing antioxidant, plants and their products has increased in the past antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties few years to improve and maintain good health have been increasing because of their therapeutic with lesser side effects on the human body [52]. potential to cure infectious diseases[29]. The Recent research on the natural molecules and medicinal value of the plants lies in bioactive products primarily focuses on plants as they are compounds that produce definite physiological easily available and selected on the basis of ethno- actions in human body[36]. The bioactive medicinal uses [49]. Cassia L. is a member of phytoconstituents include alkaloids, flavonoids, family and have approximately 500 saponins, tannins phenols, essential oils etc[10.] species, distributed in different parts of the world The chemical constituents of the plant may vary in [26]. Cassia species occurs in India, China, East different species, varieties, and plant part used and Africa, South Africa, America, Brazil etc. The growth conditions as well as age of the plant[49]. species are represented as herbs, shrubs, and There is a variety of phytochemicals present in the [45]. Some of the common Indian species are C. plants having unique therapeutic potential. obovata, C. italica, C. sophera, C. mimosoides, C. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins are siamea etc [7, 39]. Members of this genus are some of the important phytochemicals. In this useful for different purposes including medicines. review, efforts have been made to Different species of Cassia play a significant role comprehensively compile information related to as antioxidants, antimicrobial, antibacterial, these phytochemicals in various Cassia species antifungal, anti inflammatory, blood purifier and using different solvents. hepatoprotectant[42, 30, 13, 25]. The species are important in pharmacological research because of *Corresponding Author: Bhavna Kabila, Email: [email protected] Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review DISCUSSION acetone was least. Alkaloids were present in This review has highlighted the presence of methanol extracts of almost all species in which alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins in studies carried out using different solvents except most of the Cassia species. Presently, 23 species C. nigricans and C. roxburghii. All the parts of C. of the genus have shown these phytochemicals in obtusifolia contain alkaloids. Alkaloids are absent different solvents. The species include herbs, in of C. nigricans, C. grandis and C. shrubs and trees. Majority of the studies were roxburghii in different solvents. These are also conducted on Cassia occidentalis. Leaves were absent in ethanol extract and petroleum ether the most preferred part for alkaloids, flavonoids, extracts of leaf, and seed of C. saponins and tannins analysis. The observations of occidentalis. However, methanol, ethanol and different studies have been compiled. The data petroleum ether leaf extracts of species C. alata, indicates that methanol was the most commonly C. biflora, C. hirsuta, C. occidentalis, C. siamea, used solvent followed by ethanol and water. C. spectabilis, C. sericea, C. surattensis and C. Methanol was the most effective solvent whereas, tora contain alkaloids (Table 1).

Table 1. Alkaloids in Cassia species:

Species PPU Solvents Ref. Aq. Met. Eth. PE EA Hex. Ace. Chl. Lf - - - - Ө Ө - - 38 C. alata Lf - + + - + - - - 54 Lf/St/Rt + + - - - - Ө Ө 46 Fl + + + - - - - - 28 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 AP - + - Ө Ө - - + 11 Fl - + ------39 C. auriculata Fl - + - Ө - - - Ө 56 Fl - Ө Ө Ө - - - - 13 Lf/Fl - - + - - - - - 22 Fl Ө Ө - - Ө + - + 53 C. absus Se - - - - + + - + 20 C. angustifolia Lf Ө - + + - - - + 57 Lf - + - + - - + Ө 48 C. biflora Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Lf - + + - + - - - 55 WP + + - + - - - - 29 Lg - Ө - Ө Ө - - Ө 7 C. fistula Rt - - Ө - - - - - 8 Se - + - - - - + - 30 C. glauca Lf - + - - - - + + 15

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, - C. grandis Lf - - Ө - - - - - 18 Lf - - + - - - - - 41 C. hirsuta Lf - + + - + - - - 55 C. javanica Lf + - + - - - - + 31 C. mimosoides Lf + ------12 Lf + + ------40 C. nigricans Lf - Ө - Ө Ө - - Ө 3

IJPBA, March IJPBA, Lf - - + Ө - - - - 24 C. obtusifolia Lf + - + - - - - - 50 Lf/St/Se/Rt - - + - - - - - 10

Lf + ------44 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 Lf - + - - + + - - 36 Lf Ө - - - - Ө - Ө 14 Fl/Se - + - Ө - - - + 51 C. occidentalis Lf Ө - + - - - - - 47 Lf Ө Ө - Ө - - - Ө 2 Lf Ө Ө Ө - - - - - 45 Lf Ө - Ө Ө Ө - - Ө 32 Lf Ө ------4 Se + ------4 C. renigera Fr - + - Ө - - - - 19 C. roxburghii Lf Ө - Ө - - - Ө Ө 26 Lf Ө Ө - Ө Ө - - Ө 23 Lf - + ------25 C. sophera Lf/Se/Rt - Ө ------5 Ba - - Ө Ө Ө - - Ө 35 Lf + ------9 Lf/Ba - Ө ------52 C. siamea Lf/Ba - + ------33,37 Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fl Ө Ө - - Ө + - Ө 53 13 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review C. spectabilis Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fr Ө - + - - - + Ө 27 C. sericea Lf - + + - + - - - 54 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 C. surattensis Lf/Fl - Ө ------6 AP - + - - + + - + 16 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 Lf/Po Ө Ө - Ө - - - Ө 17,49 C. tora Lf + + - Ө - - + + 34 AP - - Ө - Ө - - + 42 Se Ө Ө Ө Ө - - - - 43 C. uniflora WP + + + - - - + - 21

Plant Part Used- PPU, Leaf- Lf, Stem- St, Seed- Flavonoids are present in the leaves of all Cassia Se, Root- Rt, Aerial Parts- AP, Flower- Fl, - species except Cassia fistula, however other parts Fr, Legumes- Lg, Pod- Po, Bark- Ba, Whole of this species contain flavonoids. They are plant- WP. Solvents :- Aqueous- Aq., Methanol- present in the bark of C. siamea but absent in C. Met., Ethanol- Eth., Petroleum Ether- PE, Ethyl sophera. The flavonoids are also reported in the Acetate- EA, Hexane- Hex., Acetone- Ace., of C. alata, C. auriculata and C. siamea Chloroform- Chl. References: - Ref. [+] = and in roots of four Cassia species in various Present, [Ө] = Absent, [-] = Not done. solvents (Table 2).

Table 2. Flavonoids in Cassia species

Species PPU Solvents Ref. Aq. Met. Eth. PE EA Hex. Ace. Chl. Lf - - - - + + - - 38 C. alata Lf - + + - + - - - 54

Lf/St/Rt + + - - - - + Ө 46 Fl + + + - - - - - 28 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 AP - + + Ө - - - + 11 Fl - + + Ө - - - - 13 C. auriculata Fl - + ------39 Lf/Fl - + - + - - - Ө 56 Lf/Fl - - + - - - - - 22 Fl + + - - + Ө - + 53 C. absus Se - - - - + + - + 20 C. angustifolia Lf + - + Ө - - - + 57 Lf - + - + - - + + 48 C. biflora Lf - + + - + - - - 55

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 55

- C. fistula WP + + - Ө - - - - 29 Lg - + - Ө + - - Ө 7 Rt - - + - - - - - 8 C. grandis Lf - - + - - - - - 18 C. hirsuta Lf - - + - - - - - 41 Lf - Ө + - + - - - 55 C. italica Lf - - - - + - - - 1 IJPBA, March IJPBA, C. javanica Lf + - + - - - - + 31 C. mimosoides Lf + ------12

C. nigricans Lf - + - + + - - + 3 Lf - - + Ө - - - - 24 Lf + - + - - - - - 50 C. obtusifolia Lf/St/Se/Rt - - + - - - - - 10 Lf + ------44 Lf - + + - Ө - - - 54 Lf - Ө - - Ө Ө - - 36 Fl/Se - + - + - - - + 51 Lf + - + - - - - - 47 C. occidentalis Lf + + - Ө - - - Ө 2 Lf Ө Ө Ө - - - - - 45 Lf Ө - + Ө + - - + 32 Lf Ө ------4 Se + ------4 C. renigera Fr - + - + - - - - 19 C. roxburghii Lf + - + - - - Ө Ө 26 Lf - + ------25 C. sophera Lf/Se/Rt - + ------5 Ba - - Ө Ө Ө - - Ө 35 Lf + ------9 Lf/Ba - + ------52,33 C. siamea Ba - + ------37 14 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fl + + - - + Ө - + 53 C. spectabilis Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fr + + - - - - Ө Ө 27 C. sericea Lf - + + - Ө - - - 54 Lf - + Ө - + - - - 54 C. surattensis Lf/Fl - + ------6 AP - + - - + Ө - + 16 Lf - Ө Ө - + - - - 54 Lf + + + - - - - Ө 49 C. tora Po Ө + + - - - - + 17 Lf + + - Ө - - + + 34 AP - - Ө - Ө - - Ө 42 Se + Ө Ө Ө - - - - 43 C. uniflora WP Ө + + - - - + - 21

The saponins are found in C. angustifolia in four absus, C. glauca, C. occidentalis, C. sophera, and different solvents. They are absent in the leaves of C. tora also contain saponins. Amongst various C. biflora, C. roxburghii and fruit of C. renigera. plant parts, only the leaves of C. obtusifolia Similar to flavonoids, they are reported in the bark known to have saponins (Table 3). of C. siamea but not in C. sophera. Seeds of C.

Table 3. Saponins in Cassia species

Species PPU Solvents Ref. Aq. Met. Eth. PE EA Hex. Ace. Chl. Lf - - - - + + - - 38 C.alata Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 54 Lf/St/Rt + Ө - - - - Ө Ө 46

Fl + Ө Ө - - - - - 28 AP - + - Ө + - - Ө 11 Fl - + + Ө - - - - 13 Fl - + ------39 C. auriculata Lf/Fl - Ө - Ө - - - + 56 Lf/Fl - - + - - - - - 22 Fl Ө Ө - - Ө Ө - Ө 53 Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 54 C. absus Se - - - - + + - + 20 C. angustifolia Lf - + - + - - + + 48 C. biflora Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 55 Lf - + Ө - Ө - - - 55 C. fistula WP + + - Ө - - - - 29 Lg - + - Ө + - - Ө 7

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue,

- Rt - - Ө - - - - - 8 C. glauca Se - + ------30 C. hirsuta Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 55 C. javanica Lf + - + - - - - + 31 C. mimosoides Lf + ------12 C. nigricans Lf - + - Ө Ө - - + 3 Lf - - + + - - - - 24

IJPBA, March IJPBA, C. obtusifolia Lf + - + - - - - - 50 Lf/St/Se/Rt - - Ө - - - - - 10 Lf Ө ------44 Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 54 Lf - + - - Ө Ө - - 36 Lf + - - - - + - + 14 Fl/Se - Ө - + - - - Ө 51 C. occidentalis Lf + - Ө - - - - - 47 Lf + + - Ө - - - Ө 2 Lf + + + - - - - - 45 Lf + - + Ө + - - Ө 32 Lf/Se + ------4 C. renigera Fr - Ө - Ө - - - - 19 C. roxburghii Lf Ө - Ө - - - Ө Ө 26 Lf/Rt - Ө ------5 C. sophera Se - + ------5 Ba - - Ө Ө Ө - - Ө 35 Lf + ------9 Lf/Ba - + ------52,33 C. siamea Ba - + ------37 Lf - + Ө - + - - - 55 Fl Ө Ө - - Ө Ө - Ө 53 C. spectabilis Lf - + + - Ө - - - 55 Fr + - Ө - - - Ө Ө 27 C. sericea Lf - + Ө - Ө - - - 54 15 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 54 C. surattensis Lf/Fl - Ө ------6 AP - + - - Ө Ө - Ө 16 Lf - Ө Ө - Ө - - - 54 Lf + + - + - - - Ө 49 C. tora Po Ө Ө - Ө - - - Ө 17 Lf Ө Ө - Ө - - Ө Ө 34 AP - - Ө - Ө - - Ө 42 Se + Ө + + - - - - 43 C. uniflora WP Ө + + - - - + - 21

The information related to tannins in different present in the seeds of C. obtusifolia, C. Cassia species have also been gathered. Tannins occidentalis and C. sophera but not in C. tora. As are present in the leaves of all species except C. per the available literature, hexane was not an nigricans. Tannins are present in some of the roots effective solvent for the extraction of saponins and flowers of Cassia species. They are also (Table 4).

Table 4. Tannins in Cassia species

Species PPU Solvents Ref. Aq. Met. Eth. PE EA Hex. Ace. Chl. Lf - + + - + - - - 54 C. alata Lf/St/Rt + + - - - - + Ө 46 Fl + + + - - - - - 28 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 AP - Ө - Ө + - - + 11 C. auriculata Fl - + ------39 Fl - + - Ө - - - + 56 Lf - + - + - - - + 56 Lf/Fl - - + - - - - - 22 Fl + + - - Ө Ө - Ө 53

C. angustifolia Lf Ө - + Ө - - - Ө 57 Lf - + - + - - + + 48 C. biflora Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Lf - + + - + - - - 55 C. fistula WP + + - + - - - - 29 Lg - + - Ө Ө - - Ө 7 C. grandis Lf - - + - - - - - 18 C. glauca Lf - + - - - - + - 15 C. hirsuta Lf - + + - Ө - - - 55 C. javanica Lf + - + - - - - + 31 C. mimosoides Lf + ------12 C. nigricans Lf - Ө - Ө Ө - - Ө 3 Lf + - + - - - - - 50

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, C. obtusifolia Lf/St/Se/Rt - - + - - - - - 10

- Lf + ------44 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 Lf - + - - Ө Ө - - 36 Fl/Se - + - + - - - + 51 C. occcidentalis Lf + - + - - - - - 47 Lf + + - Ө - - - Ө 2 Lf + + + - - - - - 45 IJPBA, March IJPBA, Lf + - + Ө Ө - - + 32 Lf/Se + ------4

C. renigera Fr - + - Ө - - - - 19 C. roxburghii Lf Ө - Ө - - - Ө Ө 26 Lf + + - Ө + - - Ө 23 Lf/Se/Rt - + ------5 C. sophera Lf - + ------25 Ba - - + Ө Ө - - Ө 35 Lf + ------9 Lf/Ba - + ------52,33 C. siamea Ba - + ------37 Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fl + + - - + Ө - + 53 C. spectabilis Lf - + + - + - - - 55 Fr + - + - - - + Ө 27 C. sericea Lf - + + - Ө - - - 54 Lf - + + - + - - - 54 C. surattensis Lf/Fl - + ------6 AP - + - - Ө Ө - + 16 Lf - + + - Ө - - - 54 C. tora Lf + + - Ө - - - Ө 49 Po Ө Ө - Ө - - - Ө 17 16 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review AP - - + - + - - + 42 Se Ө Ө Ө Ө - - - - 43

During the preparation of this database, it has antimicrobial activity and antioxidant been observed that, presence or absence of properties of Cassia occidentalis L. Asian phytochemicals may depends upon the species, Journal of Plant Science and Research plant part used, solvents and methods of 2012; 2(4): 530-533. screening. Due to this, phytochemicals have 5. Chavan C, Nagore D, Todkar S, Bhagwat invariably been reported in different Cassia D, Singh K. Pharmacognostical and species occurring throughout the world. preliminary phytochemical studies of Cassia sophera Linn. International Journal CONCLUSION of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy A thorough study of the relevant literature has 2011; 2(2): 615-620. suggested that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and 6. Chew YL, Chan EWL, Tan PL, Lim YY, tannins are present in almost all species of genus Stanslas J, Goh JK. Assessment of Cassia when screened using different solvents. phytochemical content, polyphenolic These phytochemicals have been reported in composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial different plant parts of Cassia species. However, activities of Leguminosae medicinal plants leaf was the most commonly used plant part for in peninsular Malaysia. Bio Med Central analysis. Methanol has been found to be the best Complementary and Alternative Medicine solvent. Based on this data, species can 2011; 11(12): 1-10. specifically be selected for the said cause. Further, 7. Chauhan N, Bairwa R, Sharma K, the use of a particular plant part instead of whole Chauhan N. Antimicrobial activity of plant is the best way to conserve the plant Cassia fistula Linn. Legumes. diversity while using the species for the welfare of International Research Journal of mankind. Pharmacy 2011; 2(10): 100-102. 8. Dawada S, Zade V, Dabhadkar D, Pare S.

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Hepatoprotective activity of Cassia fistula - The authors are thankful to the Chairperson, root against carbon tetrachloride-induced Department of Botany, Panjab University hepatic injury in Rats (Wistar). Chandigarh for providing the necessary facilities. International Journal of Pharma Sciences We are also thankful to the Panjab University, and Research, 2012; 3(4): 368-378. Chandigarh for financial support out of DST- 9. Dahiru D, Malgwi AR, Sambo HS. IJPBA, March IJPBA, PURSE grant. Growth inhibitory effect of Senna siamea leaf extract on the selected micro-

REFERENCES organisms. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 2013; 3(5): 103-107. 1. Abdel KM, Adil AM, Abd Elrazig EH, 10. Deshpande AH, Bhalsing RS. Kamal E, Kamal MS. Isolation and Phytochemical analysis of Cassia identification of anti-inflammatory and obtusifolia, Cassia auriculata, Tephrosia anti-ulcer flavanone from ethyl acetate purpurea, Helictres isora and Centella fraction of Cassia italica leaves. asiatica. International Journal of Pharma Omdurman Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences 2011; 2(3): B 363- B 367. Sciences 2015; 2(1): 53-63. 11. Devdos KR, Nattanmai SJ, Rajappan M. In 2. Arya V, Yadav S, Kumar S, Yadav JP. vitro antimicrobial activity and Antimicrobial activity of Cassia phytochemical analysis of Cassia occidentalis L. leaf against various human auriculata Linn. International Current pathogenic microbes. Life Sciences and Pharmaceutical Journal 2013; 2(6): 105- Medicine Research 2010; 9: 1-10. 108. 3. Ayo RG, Amupitan JO. Phytochemical 12. Ekwueme FN, Nwodo OFC, Joshua PE, and cytotoxic screening of the leaves of Wocha NKC, Eluka PE. Qualitative and Cassia nigricans Vahl. Research Journal quantitative phytochemical screening of of Biological Sciences 2007; 2(1): 69-71. the aqueous leaf extract of Senna 4. Ambikapathy SAV, Panneer Selvam A, mimosoides its effect in in-vivo leukocyte Studies on the phytochemistry, mobilization induced by inflammatory 17 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review stimulus. International Journal of Current activity of Senna uniflora (MILL.) H. S. Microbiology and Applied Sciences 2015; Irwin and Barneby. World Journal of 4(5): 1176-1188. Pharmaceutical Research 2016; 5(6): 13. Elayarani M, Shanmuganathan P, 1608-1619. Muthukumaran P. In vitro antioxidant 22. Kalaivani A, Umamaheswari A, activity of the various extracts of Cassia Vinayagam A, Kalaivani K. auriculata L. flower by UV Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant Spectrophotometer. Asian Journal of properties of Cassia auriculata leaves and Pharmacy and Technology 2011; 1(3): 70- flowers on alloxan induced diabetic Rats. 72. Pharmacologyonline 2008; 1: 204-217. 14. Estari M, Venkanna L, Porika R. 23. Kamarapu P. Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Cassia occidentalis (L). studies of Cassia roxburghii. Journal of International Journal of Applied Biology Bioengineer and Biomedical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Technology 2013; 2015; 5(2): 1-6. 4(1): 84-87. 24. Kewatkar SM. Pharmacognostical studies 15. Farswan M, Mazumder MP, Percha V. on the leaves of Cassia obtusifolia Linn. Protective effects of Cassia glauca Linn. Asian Journal of Plant Science and on the serum glucose and hepatic enzymes Research (Pelagia Research Library) 2012; level in streptozotocin induced NIDDM in 2(4): 421-427. Rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 25. Kharat AR, Kharat KR, Kumar A, Das S. 2009; 41(1): 19-22. Identification of chemical compounds 16. Fatima A, Rehman AU, Abbas N, Siddiqui from the Cassia sophera. Indo-American SZ, Khan ZUD. Cassia surrattensis – An Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2013; indispensable source of natural 3(2): 1762-1768. antioxidants. Asian Journal of Chemistry 26. Korlam S, Papani S, Mylisetti VP,

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2012; 24(10): 4340-4344. Mittoori H, Chitoor MS. Preliminary - 17. Hemand A, Snehal J. Phytoprofiling, phytochemical profile of leaf extracts in nutritional scrunity and HRBC membrane different solvents of Cassia roxburghii D. stabilization activity of Cassia tora Linn. C. International Journal of Scientific Pods. World Journal of Pharmacy and Engineering and Applied Science 2016; Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016; 5(5): 1455- 2(9): 61-68. IJPBA, March IJPBA, 1460. 27. Korlam S, Papani S, Mylisetti VP, Chitoor

18. Hernandez-Castro C, Fredyc-Diaz C, MS. Preliminary phytochemical screening Martinez-Guiterrez M. Ethanol extracts of of of Cassia spectabilis D. C. Cassia grandis and Tabernaemontana Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical cymose inhibit the in- vitro replication of Research 2016; 5(4): 41-44. Dengue virus serotype 2. Asian Pacific 28. Kumar RS, Anburaj G, Vasantha S. Journal of Tropical Diseases 2015; 5(2): Phytochemical investigation of ethanol, 98-106. methanol, hydro – alcoholic and aqueous 19. Hossain Md M, Mondal M, Hossain Md P, flower extracts of Cassia species. Asian Uddin Md S, Uddin N, Hasan Md M et al. Journal of Innovative Research 2016; 1(3): In vitro antioxidant, a brine shrimp 32-35. lethality and antimicrobial activity of 29. Kulkarni A, Channabasava, Govindappa methanol and petroleum ether extracts of M, Chandrappa CP, Ramachandra YL, Cassia renigera fruits. Food Measure Prasad S K. Phytochemical analysis of 2015; 9: 68-75. Cassia fistula and its in-vitro 20. Hussain F, Shahid M, Javed K. antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti- Antioxidant, antiglycation and alpha inflammatory activities. Advancement in amylase inhibitory activities of Cassia Medicinal Plant Research 2015; 3(1): 8- absus seed. International Scientific 17. Organization Current Science Perspectives 30. Kumar D, Arora S, Verma A. Fatty acid 2015; 2(1): 5-9. composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant 21. Jothirathinam T, Victor VD. activity of Cassia glauca seed extracts. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial 18 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review International Journal of characterization studies of Cassia Phytopharmacology 2013; 4(2): 113-118. auriculata flower extract. International 31. Kumavat UC, Shimpi SN, Jaqdale SP. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Hypoglycemic activity of Cassia javanica Sciences 2014; 6(7): 327-330. Linn in normal and streptozotcin- induced 40. Prusty KB, Panda PK, Venkateshwar Rao diabetic Rats. Journal of Advanced J. Phytochemical and anti-ulcer activity of Pharmaceutical Technology and Research methanol and water extract of Cassia 2012; 3(1): 47-51. mimosoides Linn. (Family- 32. Mohammed M, Aboki MA, Saidu HM, Caesalpiniaceace) by aspirin + pyloric Victor O, Tawakalitu A, Maikano SA. ligation model. An International Journal of Phytochemical and some antimicrobial Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences activity of Cassia occidentalis L. 2011; 2(4): 342-351. (Caesalpiniaceae). International Journal of 41. Rahman MA, Rahman MA, Ahmed NU. Science and Technology 2012; 2(4): 200- Phytochemical and biological activities of 209. ethanolic extract of C. hirsuta leaves. 33. Mohammed A, Liman ML, Atiku MK. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Chemical composition of the methonlic Industrial Research 2013; 48(1): 43-50. leaf and stem bark extract of Senna siamea 42. Rao MRK, Chatterjee B. Preliminary Lam. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemical, antioxidant and Phytotherapy 2013; 5(5): 98-100. antimicrobial activities of different 34. Mujeeb M, Khan AH, Firdous F, Abidin L, extracts of Cassia tora and Trichodesma Husain A, Akram M. Development of indicum. International Journal of quality standards and phytochemical Pharmacy and Technology 2016; 8(2): investigations of Cassia tora Linn. Leaves. 12578-12597. World Journal of Pharmacy and 43. Roopashree TS, Raman D, Sobha Rani Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016; 5(1): 583- RH, Narendra C. Antibacterial activity of 594. antipsoriatic Herbs Cassia tora, 35. Nandhini S, Geethalakshmi S, Selvam S, Momordica charantia and Calendula Radha R, Jerad Suresh A, Muthusamy P. officinalis. International Journal of Preliminary phytochemical and Applied Research in Natural Products

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, antidiabetic activity of Cassia sophera 2008; 1(3): 20-28. - Linn. Journal of Pharmacognosy and 44. Saidou W, Adama K, Bale B, Amadou T, Phytochemistry 2016; 5(1): 87-91. Hamidou TH, Gaston BAM. In vitro 36. Odeja OO, Obi G, Ogwuche CE, Elemike comparative anthelminthic activity on EE, Oderinlo OO. Phytochemical Haemonchus contortus of two natural screening, antioxidant and antimicrobial fodders (Cassia obtusifolia and IJPBA, March IJPBA, activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) leaves. Piliostigma reticulatum) extracts used in

International Journal of Herbal Medicine Burkina Faso. International Journal of 2014; 2(4): 26-30. Agriculture and Forestry 2015; 5(2): 146- 37. Oduor PL, Shivairo SR, Akala MH, 150. Muleke C, Regina C, Njeru SN. 45. Sadiq IS, Shuaibu M, Bello AB, Tureta Phytochemical characterization and SG, Isah A, Izuagie T et al. cytotoxicity of Carissa edulis, Phytochemistry and antimicrobial Azardirachta indica, Cassia siamea and activities of Cassia occidentalis used for Harrisonia abyssinica from Masumbi herbal remedies, Journal of Chemical village Siaya county- Kenya. Journal of Engineering 2012; 1(1): 38-41. Scientific Research and Reports 2016; 46. Sharma P, Pandey D, Rizvi AF, Gupta A 10(3): 1-10. K. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia alata 38. Okooboh AM, Gambo NN. from Raipur region against clinical and Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial MTCC isolates. International Journal of Activity of the leaf of Cassia alata Linn. Current Microbiology and Applied Chemistry and Material Research 2013; Sciences 2015; 4(1): 330-339. 3(3): 96-101. 47. Shittu OB, Olabode OO, Omemu AM, 39. Ponnusamy RD, Soundharajan SR. Oluwalana SA, Samuel A, Akpan I. Chemical composition and Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening 19 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved. Kabila Bhavna et al. / Phytochemical Profiling of Different Cassia Species A: Review of Spondias mombin, Senna occidentalis Cassia siamea have In vitro Antimicrobial and Musa sapientum against Vibrio Activity. Open Journal of Biochemistry chloerae 01. International Journal of 2014; 1(1): 43-48. Current Microbiology and Applied 53. Venugopal S, Subramanian DP. Sciences 2014; 3(5): 948-961. Comparative study of antioxidant activities 48. Singanaboina K, Chinna V, Ratnampally S of Cassia auriculata and Cassia siamea K, Damera V. Phytochemical screening in flowers. International Research Journal of the leaf extracts of Cassia angustifolia Pharmacy, 2011, 2(12), 208-212. (vahl) grown in different soil treatments. 54. Veerchari U, Bopaiah AK. Phytochemical World Journal of Pharmacy and investigation of the ethanol, methanol and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014; 3(7): 571- ethyl acetate extracts of six Cassia species. 576. International Journal of Pharma and 49. Sripriya D. Antimicrobial activity of Biosciences 2012; 3(2): p260-p270. Cassia tora Linn. (Leaf) against some 55. Veerchari U, Bopaiah AK. Preliminary human pathogenic microbes. Biolife phytochemical evalution of the leaf extract Journal 2014; 2(3): 747-752. of five Cassia species. Journal of 50. Sufiyan A, Rodge K, Sangle V, Salunke N, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Bankar V. Pharmacognostical and 2011; 3(5): 574-583. phytochemical investigation on leaves of 56. Vijayrekha P, Sangottaiyan N, Noorjahan Cassia obtusifolia Linn. International A, Ambiga S. In vitro antioxidant potential

Journal of Research in Ayurveda and and phytochemical study on flower and Pharmacy 2011; 2(2): 512-514. leaves of Cassia auriculata. International 51. Sujatha V, Kathirvel A. Phytochemical Journal of Current Science Research 2015; studies of Cassia occidentalis Linn. 1(6): 135-146. Flowers and seeds in various solvent 57. Vyas A, Sarin R. Efficacy of leaf extracts extract. International Journal of of Cassia angustifolia for antimicrobial Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical activity and phytochemical analysis. Research 2011-2012; 3(4): 95-101. International Journal of Pharma and 52. Usman WA, Jada MS, Abdulazeez MBL. Bioscience. 2013; 4(3): B713-B718. Crude extract of leaf and stem bark of

April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, 2 April, 2017, Vol. 8, Issue, -

IJPBA, March IJPBA,

20 © 2010, IJPBA. All Rights Reserved.