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Eu Member States in Agri-Food World Markets: Current Competitive Position and Perspectives

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Eu Member States in Agri-Food World Markets: Current Competitive Position and Perspectives This document was requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. AUTHORS12 CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier, Michel Petit Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Zuzana Krístková Institute for Food and Resource Economics, University of Bonn, Thomas Heckelei Pellervo Economic Research PTT, Helsinki, Kyösti Ilmari Arovuori, Perttu Pyykkönen Università degli Studi di Napoli - ‘Federico II’, Fabian Capitanio Universitat Politècnica de València, José-María García Álvarez-Coque, Raúl Compés- López, Victor Martínez-Gómez ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE Albert Massot Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies European Parliament B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE Catherine Morvan LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE PUBLISHER To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] Manuscript completed in April 2014. © European Union, 2014. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy. 1 Contact: Jose-María García-Álvarez-Coque, Email: [email protected], address: Economics and Social Science Department, Universitat Politècnica de València ETSIAMN Building 3B, Camino de Vera s/n 46022. Valencia, Spain. 2 The authors are grateful to Ms Emma Santarremigia Casañ and Ms Lorena Tudela Marco (Universitat Politècnica de València) for their collaboration, to Ms Kelly Szorady for verifying the manuscript and to Dr Debra Westall (UPV) for carefully editing the final document. DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT EU MEMBER STATES IN AGRI-FOOD WORLD MARKETS: CURRENT COMPETITIVE POSITION AND PERSPECTIVES STUDY Abstract This report assesses the competitive position of the European Union (EU) agri-food sector in the world market by examining the influence and scope of policies affecting competitiveness. Considering recent Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) changes, the method combines a value-chain approach with trade performance indicators, surveys of stakeholders, case studies and policy assessment. While the EU has recently evolved from being a net importer to a net exporter of agri-food products, the report explores the existing weaknesses in the EU’s competitive position in agri-food international markets, focusing on internal and external policy actions aimed at creating value. IP/B/AGRI/IC/2013_128 APRIL 2014 PE 514.006 EN EU Member States in agri-food world markets: current competitive position and perspectives _________________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF BOXES 9 LIST OF FIGURES 9 -LIST OF TABLES 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13 1. GENERAL OVERVIEW 21 1.1. Introduction 21 1.2. Competitiveness in the agri-food value chain 23 1.3. A positive balance in the world market 25 1.4. Some weaknesses remain 28 2. ANALYSIS OF EU-28 AND MEMBER STATE TRADE IN WORLD MARKETS 31 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Total agri-food trade in the EU-28 Member States 32 2.3. Meat 35 2.4. Milk and dairy products 36 2.5. Vegetables 37 2.6. Fruits and nuts 37 2.7. Cereals 38 2.8. Milling industry products 40 2.9. Oilseeds 40 2.10. Animal and vegetable fats 41 2.11. Sugar and sugar confectionery 41 2.12. Preparations of cereals 42 2.13. Preparations of vegetables 42 2.14. Beverages, spirits and vinegar 43 3. KEY DETERMINANTS OF TRADE COMPETITIVENESS 47 3.1. A Prospective Survey 47 3.2. The scope for agricultural productivity 55 3.3. Coordination in the value chain 58 3.4. Innovation 61 3.5. CAP assessment 64 3 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies __________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.6. Trade negotiations 74 4. CASE STUDIES 79 4.1. Cereals and cereal-based food chain 79 4.2. Dairy sector 83 4.3. Beef sector 85 4.4. Fruits and vegetables 89 4.5. Olive oil 91 4.6. Wine 94 5. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND STRATEGIC RECOMMENDATIONS 99 5.1. Imbalances in general economic performance 99 5.2. Agri-food competitiveness 100 5.3. EU political position on global competitiveness 101 5.4. The need for balanced regulation 101 5.5. A balanced and ambitious CAP 102 5.6. Trade policies 103 5.7. Innovation challenges 105 REFERENCES 107 ANNEXES 115 4 EU Member States in agri-food world markets: current competitive position and perspectives _________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific States AMIS Agricultural Market Information System APHIS USDA’s Animal and Plant Health and Inspection Service ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China BSE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy CAP Common Agricultural Policy CIHEAM Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes/International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies CMO Common Market Organisation COGECA General Confederation of Agricultural Cooperatives in the European Union COPA Committee of Professional Agricultural Organisations CTS Consolidated and Tariff Schedule Database EAFRD European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development EC European Commission EFA Ecological Focus Area EIP European Innovation Partnership EMA European Model of Agriculture EMS Export Market Share EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament ERA-NET Network that coordinates national and regional research programmes under the European Research Area EU European Union F&V Fruits and vegetables FACCE-JPI Joint Research Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change 5 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies __________________________________________________________________________________________ FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAPRI Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute FARM Fondation pour l’Agriculture et la Ruralité dans le Monde/Foundation for World Agriculture and Rurality FDI Foreign Direct Investment FTA Free Trade Agreement GCI Global Competitiveness Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GI Geographical Indications GMO Genetically Modified Organisms GPTAD Global Preferential Trade Agreements Database GTA Global Trade Alert HS Harmonised System IATRC International Agricultural Trade Research Council IDB Integrated Database IFCN International Farm Comparison Network IMTSS International Merchandise Trade Statistics Section IOC International Olive Council IOF Investor-owned firms IPC International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council IPR Import Penetration Rate ITC International Trade Centre LAG Local Action Group MADB Market Access Database MP Member of Parliament NAPC National Agricultural Policy Center NEI Net Export Index NSP National Support Programmes NTM Non-Tariff Measures OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OIV International Organisation of Vine and Wine 6 EU Member States in agri-food world markets: current competitive position and perspectives _________________________________________________________________________________________ PDO Protected Designation of Origin PGI Protected Geographical Indication PO Producer organisations PTA Preferential Trade Agreement R&D Research and Development R&D&I Research, Development and Innovation RASFF Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed SFC Support for Farmers’ Cooperatives SMC Southern Mediterranean Countries SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures SUSTAINMED Sustainable agro-food systems and rural development in Mediterranean Partner Countries TAB Trade Analysis Branch TAO Tariff Analysis Online TFP Total Factor Productivity TRAINS Trade Analysis and Information System TRQ Tariff-Rate Quota TSG Traditional Speciality Guaranteed TTIP Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership UN United Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNSD United Nations Statistics Division UPV Universitat Politècnica de València/Polytechnic University of Valencia US/USA United States of America USDA United States Department of Agriculture WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization WITS World Integrated Trade Solution WTO World Trade Organization 7 Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies __________________________________________________________________________________________ 8 EU Member States in agri-food world markets: current competitive position and perspectives _________________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF BOXES Box 1. Trade indicators of competitiveness 31 Box 2. The role of business R&D in agriculture 63 Box 3. The ‘Bali Package’ 76 Box 4. Impact of bilateral agreements on a sensitive meat sector 78 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. An eclectic framework for EU agri-food competitiveness 25 Figure 2. Distribution of extra-EU28 exports by value. Average 2002-2012 33 Figure 3. Evolution of EMS and NEI for the EU-28, 2002-2012. Total agri-food trade 34 Figure 4. Evolution of EMS for the EU-28, 2002-2012, agri-food chapters 34 Figure 5. Evolution of EMS for the EU-28
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