DOCSLIB.ORG

Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova Final Report September 2017 PADECO Co., Ltd. TASK Co., Ltd. Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova Final Report Contents 1. Outline of Study ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Study Background and Objective ............................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Background...................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Objective ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Target Areas and Estimated CP Agencies .......................................................... 1 1.1.4 Survey Contents ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Report Structure....................................................................................................... 4 2. Agricultural Sector Trend ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 The Current Status and Transition of Agricultural Sector .......................................... 5 2.1.1 The Position of Agriculture among Industries ................................................... 5 2.2 Agricultural Production and Market Trend ............................................................... 6 2.2.1 Outline of Primary Products ............................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Outline of Agri-food Processing Industry ....................................................... 31 2.3 Management Trends and Workforce ....................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Current Status of Management Style .............................................................. 42 2.3.2 Current Status and Business Ownership of Workforce .................................... 51 2.3.3 Issues of Management .................................................................................... 55 2.4 Status of Agricultural Technologies ........................................................................ 58 2.4.1 Current Status of Development, Transfer and Dissemination of Technologies .................................................................................................. 58 2.4.2 Cost Efficiency of Productions of Major Crops............................................... 66 3. Agricultural Policy .......................................................................................................... 82 3.1 Position of Agriculture in the National Development Plan ...................................... 82 3.2 Policy, Development Issue and Budget in Agricultural Sector ................................. 83 3.2.1 Moldova Agriculture and Rural Development Strategy 2014-2020 ................. 83 3.2.2 Progress of Policy and Development Issue ..................................................... 88 3.2.3 Governmental Expenditure for Agricultural Policy ......................................... 90 3.2.4 Regulation on Food Safety ............................................................................. 91 3.3 Legal and Taxation System in Agricultural Sector .................................................. 92 3.3.1 Major Legal System ....................................................................................... 92 3.3.2 Major Taxation System .................................................................................. 93 3.3.3 Incentive Program for Farmer......................................................................... 94 3.4 Organization Structure of Ministry and Public Agency related to Agriculture ......... 99 3.4.1 MoAFI ........................................................................................................... 99 3.4.2 NFSA .......................................................................................................... 103 3.4.3 AIPA ............................................................................................................ 105 3.4.4 2KR PIU ...................................................................................................... 107 3.4.5 NFFM .......................................................................................................... 109 3.4.6 AGROinform ............................................................................................... 110 3.4.7 Ministry of Economy and Infrastructure ....................................................... 112 3.4.8 MIEPO ........................................................................................................ 113 3.4.9 ODIMM ....................................................................................................... 114 i Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova Final Report 4. Current Status and Issue of Agricultural Sector .......................................................... 118 4.1 Current Status and Issues of Small-scale Farmers ................................................. 118 4.1.1 Survey Methodology .................................................................................... 118 4.1.2 Farming System ........................................................................................... 118 4.1.3 Engagement Style ........................................................................................ 132 4.1.4 Farming Environment .................................................................................. 136 4.1.5 Promotion of the Development of Agribusiness with HVCs .......................... 143 4.2 Agricultural Actor Analysis .................................................................................. 148 4.2.1 Actor Analysis ............................................................................................. 148 4.2.2 Current Status and Issues of Production and Processing ................................ 155 4.2.3 Current Status of and Issues of Distribution and Marketing .......................... 164 4.2.4 Current Status of the export Markets ............................................................ 181 5. Analysis of Assistance Trend of Development Partners ............................................... 198 5.1 Past Cooperation History of JICA/Japan .............................................................. 198 5.1.1 The Food Security Project for Underprivileged Farmers (formerly known as “2KR”) .................................................................................................... 198 5.1.2 Project for Effective Use of Biomass Fuel in the Republic of Moldova ......... 199 5.2 Assistance Trends of Other Development Partners ............................................... 199 5.2.1 EU ............................................................................................................... 199 5.2.2 USAID/MCC ............................................................................................... 201 5.2.3 WB .............................................................................................................. 202 5.2.4 FAO ............................................................................................................. 204 5.2.5 IFAD............................................................................................................ 207 5.2.6 Summary ..................................................................................................... 209 5.3 Evaluation of and Lessons Learned from WB project “MAC-P” ........................... 211 5.3.1 Overall Status and Evaluation ...................................................................... 211 5.3.2 Status and Evaluation of Each Component/Sub-component .......................... 211 5.3.3 Lessons Learned from MAC-P ..................................................................... 213 6. JICA’s Assistance Scenario Suggested by the JICA Survey Team .............................. 214 6.1 Assistance Scope ................................................................................................. 214 6.2 Assistance Scenario ............................................................................................. 216 ii Data Collection Survey on Agriculture Sector in Moldova Final Report List of Tables Table 1-1: Work Schedule ......................................................................................................... 3 Table 2-1: GDP in Agriculture and Industry ............................................................................... 6 Table 2-2: Transition of Agricultural Production (2012-2014) .................................................... 7 Table 2-3: Land Use in Moldova ............................................................................................... 7 Table 2-4: Sown Areas of Main Crops ....................................................................................... 8 Table 2-5: Average Yield per ha of Agricultural Crops ............................................................... 9 Table 2-6: Plantations and Orchards ........................................................................................ 12 Table 2-7: Table Walnut Production in Moldova 2008 - 2015................................................... 15 Table 2-8: Number of Animals per Category of Producers ....................................................... 17
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environment & Resource Efficiency
    Environment & Resource Efficiency LIFE PROJECTS 2014 LIFE Environment Environment EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE-GENERAL LIFE (“The Financial Instrument for the Environment and Climate Action”) is a programme launched by the European Commission and coordinated by the Environmen t and Climate Action Directorates-General . The Commission has delegated the implementation of many components of the LIFE programme to the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME). The contents of the publication “Environment & Resource Efficiency LIFE Projects 2014” do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions of the European Union. HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s representations or delegations. You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Priced publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union): • via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/others/ agents/index_en.htm). Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 ISBN 978-92-79-47116-2 ISSN 1977-2319 doi:10.2779/01257 © European Union, 2015 Reuse authorised.
    [Show full text]
  • Skills for Smart Specialisation in Moldova
    SKILLS FOR SMART SPECIALISATION IN MOLDOVA Understanding and managing skills as a key resource for growth and competitiveness Report drafted by Vera Chilari and Corina Gribincea for the European Training Foundation. The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ETF or the EU institutions. © European Training Foundation, 2021 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was drafted, for the European Training Foundation (ETF), by Vera Chilari and Corina Gribincea. ETF specialists Eva Jansova, Cristina Mereuta and Pirita Vuorinen provided methodological guidance and written contributions. The research would not have been possible without the excellent collaboration and contribution of the National Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Research, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Social Protection, and the National Employment Agency. For this, the ETF is grateful. The ETF and the research team thank all stakeholders interviewed for the purpose of this study, including public institutions, business associations, companies, professional associations and workers. SKILLS FOR SMART SPECIALISATION IN MOLDOVA | 3 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 Policy context 6 1.2 Research steps 6 1.3 Moldova – the second pilot country 7 2. METHODOLOGY 10 2.1 Module 1. Skills assessment for the two priority areas 12 2.2 Module 2. Relatedness of qualifications, occupations and skills 15 2.3 Module 3. Assessment and anticipation of the training offer and training needs for selected subsectors 17 2.4 Limitations and considerations revealed by testing in Moldova 17 3. ECONOMIC CONTEXT AND THE ROLE OF SMES IN MOLDOVA 19 3.1 Socio-economic context 19 3.2 Innovation context 20 3.3 The role of SMEs 23 3.4 Employment by occupation and level of education 27 4.
    [Show full text]
  • WCC Moldova Partnership Program Report on Activities for 2003-2004
    WCC Moldova Partnership Program Report on activities for 2003-2004 Chisinau, 2005 Content I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 3 1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION ........................................................................................................... 3 2. POPULATION ................................................................................................................................ 4 3. CHURCHES REPRESENTED ........................................................................................................ 4 II. MOLDOVA PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMME ............................................................................. 7 1. BRIEF HISTORY OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................... 7 2. MOLDOVAN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM INITIATIVES 2003-2004. ..................................... 10 III. SUMMARY OF PROJECT REPORTS ..................................................................................... 17 1. SOCIAL PROTECTION HUB ...................................................................................................... 17 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ............................................................................................................. 17 PARTNERS’ INITIATIVES IMPLEMENTED: ............................................................................................. 18 MO/002 -Soup Kitchen for elderly people ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UNCTAD's National Green Export Review
    UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT National Green Export Review of the Republic of Moldova: Walnuts, honey and cereals REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Photos credit: ©Fotolia.com Photos credit: © 2018, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development This work is available open access by complying with the Creative Commons licence created for intergovernmental organizations, available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designation employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This document has not been formally edited. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2018/6 WALNUTS, HONEY AND CEREALS iii Contents Figures ....................................................................................................................................................iv Tables .....................................................................................................................................................iv Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................v
    [Show full text]
  • Can Moldova Stay on the Road to Europe
    MEMO POL I CY CAN MOLDOVA STAY ON THE ROAD TO EUROPE? Stanislav Secrieru SUMMARY In 2013 Russia hit Moldova hard, imposing Moldova is considered a success story of the European sanctions on wine exports and fuelling Union’s Eastern Partnership (EaP) initiative. In the four separatist rumblings in Transnistria and years since a pro-European coalition came to power in 2009, Gagauzia. But 2014 will be much worse. Moldova has become more pluralist and has experienced Russia wants to undermine the one remaining “success story” of the Eastern Partnership robust economic growth. The government has introduced (Georgia being a unique case). It is not clear reforms and has deepened Moldova’s relations with the whether Moldova can rely on Ukraine as a EU, completing a visa-free action plan and initialling an buffer against Russian pressure, which is Association Agreement (AA) with provisions for a Deep and expected to ratchet up sharply after the Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). At the start Sochi Olympics. Russia wants to change the Moldovan government at the elections due in of 2014, Moldova is one step away from progressing into a November 2014, or possibly even sooner; the more complex, more rewarding phase of relations with the Moldovan government wants to sign the key EU. Implementing the association agenda will spur economic EU agreements before then. growth and will multiply linkages with Moldova’s biggest trading partner, the EU. However, Moldova’s progress down Moldova is most fearful of moves against its estimated 300,000 migrant workers in the European path promises to be one of the main focuses Russia, and of existential escalation of the for intrigue in the region in 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics and Branch Structure of Water Consumptions in the Republic of Moldova
    DOI 10.1515/pesd-2017-0036 PESD, VOL. 11, no. 2, 2017 DYNAMICS AND BRANCH STRUCTURE OF WATER CONSUMPTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Bacal Petru, Burduja Daniela1 Keywords: river basins, water use, agriculture, household Abstract. The purpose of this research consists in the elucidation of spatial and branch aspects of the water use in the river basins of Republic of Moldova.The main topics presented in this paper are: 1)the dynamics of water use; 2)spatial and branch profile of water use and its dynamics: 3) existing problems in the evaluation and monitoring of water use. To achieve these objectives were used traditional methods of geographical and economic research. Also, the content of the present study is focused on the methodology to elaborate the management plans of hydrographical basins and their chapters on economic analysis of water use in the river basin. of Republic of Moldova. INTRODUCTION The hydrographical network of the Republic of Moldova comprises 2 hydrographic districts (HD): Dniester and Prut-Danube-Black Sea (PDBS), which includes 4 drainage basins, including the rivers Dniester, Prut, Danube rivers and rivers, which are flowing directly into the Black Sea. The last two drainage basins form the Danube-Black Sea Hydrographical Space (DBS HS), which together with the Prut river basin form the second hydrographic district – PDBS (figure 1). Within the boundaries of the Republic of Moldova, the Dniester river basin occupies an area of 19.2 thousand km²,which is more than ¼ (26.5%) of the total area,over 72 thousand km²,
    [Show full text]
  • Coe/EU Eastern Partnership Programmatic
    CoE/EU Eastern Partnership Programmatic Co-operation Framework (PCF) 2015-2017 Project on “Strengthening the efficiency, professionalism and accountability of the judiciary in the Republic of Moldova” Launching of the court coaching programme on implementation of CEPEJ tools in the pilot courts of the Republic of Moldova LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Date: 04 September 2015, 10:00 – 17:00 Venue: Complexul turistic “Vatra”, or. Vadul-lui-Vodă, Parcul Nistrean Name, Surname, Title 1. Mr Jose-Luis Herrero, Head of Council of Europe in Chisinau 2. Mr Leonid Antohi, Project Coordinator, Council of Europe 3. Mr Ivan Crnčec, CEPEJ member (Croatia) 4. Mr Frans Van Der Doelen, CEPEJ member (The Netherlands) 5. Mr Fotis Karayannopoulos, Lawyer, CEPEJ expert (Greece) 6. Mr Jaša Vrabec, National Correspondent to the CEPEJ (Slovenia) 7. Mr Ruslan Grebencea, Senior Project Officer, Council of Europe in Chisinau 8. Mr Dumitru Visterniceanu, Superior Council of Magistracy 9. Mrs Palanciuc Victoria, Administration of courts Division, Ministry of Justice 10. Mrs Vitu Natalia, Head of judicial statistics service within the Department of Justice Administration, Ministry of Justice 11. Ms Lilia Grimalschi, Head of Department of analysis and enforcement of ECtHR Judgments, Ministry of Justice 12. Mr Oleg Melniciuc, President of Riscani District Court 13. Mrs Zinaida Dumitrasco, Head of the Secretariat, Riscani District Court, mun. Chisinau 14. Mrs Mocan Natalia, Head of generalization and systematization of judicial practice Service, Riscani District Court 15. Ms Eugenia Parfeni, Head of Department for systematization, generalization of judicial practice and PR, Riscani District Court 16. Mr Dvurecenschii Evghenii, judge, Cahul Court of Appeal 17. Mrs Hantea Svetlana, Head of Secretariat, Cahul Court of Appeal 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Moldova MOLDOVA
    Moldova I.H.T. MOLDOVA HOTELS●MOTELS●INNS BALTI LIDOLUX BALTI,Republic of Moldova,Tel:373 231 78405,[email protected], http://www.lidolux.md/en CHISINAU ARIA HOTEL CHISINAU,Tel:373 22 999 171, [email protected], http://ariahotel.md BERD'S DESIGN HOTEL CHISINAU,Tel:373 22 022222, [email protected], http://berdshotel.com BEST WESTERN PLUS FLOWERS HOTEL,Chisinau,Moldova, Tel:373 22 26 02 02,Fax:373 22 27 72 44,[email protected], http://www.hotelflowers.md/index.php/en CITY PARK HOTEL,Chisinau, Tel:373 22 249 249,Fax:373 22 272 766, [email protected], http://citypark.md CLUB ROYAL PARK HOTEL CHISINAU,Tel:373 69 908886, [email protected], http://clubroyalpark.md CODRU HOTEL, Tel.: +373 22 208104,fax: +373 22 237948, e-mail: [email protected], www.codru.md Country Dialling Code (Tel/Fax): ++373 Department of Tourism: 80 August 31 str. Chisnau 2012 Tel: 2-578241 Fax: 2578308 Capital: Chisinau Time: GMT + 2 Chisinau, Moldova, Background: Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Phone:373 22 400 400, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru (Dnister) River supporting the Slavic majority population (mostly Ukrainians and Russians) who have Fax: 373 22 400 444, proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. [email protected], Location: Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania Map References: Commonwealth of Independent States http://www.nobil.md total: 33,843 sq km land: 33,371 sq km water: 472 sq km Area: Climate: moderate
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Response and Recovery Monthly Bulletin March 2021
    COVID-19 Response and Recovery Monthly Bulletin March 2021 The Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator / United Nations Moldova can be contacted at the following email address [email protected] or phone number (+373 22) 220 045 1 COVID-19 Epi and Health situation update (Data as at 31 March unless stated otherwise) The total number of COVID-19 cases in the country The number of new cases has grown substantially has continued to accelerate and reached 230,241 at during March and reached a 7-day average of the end of March. The number increased further on 1,465 at the end of March compared to 1,291 at the first day of April and now stands at 231,756. the beginning of the month. The number of active cases increased for the first The 7-day average for the number of deaths increased few weeks of March and started to decrease substantially in March and currently stands at 42.71. towards the end of the Month. The number of The total number of deaths was 4,960 at the end of active cases at the end of March stood at 17,429. March and exceeded 5,000 on the first day of April. United Nations in the Republic of Moldova UN Moldova Monthly Bulletin - March 2021 | 2 The average number of very serious cases Overall, fifty-nine percent of all cases have been increased steadily in March, reaching 345 during recorded among women and 41% among men. the week of March 22-28. The total number of However, the proportion of all deaths between hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at the end of the two groups are approximately equal (50% the month was 4,167, out of which 331 were in each).
    [Show full text]
  • Smallholders and Family Farms in the Republic of Moldova
    Regional TCP on Empowering Smallholders and Family Farms (TCP/RER/3601) Smallholders and family farms in the Republic of Moldova Country study report 2019 Regional TCP on Empowering Smallholders and Family Farms (TCP/RER/3601) Smallholders and family farms in the Republic of Moldova Country study report 2019 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Budapest, 2020 Regional TCP on Empowering Smallholders and Family Farms (TCP/RER/3601) Smallholders and family farms in the Republic of Moldova Country study report 2019 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Budapest, 2020 Required citation: FAO. 2020. Smallholders and family farms in the Republic of Moldova. Country study report 2019. Budapest. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9836en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-132976-4 © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode).
    [Show full text]
  • Vulnerability Assessment ( Executive Summary)
    Executive Summary A project "Reducing vulnerability to extreme floods and climate change in the Dniester River basin" was one of EExxeeccuuttiivvee the pilot projects under the program of adaptation to climate change in the transboundary basins, carried out in accordance with the UNECE SSuummmmaarryy Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. The Convention is considering the climate change not only as a challenge to mankind, but also as one of the drivers of trans- boundary cooperation, which can be the starting point in activities to im- prove relations between the riparian countries. A joint analysis of prob- lems, priorities and solutions as the determining factor of transboundary cooperation, defined the agenda and methods to execute the task of a pro- ject. Harmonization of efforts of the executors from Ukraine and Moldova, as well as used means, models and scenarios, information exchange and the increased using of results of re- searches, projects and programs in the field of a studied problem have determined the format and content of a present report. 1 Executive Summary 1. Methodological approaches to assessment of vulnerability The assessment of vulnerability to climate change of the Dniester River basin is based on the Concept of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007a) which provides differentiation between three main components of vulnerability: expo- sure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Exposure in this triad is determined by nature, magnitude and the rate of climate change represented by the long-term observed or expected changes in the climatic conditions. Sensitivity determines the extent to which the system is sensitive, positive or negative, to the direct or indirect impact of climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • Blackbook-Eng-2020-Web1.Pdf
    OF PUBLIC MONEY WASTE IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 2020 CHIȘINĂU 2020 Coordinators: Petru Macovei Sergiu Boghean Translation: Liliana Ursu Proofreading and editing: Judy Goldman Authors: Victor Moșneag Anatolie Eșanu Julieta Saviţchi Tatiana Djamanov Lilia Zaharia Constantin Celac Tudor Iașcenco Nicolae Cușchevici Felicia Creţu Layout: Angela Ivanesi Chișinău 2020 This work was published by the Regional Office East and Southeast Europe of Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom (Sofia, Bulgaria) with the financial support of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany as part of the program “Expanding Cooperation with Civil Society in the Eastern Partnership Countries and Russia.” Neither the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom nor the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany are responsible for the content of this publication. The opinions expressed therein are exclusively those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom or of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Germany. This publication may be reproduced, stored or sent in any form or by any means only with the written permission of the publisher. Any questions on its reproduction in conditions other than those mentioned should be addressed to the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom at [email protected] Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naționale a Cărții Black Book of public money waste in Republic of Moldova, 2020 / Victor Moșneag, Anatolie Eșanu, Julieta Saviţchi [et al.] ; coordinators: Petru Macovei, Sergiu Boghean ; translation: Liliana Ursu ; Regional Office East and Southeast Europe of Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom (Sofia, Bulgaria), Asociaţia Presei Independente.
    [Show full text]