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Evoking Genocide Scholars and Activists Describe the Works That Shaped Their Lives

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Evoking Genocide Scholars and Activists Describe the Works That Shaped Their Lives Evoking Genocide Scholars and Activists Describe the Works That Shaped Their Lives Edited by Adam Jones The Key Publishing House Inc. Copyright © 2009 Adam Jones All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First Edition 2009 The Key Publishing House Inc. Toronto, Canada Website: www.thekeypublish.com E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978–0–9782526–9–4 paperback Cover design and typesetting Olga Lagounova Indexer Jennifer South Printed and bound in ....... This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully sustained forest sources. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Evoking genocide : scholars and activists describe the works that shaped their lives/editor, Adam Jones. — 1st ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-9782526-9-4 1. Genocide. 2. Genocide — Psychological aspects. 3. Genocide in literature. 4. Genocide in art. 5. Scholars — Biography. 6. Social reformers — Biography. 7. Political activists — Biography. I. Jones, Adam, 1963– HV6322.7.E96 2009 364.15’1 C2009–900699–5 Published in association and grant from The Key Research Centre (www.thekeyre- search.org). The Key Publishing promotes mutual understanding, respect and peaceful coexistence among the people of the world. We represent unique and unconventional voices whose objective is to bring tolerance, peace, harmony, and happiness to our human society. The Key Publishing House Inc. www.thekeypublish.com Table of Contents Page Preface Adam Jones 1 “All My Inner Self Protested” Raphael Lemkin 5 Lost Worlds John M. Cox 8 (Diego Rivera, “La Gran Tenochtitlán”) The Wound at the Heart of the World Christopher Powell 11 (The Mission) “A Bargain Indeed” Ward Churchill 18 (Buffy Sainte-Marie, “My Country ’Tis of Thy People You’re Dying”) The Westering Holocaust Benjamin Whitmer 23 (Cormac McCarthy, Blood Meridian) My Grandfather’s Testimony Sara Cohan 27 Werfel, Musa Dagh, William Schabas 32 and the Armenian Genocide (Franz Werfel, The Forty Days of Musa Dagh) “The Desire to Communicate Nina Krieger 35 Something of My Torment” (Armin T. Wegner: photographs and letters ) Warning: Here There Be Experts Benjamin Lieberman 43 (Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey) Conspiracy of Silence Ani Kalayjian 45 (Voices from the Lake) Discovering the Haitian Massacre Edward Paulino 49 (The Norweb communiqué) Page Where It All Began Paul R. Bartrop 55 (Stefan Lorant, I Was Hitler’s Prisoner) Documenting Torture Joseph Robert White 58 in the Early Nazi Camps (Karl Schwesig, Schlegelkeller) Sexuality and Genocide Jack Nusan Porter 65 (Magnus Hirschfeld) The Multiple Meanings of Lidice Atenea Acevedo 70 (Monument to the Child Victims of War) A Boy Who Refused to Grow Up, Michael Hayse 73 and One Who Did (Günter Grass, The Tin Drum) A Tale of Two Children Diane F. Afoumado 77 (Hans Peter Richter, Mon Ami Frédéric) The Attic and the Imagination Jina Moore 80 (Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl) Lessing’s Wisdom Viktoria Hertling 84 (Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Nathan the Wise) Not the Holocaust Memorial Pam Maclean 87 (Or-Sarua Synagogue, Vienna) The Processes of Destruction Joyce Apsel 91 (Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews) The Look of Terror Robert Skloot 94 (The Shop on Main Street) The Role of the Bystander Fred Grünfeld 97 (Elie Wiesel, “The Town Beyond the Wall”) Page “Revisiting Again and Steven L. Jacobs 101 Again the Kingdom of Night” (Elie Wiesel, Night) Will Only the Darkness Remain? John K. Roth 104 (Elie Wiesel, Night) The Holocaust as the Holocaust Jonathan C. 108 (The Grey Zone) Friedman Keeping Memory Alive Henry Maitles 114 (Primo Levi) Identity and Contested Authenticity Dominik J. Schaller 118 (Binjamin Wilkomirski, Fragments) The Language of Klemperer Jens Meierhenrich 123 (Victor Klemperer, LTI: Lingua Tertii Imperii) Trauma and Transcendence William L. Hewitt 130 (Viktor E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning) On Visiting the Auschwitz Museum Jacques Semelin 134 (State Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau) At the Wall Alexander George 138 (Judy Ellis Glickman, “Execution Wall”) “The Wealth of All Humanity” Donna-Lee Frieze 140 (Train of Life) Confronting the Porrajmos Fiona de Londras 143 (Alexander Ramati, And the Violins Stopped Playing) There’s No Place Like Home Simone Gigliotti 146 (The Illustrated Auschwitz) Page Genocide and the Shock Process Stephen C. Feinstein 149 in Conceptual Art (Zbigniew Libera, LEGO Concentration Camp) The Moral Capital of the World Winton Higgins 153 (Weapons of the Spirit) “You and I, We Must Change the World” Helen Bond 157 (Raphael Lemkin, photographed by Hans Knopf) Eichmann, Mulisch and Me G. Jan Colijn 162 (Harry Mulisch, De Zaak) Ugliness and Distance Eric Gordy 164 (Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem) Color Plates I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX 169 Eichmann on the Playground Patricia Klindienst 179 (TV coverage of the Eichmann Trial) Morality, Indifference, and Evil Ernesto Verdeja 185 (Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth) Journey through Denial John C. Zimmerman 189 (Walter Sanning, The Dissolution of Eastern European Jewry) At Seventeen Lee Ann Fujii 193 (Amnesty International, Cambodia photo exhibition) Beyond Good and Evil Scott Laderman 196 (The Killing Fields) The Horror Stefanie Rixecker 199 (Apocalypse Now) Page Apocalypse Soon Adam Jones 203 (Midnight Oil, “Hercules”) The Question of the Act Lior Zylberman 208 (The Act in Question) Photography, Memory, and Denial Marcia Esparza 212 (Jonathan Moller, photographs from Guatemala) Images of Impunity Victoria Sanford 218 (Guatemala crime scene photos) A Reluctant Genocide Activist Thomas Nagy 223 (US Defense Intelligence Agency document) Children’s Photos Daniel H. Magilow 227 (Early photos of Saddam Hussein and Adolf Hitler) The Face of Genocide Donna-Lee Frieze 230 (Photo by Ron Haviv, from “Blood and Honey”) The Death of “King” Habyarimana Christopher C. 232 (Cartoon in Kangura, Rwanda) Taylor A Simple Task Shayna C. Parekh 238 Greg Barker (dir.), Ghosts of Rwanda (2004) “Never Again,” Again David C. Simon 243 (Pablo Picasso, “Guernica”; Dachau and Kigali memorials) Dili on Fire Russell Schimmer 246 (Landsat photo of East Timor) Different Kinds of People Wendy C. Hamblet 250 (American History X) Page “The Enemy We Seek To Destroy” R. Charli Carpenter 255 (“I, Borg,” episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation) Brotherhood Alex Hinton 260 (Octavio Paz, “Hermandad”) “A Single Child” Eric Reeves 262 (Paul Jeffrey photo; Ursula K. Le Guin, “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas”) About the Cover Image 265 About the Editor 266 Contributors 267 My Grandfather’s Testimony Sara Cohan My engagement with human rights, and specifically with the issue of genocide, began in an intensely personal way at a young age. My father is Jewish and my mother Armenian: enough said. My family’s history on both sides is marred, slashed, pulverized by the genocides of the twentieth century. I joke with friends that I should marry a Cambodian, Rwandan, or maybe a Ukrainian, to ensure that my child, like me, will be raised with a morbid subtext of genocide permeating an otherwise healthy and privileged childhood. My father’s family history with regard to the Holocaust was vague to me at best. A branch of our family tree was lost forever in the Shoah. But the specific experiences of those who died were subsumed by the intense desire of my paternal grandparents to assimilate in the United States. They died many years ago, and took all the clues to the fate of my great-aunts and great-uncles with them. My mother’s side was a little different. My maternal grandfather, Garo Aivazian, was a survivor of the Armenian Genocide. I spent a great deal of time with him until his death in 2005. It was not his intention to make me an activist by sharing his testimony about genocide with me. In fact, he very much wanted me to be an “American,” and not to be bothered with past events. He was a psychiatrist, and was always trying to broach sensitive subjects with me in a way he felt would help me to lead a happy and well-adjusted life. I do live as my grandfather wanted me to, but at the same time, I cannot quite be an “all-American girl” as he desired. As a child, I learned that much of the maternal side of my family had been killed in the Armenian Genocide; my grandfather had survived against the odds. What I did not know were the details of his life in the Ottoman Empire: the names of the villages our family had resided in for hundreds of years; the personal anecdotes about those who had not escaped — people we would have known as aunties and uncles, held reunions with, celebrated marriages and births with, mourned deaths with. The bare bones of my family history in tow, I seized every opportunity to write school papers and create projects on the Armenian genocide. I regularly asked my grandfather about his own experiences, and received 27 28 MY GRANDFATHER’S TESTIMONY Garabed Aivazian (courtesy Sara Cohan). the same succinct answers I had become accustomed to over the years. I pep- pered my research papers with odd facts about famous Armenian-Americans, but my understanding of the genocide was basic at best. I remember excitedly coming across Peter Balakian’s poetry at the local library. Sitting in the book EVOKING GENOCIDE 29 stacks, I read again and again Balakian’s poem “History of Armenia,” which juxtaposed life in East Orange, New Jersey, with the intimate experiences of his grandmother’s experience during the Armenian genocide.
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