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Ensayo De Germinación in Situ De Phyllis Nobla L. Y Cedronella

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Ensayo De Germinación in Situ De Phyllis Nobla L. Y Cedronella ENSAYOS DE GERMINACIÓN IN SITU DE Phyllis nobla L. Y Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. EN ÁREAS INCENDIADAS DE GARAJONAY C.1 RESTAURACIÓN ECOLÓGICA DE LOS HÁBITATS QUEMADOS DE LOS BOSQUES DE LAURELES MACARONÉSICOS 9360 Y BREZALES MACARONÉSICOS ENDÉMICOS 450 EN EL PARQUE NACIONAL DE GARAJONAY “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis en Garajonay” C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 2 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” Elaboración: María Gómez Melini Técnico de campo Proyecto LIFE+ Garajonay Vive (LIFE13 NAT/ES/000240) Dirección técnica del trabajo: Ángel B. Fernández López Director Conservador del P.N. de Garajonay Colaboradores: Ángel García Hernández (Tragsa) Ramón Chinea Cruz (Tragsa) San Sebastián de La Gomera, 30 de noviembre de 2016 C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 3 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 4 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” ÍNDICE 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS .................................................. 7 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN ...................................................................... 9 2. CARACTERÍSTICAS BIOLÓGICAS DE Phyllis nobla L. y Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. ................................................ 10 3. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO y METODOLOGÍA ....................................... 12 4. RESULTADOS y DISCUSIÓN ................................................. 19 4.1 Respecto a los ensayos de germinación con Phyllis nobla (L) . 19 4.2 Respecto a los ensayos de germinación con Cedronella canariensis (L) Webb & Berthel. .............................................. 24 5. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................... 28 6. REFERENCIAS ...................................................................... 29 ANEXO .................................................................................... 30 Tablas de datos ..................................................................... 31 C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 5 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 6 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS El 4 de agosto de 2012 se producía en la isla de La Gomera, de forma intencionada, el peor incendio forestal de las últimas décadas en las Islas Canarias, desde el punto de vista ecológico. Se trata del incendio conocido que ha afectado a mayor superficie de bosques de laurisilva en Canarias, incluyendo importantes superficies de bosques centenarios de gran valor ecológico. La superficie total incendiada ascendió a 3.613,78 has., afectando a 7 ZECs en un 32,55% de su superficie. La superficie afectada en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay fue de 741,7 has., lo que supone el 18,76% de su superficie. El incendio ha tenido gravísimas repercusiones ambientales como consecuencia de la destrucción de extensas masas de vegetación, principalmente bosques antiguos de laurisilva incluidos en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay, declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Asimismo afectó directamente a numerosas poblaciones de especies amenazadas, produjo una gran pérdida de suelos de gran calidad, y ha supuesto un grave deterioro de las funciones de captación de agua y regularización del ciclo hidrológico de los bosques, de los que depende la isla para su suministro de agua. El objetivo general del proyecto LIFE+ “Garajonay Vive” (LIFE13 NAT/ES/000240) es apoyar al proceso de regeneración natural de las zonas afectadas por el incendio y el desarrollo e implantación de las medidas necesarias para reducir el riesgo de que se produzcan nuevos incendios. Para la consecución de este objetivo, se están ejecutando en una primera fase una serie de actuaciones encaminadas a obtener unas bases de conocimiento que permitan ir optimizando el rendimiento de las estrategias. Una de ellas, enmarcada dentro de las acciones de conservación C.1 “Restauración Ecológica de los hábitats quemados de los bosques de laureles macaronésicos 9360 y brezales macaronésicos endémicos 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay”, ha consistido en la realización de C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 7 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” siembras de dos especies propias del sotobosque afectado por el incendio. Las especies elegidas fueron Phyllis nobla L. y Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth. y las siembras fueron realizadas en hábitats quemados con dificultad de regeneración con el objeto de crear focos de dispersión, para contribuir a la recuperación de sus poblaciones y el cortejo florístico de los hábitats. C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 8 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN La ecología vegetal española ha tenido tradicionalmente un fuerte sesgo hacia el estudio de la vegetación. Gran parte de los esfuerzos se han dedicado a la descripción, mediante análisis multivariante, de los tipos de vegetación y su relación con los factores ambientales. Mientras, otra parte muy considerable de científicos se han esforzado en nombrar y clasificar hasta la más pequeña mancha del “tapiz vegetal” (Marañón, 1995). Comprender la ecología de los bancos de semilla en el suelo es crucial para explicar la dinámica de las poblaciones y comunidades vegetales que conforman el sotobosque del Monteverde gomero. Además, en el caso que nos ocupa, son una herramienta muy útil para conocer técnicas de manejo tras grandes perturbaciones como la provocada por el gran incendio de 2012. Así, la gestión adaptativa con ensayo de diferentes alternativas contribuye a la adaptación y puesta a punto de criterios y tecnologías de restauración para los hábitats quemados de laurisilva, especialmente de hábitats maduros y de gran valor científico. Por esta razón, se seleccionaron dos zonas de Monteverde húmedo de ladera y meseta con haya (Lauro novocanariensis-Perseetum indicae facies de Morella faya) afectadas por el gran incendio de 2012, donde se delimitaron pequeñas parcelas en las que se sembraron herbáceas típicas del sotobosque de esta formación vegetal, aplicando dos técnicas de siembra a voleo distintas. El seguimiento y análisis posterior nos ha permitido seleccionar las mejores técnicas a emplear en actuaciones futuras en este tipo de bosques tan vulnerables. C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 9 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” 2. CARACTERÍSTICAS BIOLÓGICAS DE Phyllis nobla L. y Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berthel. Phyllis es un género con siete especies de plantas fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia Rubiaceae. Phyllis nobla L. es una especie herbácea endémica de la región macaronésica que puede encontrarse en Canarias y en el archipiélago de Madeira. Se conoce como "capitana", y en Canarias está presente en todas las islas menos Lanzarote y Fuerteventura. Subarbusto pequeño, glabro o pubescente, se caracteriza por sus hojas enteras, de lanceoladas a ovadas, no pegajosas, patentes o suberectas y agudas. Flores hermafroditas o polígamas, blanquecinas, pequeñas, en panículas laxas, terminales y axilares. Cáliz con cinco dientes en las flores masculinas; bidentado en las hermafroditas. Corola 5-partida. Estilo bífido. Pedicelos fructíferos péndulos. Fruto seco, negro, dividiéndose en 2 secciones indehiscentes, monospermas. Foto 1. Phyllis nobla L. Cedronella es un género monotípico de plantas con flores perteneciente a la familia Lamiaceae. Su única especie, Cedronella canariensis (L) Webb & Berthel., es un endemismo macaronésico presente en Canarias, Madeira y en la isla de Santa María en las Islas Azores. Se conoce como “algaritofe” o “garitopa”. “Cedronella” como nombre C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240 10 “Ensayos de germinación in situ de P. nobla y C. canariensis” genérico, es una adaptación de la palabra italiana “citronell” que hace alusión al aroma a limón que desprenden las hojas al frotarlas. En Canarias está presente en todas las islas menos Lanzarote y Fuerteventura. Herbácea perenne, a veces leñosa por la base. Dentro de las lamiáceas se diferencia claramente por sus hojas trifoliadas y hojuelas lanceoladas, glabras por el haz, pubescentes por el envés; los bordes serrados. Corola rosada, bilabiada; inflorescencias en forma de denso capítulo terminal de flores rosadas. Estambres iguales o ligeramente más largos que la corola. Foto 2. Cedronella canariensis (L.) Webb & Berth. C.1 Restauración ecológica de los hábitats quemados 9360 y 450 en el Parque Nacional de Garajonay LIFE+ Garajonay Vive. LiFE13 NAT/ES/000240
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