UNCLASSIFIED (b) (3)-P.L. 86-36 The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley This story may be only 80 percent true. The rest is State Department codes, and he began to try to solve somewhat doubtful because of incomplete records and them. According to his own account, written later,2 it the fallibility of human memory, and because the took him less than two hours to solve a 500-word story attempts to trace the career of a man who was message to President Wilson from Colonel Edward M. by all odds the most colorful, controversial, enigmatic House, the president's adviser and confidant, then in figure in the history of American cryptology. He Europe. That he, a mere dabbler in cryptology, could worked as a cryptanalyst for three countries, was so easily read the president's private communications commended by the U.S. government for his cryptan­ both amazed and appalled Yardley. He was now more alytic achievements, then saw the same government than ever determined to become a cryptologist: he summarily abolish his organization and, with it, his would devote his life to improving the security of job. For later publicly revealing his successes in America's communications and solving the codes of cryptanalysis and secret writing, he was generally other countries. Studying U.S. codes was, of course, acclaimed by the press but reviled by the cryptologic a simple matter, since they passed through his hands community. every day. As for foreign codes, they came to him 3 He wrote melodramatic spy novels and radio pro­ through "friendly connections previously established. " grams, and traveled the country speaking on cryptology He later explained what that meant: "I knew most of and espionage. He hobnobbed with movie stars, famous the telegraph operators in Washington, and got some authors, a future presidential candidate, and a future of them to steal a few coded diplomatic messages of 4 prime minister and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize. various governments; these I practiced on. " In 1917, He played championship golf; he played winning poker he submitted a 100-page memorandum titled" Solution all his life and wrote a best-selling book on the subject. of American Diplomatic Codes," which resulted in a Motivated, probably, by bitterness and a need for new method of encoding State Department messages. money, he apparently sold cryptanalytic secrets to a This system, too, he solved, but by then the United foreign power, with results that, together with his States had declared war on Germany, and Yardley was other exposes, affected the course of U.S. cryptology preparing for bigger things. for the next decade. Maven of the American Black Chamber Herbert Osborn Yardley 1 was born on 13 April 1889 in Worthington, Indiana, the second of four children. On 29 June 1917, Yardley was commissioned a first After graduation from high school, where he excelled lieutenant in the Signal Officers' Reserve Corps. On 5 in sports and debate and was president of his class, July he was ordered to active duty as head of M.1.8, he became, like his father, a railroad telegraph oper­ the cryptologic organization of Military Intelligence. ator. He took a year of English at the University of Known both as the Code and Cipher Section and the Chicago before becoming, in late 1912, a $900-per­ Cipher Bureau, M.1.8 (Military Intelligence Branch, year code clerk and telegrapher in the State Depart­ Section 8) operated initially at the Army War College ment's code room. There, while working the night in Washington with only Yardley and two civilian shift, he became interested in the construction of clerks. During the next two years, as it gradually UNCLASSIFIED 5 UNCLASSIFIED for the record shows a steady flow of decipherments back to the State Department. Many of these mes­ sages, as well as those intercepted by Army radio units, were to and from Mexico, a fact reflecting America's preoccupation with that country during the early 1900s. From the Navy came morse traffic from the powerful longwave station at Nauen, near Berlin. Some of this was intercepted by ships, for example, the U.S. S. San Diego, and some by the quaintly named "Listening-In Stations," one of which was located at City College in New York. The FBI sent Yardley such things as a suspicious message written on a postcard addressed to San Francisco. Similar material was forwarded to M.I.8 by the U.S. Postal Censorship organization. As its responsibilities increased, the Cipher Bureau was organized into five subsections-Code and Cipher Compilation, Communications, Shorthand, Secret Ink, and Code and Cipher Solution. At its peak-in No­ \ vember 1918, the last month of the war-M.1.8 had 151 people: 18 officers, 24 civilian cryptographers, and 109 typists and stenographers. 5 One of the civilian employees was the poet Stephen Vincent Benet, who served in November 1918 for seven days. 6 He was but one of many famous people with whom Yardley would Lieutenant Yardley in 1917 or early 1918. be associated during the next forty years. Captain Yardley spent the last few months of the war in Europe, observing the work of the British and French cipher bureaus and learning their methods of expanded, Yardley's organization moved several times solving enemy codes and ciphers. After the Armistice, to various locations in Northwest Washington, D. C. he remained in Paris to head a small cryptologic M.l.8 was responsible for examining and, if possible, support group attached to the American delegation to reading all secret communications corning to the at­ the Peace Conference. On his return to the United tention of the War, Navy, State, and Just ice Depart­ ments, Postal Censorship, and other official and semi­ States, in April 1919, he found demobilization in full official agencies. In addition, Yardley began a course swing and M.1.8 being rapidly dismantled. Convinced of inst ruction in cryptology for new people roming into of the necessity of maintaining a peacetime cryptologic the organization. capability in the government, Yardley encouraged the Most of M.l.8's material came from the War and Director of Military Intelligence in his efforts to State Departments. The latter, under provisions of establish a "permanent organization for code and the wartime censorship laws, had access to all messages cipher work" to be funded jointly by the War and carriPd by the commercial telegraph and cable com­ State Departments. The supporting arguments-prob­ panies. The rest of Yardley's material camp from radio ably written by Yardley-claimed that M.1.8 had, intercept and surveillance of overseas and domestic during the past eighteen months, read almost 11, 000 muil. Typical of the requests made of "Yardley's messages in 579 systems. This was in addition to "the bureau," as it was later known, is a letter of 8 enormous number of personal codes and ciphers sub­ February 1918 from Leland Harrison, Ottlce of the mitted by the Postal Censorship" and the letters Counselor at the State Department, which reads: examined for secret writing; these were said to number "Dear Mr. Yardley: I beg to enclose herewith copies 2,000 per week for several months. The section was of two ~uspicious telegrams, and would appreciate your also said to have compiled cipher tables and code making an effort to ascertain their content,;." In most books and to have trained military attaches, code cases. lw was apparently able to read th<· messages, clerks, and cryptographers. 6 LJNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED The arguments for a permanent cryptologic organi- Acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk approved the zation were summed up this way: plan on 17 May 1919, followed two days later by Army If it is worth while to know exactly what instructions foreign Chief of Staff Peyton C. March. M. I. 8, later to become powers give to their representatives at Washington, it is famous as the American Black Chamber, 8 was now important to maintain M.I.8 with a sufficient personnel in time of peace. If the impressions and opinions of diplomatic repre­ officially in business as a permanent, peacetime sentatives at other capitals and the instructions they receive as organization. to attitudes and actions are of importance for the maintenance of peace, the cheapest, indeed the only, way to keep constantly The Move to New York and promptly informed on these matters is to preserve M.1.8 During the summer of 1919, Yardley, now a major, 9 with a suitable personnel. Intimate knowledge of the true sentiments and intentions of other nations may often be an moved his organization to a four-story brownstone at important factor in determining whether we are to have peace 3 East 38th Street, just off Fifth Avenue and across or war. 7 the street from the Bonwit Teller department store. The plan called for a code and cipher bureau to be Just why he left Washington is not known with headed by Yardley and staffed by fifty civilians. certainty. The generally accepted reason was given by Yardley's salary was to be ~,000 per year. There Yardley: "I was told," he said, "that there was a joker would be twenty-five "code and cipher experts," ten of in the Department of State special funds: they could whom would be paid $3,000 each; the other fifteen not legally be expended within the District of Colum­ would each receive $2,000. There would be twenty-five bia. " 10 Nothing in the existing records confirms this, clerks at $1,200. The proposed annual budget was and Yardley himself later gave another reason for the $100,000, of which $40,000 would come from the State move: it was necessary, he said, to get away from Department.