DOCSLIB.ORG

Pre Feasibility Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pre Feasibility Report PRE FEASIBILITY REPORT OF BAINIBASA GRAPHITE MINING AND BENEFICIATION PROJECT OVER AN AREA OF 58.704 HECTS IN VILLAGE: BAINIBASA, PO: BHAIRABAGADA, TAHASIL: MUNIGUDA, DIST: RAYAGADA IN THE STATE OF ODISHA OF M/S. PRADHAN INDUSTRIES. AT BAINIBASA GRAPHITE MINING LEASE OF 58.704 HA. IN VILLAGE: BAINIBASA, PO: BHAIRABGUDA, PS / TAHASIL: MUNIGUDA, OF DISTRICT: RAYAGADA, ODISHA-765020 M/S. PRADHAN INDUSTRIES TELENGA BAZAR, CUTTACK TABLE OF CONTENTS Sl. Page CONTENTS No. No. 1 CHAPTER 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 3 CHAPTER 2 - INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT 5 4 2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT & PROJECT PROPONENT 5 5 2.2 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NATURE OF THE PROJECT 6 2.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY 6 6 AND/OR REGION. 7 2.4 DEMAND – SUPPLY GAP 7 8 2.5 IMPORTS VS. INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION. 7 9 2.6 EXPORT POSSIBILITY 8 10 2.7 DOMESTIC / EXPORT MARKETS 8 2.8 EMPLOYMENT GENERATION (DIRECT AND INDIRECT) DUE TO THE 11 8 PROJECT. 12 2.9 FINANCIAL WELLBEING :- 10 13 CHAPTER 3 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION 11 3.1 TYPE OF PROJECT INCLUDING INTERLINKED AND INTERDEPENDENT 14 11 PROJECTS, IF ANY. 3.2 LOCATION (MAP SHOWING GENERAL LOCATION, SPECIFIC 15 LOCATION, AND PROJECT BOUNDARY & PROJECT SITE LAYOUT) 11 WITH COORDINATES. 3.3 DETAILS OF ALTERNATE SITES CONSIDERED AND THE BASIS OF SELECTING THE PROPOSED SITE, PARTICULARLY THE 16 12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS GONE INTO SHOULD BE HIGHLIGHTED. 17 3.4 SIZE OR MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION. 12 3.5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION WITH PROCESS DETAILS (A SCHEMATIC 18 DIAGRAM/ FLOW CHART SHOWING THE PROJECT LAYOUT, 13 COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ETC. SHOULD BE GIVEN) 3.6 RAW MATERIAL REQUIRED ALONG WITH ESTIMATED QUANTITY, 19 LIKELY SOURCE, MARKETING AREA OF FINAL PRODUCTS, MODE OF 19 TRANSPORT OF RAW MATERIAL AND FINISHED PRODUCT. 3.7 RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION / RECYCLING AND REUSE ENVISAGED IN 20 21 THE PROJECT, IF ANY, SHOULD BE BRIEFLY OUTLINED. 3.8 AVAILABILITY OF WATER ITS SOURCE, ENERGY /POWER 21 25 REQUIREMENT AND SOURCE SHOULD BE GIVEN. 3.9 QUANTITY OF WASTES TO BE GENERATED (LIQUID AND SOLID) AND 22 26 SCHEME FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT / DISPOSAL. 23 3.10 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE FEASIBILITY DRAWING 27 1 WHICH GIVE INFORMATION OF EIA PURPOSE. 24 CHAPTER 4 - SITE ANALYSIS 28 25 4.1 CONNECTIVITY 28 26 4.2 LAND FORM, LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP 28 27 4.3 TOPOGRAPHY 29 28 4.4 EXISTING LAND USE PATTERN 29 29 4.5 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE 30 30 4.6 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 30 31 4.7 CLIMATIC DATA FROM SECONDARY SOURCE 30 31 4.8 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABLE 30 32 CHAPTER 5 - PLANNING BRIEF 32 5.1 PLANNING CONCEPT (TYPE OF INDUSTRIES, FACILITIES, 33 TRANSPORTATION ETC) TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING / 32 DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY CLASSIFICATION 34 5.2 POPULATION PROJECTION 32 35 5.3 LAND USE PLANNING (BREAKUP ALONG WITH GREEN BELT ETC). 33 36 5.4 ASSESSMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND (PHYSICAL & SOCIAL) 34 37 5.5 AMENITIES / FACILITIES 34 38 CHAPTER 6 - PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE 35 39 6.1 INDUSTRIAL AREA (PROCESSING AREA) 35 40 6.2 RESIDENTIAL AREA (NON-PROCESSING AREA) 35 41 6.3 GREEN BELT 35 42 6.4 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 36 6.5 CONNECTIVITY (TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ROAD/ RAIL/ 43 36 METRO/ WATER WAYS ETC.) 44 6.6 DRINKING WATER MANAGEMENT (SOURCE & SUPPLY OF WATER) 37 45 6.7 SEWERAGE SYSTEM 37 46 6.8 INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 37 47 6.9 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 37 48 6.10 POWER REQUIREMENT & SUPPLY / SOURCE 38 49 CHAPTER 7 - REHABILITATION & RESETTLEMENT 40 50 CHAPTER 8 - PROJECT SCHEDULE AND COST ESTIMATES 41 8.1 LIKELY DATE OF START OF CONSTRUCTION AND LIKELY DATE OF 51 41 COMPLETION (TIME SCHEDULE FOR THE PROJECT TO BE GIVEN) 8.2 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST ALONG WITH ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF 52 42 ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT 53 CHAPTER 9 - ANALYSIS OF PROPOSAL (FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS) 53 2 PRE – FEASIBILITY REPORT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bainibasa Graphite Ore Mining Lease is located over an area of 58.704 hectares in Village: Bainibasa, PS/Tahasil: Muniguda, District: Rayagada, Odisha and can be located in the Survey of India Toposheet Nos. E44F6 (65 M/6) and E44F10 (65 M/10) which are in the 1:50,000 scale. As per the authenticated DGPS survey (Geo referenced survey), the mining lease area is bounded within the latitudes 19°38'47.05944"N to 19°38'08.76103"N and longitude 83°30'14.78115"E to 83°29'38.19861"E. The mining lease has been granted & executed by the Govt. of Odisha, Department of Steel & Mines, Bhubaneswar vide proceeding no. 379/SM dated 10.01.2017 for a period of 50 (Fifty) years in favour of M/s. Pradhan Industries. The lease deed has been subsequently signed and registered for 50 years by the Collector, Rayagada and the lessee, M/s. Pradhan Industries on 11.01.2017. The mining lease has been accorded Forest Clearance u/s 2(iii) of the FC Act, 1980 whereby the entire forest area coming within the lease area has been granted as a lease to the lessee. The applicant is in the process of receiving approval for Forest Diversion of a part of the forest area coming within the lease premises u/s 2(ii) of the FC Act, 1980. The applicant is also in the process of acquiring surface right and surface permission over the non-forest Government land and tenanted land. Once approval of the MoEF has been received by the lessee for Environment Clearance and Forest Clearance of the project area, the lessee intends to apply for Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate under the Air & Water Act for establishment of the beneficiation plant and to complete preliminary mining development activities. Water and Electricity permissions will be taken from competent authority in the due course and any safety approvals if needed will be taken for operationalization of the mining cum beneficiation project. Various mining operations such as excavation, loading and transportation will be practiced in proposed Bainibasa opencast graphite ore mine. Mineable resource of graphite ore is of the order of 134,736 T as per the mining plan. As per the mining plan during first five years, 61,824t ore will be extracted while the remaining resource of 134,736 t – 61,824 t = 72,912 t will be extracted within a period of 5.49, say 6 years on the basis of 13,272 t / annum. This figure is however likely to change with in-depth prospecting of the mineralized zone to reassess the mineable ore reserves of the lease. 3 ROM graphite ore can’t be used directly in the industry and hence, it will be beneficiated inside the lease area at the mine pithead beneficiation plant by way of froth flotation to (a) produce graphite concentrate and to (b) generate value less sand at the tail end of the process called tailings. These tailings can however be sold after getting due permissions from the necessary authorities as this is an excellent substitute for clay less river sand used in construction purposes. Since the surrounding area doesn’t have any assured source of clay less sand, hence the tailings can also be a saleable product from the mining lease. As per the analysis report, grade of graphite ore varies from 0.64% to 13.43% F.C. Threshold value of flaky graphite declared by IBM is of 2% Fixed Carbon (abbreviated as F.C) content and cut-off grade of the mine is 3% F.C. content. Hence, graphite ore containing +3% F.C is considered as beneficiable ore and remaining graphite ore containing +2-3% F.C is considered as sub-grade ore. Average F.C. content is calculated to be 6.23% F.C. after considering the six samples out of eight from which the grade of the ROM has been determined. Beneficiable ROM graphite ore will be beneficiated in the M.L area. Sub-grade / mineral rejects will be stacked temporarily and beneficiated subsequently along with beneficiable ore in lean period. A Beneficiation plant of capacity 30 TPH is proposed with three stage operation, such as Rougher Section, a Cleaner Section and Scavenger Section, each consisting of Ball Mill, Agitator and Floatation Chambers. The throughput of 13272TPA will be processed to get final beneficiated output of 841 TPA of graphite with 85% FC and 65% FC respectively. The total make-up water requirement in the mine as well as in beneficiation plant will be about 60 m3 / day. This water will be sourced from bore well, water harvesting pond & nala within the mining lease area equipped with pumping arrangement. The mine shall get dedicated power supply from SOUTH CO through 11KVA distribution line to obtain 400 KVA of power supply. Overburden shall be used for construction purposes such as retaining wall, etc and the rest shall be dumped at the earmarked dumping site inside lease premises. Topsoil shall be preserved for a period of one year at earmarked dumping site and shall be used for plantation in safety zone and in and around plant premises to create wind barrier around the beneficiation plant. The project is expected to provide direct employment to 58 people inside the lease premises. Moreover the project is expected to provide indirect employment to a large number of people in and around the project area. Since the project is located in a scheduled area, the project is expected to provide majority of the employment to Tribal population of the area. Moreover since the project includes a beneficiation plant and high end open cast mining via use of sophisticated mining equipment.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A History of Tailings1
    A HISTORY OF MINERAL CONCENTRATION: A HISTORY OF TAILINGS1 by Timothy c. Richmond2 Abstract: The extraction of mineral values from the earth for beneficial use has been a human activity- since long before recorded history. Methodologies were little changed until the late 19th century. The nearly simultaneous developments of a method to produce steel of a uniform carbon content and the means to generate electrical power gave man the ability to process huge volumes of ores of ever decreasing purity. The tailings or waste products of mineral processing were traditionally discharged into adjacent streams, lakes, the sea or in piles on dry land. Their confinement apparently began in the early 20th century as a means for possible future mineral recovery, for the recycling of water in arid regions and/or in response to growing concerns for water pollution control. Additional Key Words: Mineral Beneficiation " ... for since Nature usually creates metals in an impure state, mixed with earth, stones, and solidified juices, it is necessary to separate most of these impurities from the ores as far as can be, and therefore I will now describe the methods by which the ores are sorted, broken with hammers, burnt, crushed with stamps, ground into powder, sifted, washed ..•. " Agricola, 1550 Introduction identifying mining wastes. It is frequently used mistakenly The term "tailings" is to identify all mineral wastes often misapplied when including the piles of waste rock located at the mouth of 1Presented at the 1.991. National mine shafts and adi ts, over- American. Society for Surface burden materials removed in Mining and Reclamation Meeting surface mining, wastes from in Durango, co, May 1.4-17, 1.991 concentrating activities and sometimes the wastes from 2Timothy c.
    [Show full text]
  • Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility Or Ethnographic Aberration?
    Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration? T. O. PRYCE AND S. NATAPINTU introduction Laterites deposits (orlateriticsoilsastheyarealsocalled)arefrequently reported in Southeast Asia, and are ethnographically attested to have been used for the smelting of iron in the region (Abendanon 1917 in Bronson 1992:73; Bronson and Charoenwongsa 1986), as well as in Africa (Gordon and Killick 1993; Miller and Van Der Merwe 1994). The present authors do not dispute this evidence; we merely wish to counsel cautioninitsextrapolation.Modifyingour understanding of a population’s potential to locally produce their own iron has immediate ramifications for how we reconstruct ancient metal distribution net- works, and the social exchanges that have facilitated them since iron’s generally agreed appearance in Southeast Asian archaeological contexts during the mid-first millennium b.c. (e.g., Bellwood 2007:268; Higham 1989:190). We present this paper as a wholly constructive critique of what appears to be a prevailingperspectiveonpre-modernSoutheastAsianironmetallurgy.Wehave tried to avoid technical language and jargon wherever possible, as our aim is to motivate scholars working within the regiontogivefurtherconsiderationtoiron as a metal, as a technology, and as a socially significant medium (e.g., Appadurai 1998; Binsbergen 2005; Gosden and Marshall 1999). When writing a critique it is of course necessary to cite researchers with whom one disagrees, and we have done this with full acknowledgment that in modern archaeology no one person can encompass the entire knowledge spectrum of the discipline.1 The archaeome- tallurgy of iron is probably on the periphery of most of our colleagues’ interests, but sometimes, within the technical, lies the pivotal, and in sharing some of our insights we hope to illuminate issues of benefit to all researchers in Metal Age Southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 11 Applications of Ore Microscopy in Mineral Technology
    CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS OF ORE MICROSCOPY IN MINERAL TECHNOLOGY 11.1 INTRODUCTION The extraction of specific valuable minerals from their naturally occurring ores is variously termed "ore dressing," "mineral dressing," and "mineral beneficiation." For most metalliferous ores produced by mining operations, this extraction process is an important intermediatestep in the transformation of natural ore to pure metal. Although a few mined ores contain sufficient metal concentrations to require no beneficiation (e.g., some iron ores), most contain relatively small amounts of the valuable metal, from perhaps a few percent in the case ofbase metals to a few parts per million in the case ofpre­ cious metals. As Chapters 7, 9, and 10ofthis book have amply illustrated, the minerals containing valuable metals are commonly intergrown with eco­ nomically unimportant (gangue) minerals on a microscopic scale. It is important to note that the grain size of the ore and associated gangue minerals can also have a dramatic, and sometimes even limiting, effect on ore beneficiation. Figure 11.1 illustrates two rich base-metal ores, only one of which (11.1b) has been profitably extracted and processed. The McArthur River Deposit (Figure I 1.1 a) is large (>200 million tons) and rich (>9% Zn), but it contains much ore that is so fine grained that conventional processing cannot effectively separate the ore and gangue minerals. Consequently, the deposit remains unmined until some other technology is available that would make processing profitable. In contrast, the Ruttan Mine sample (Fig. 11.1 b), which has undergone metamorphism, is relativelycoarsegrained and is easily and economically separated into high-quality concentrates.
    [Show full text]
  • ITP Mining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry: Chapter 4: Iron
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry 4 Iron The chemical element iron is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust and the second most abundant metal. About five percent of the Earth's crust is composed of iron. The metal is chemically active and is found in nature combined with other elements in rocks and soils. In its natural state, iron is chemically bonded with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, or sulfur in a variety of minerals. Forms of Iron Minerals, Ores, and Rocks Iron occurs mainly in iron-oxide ores. Some ores are a mixture of minerals rich in iron. Other iron ores are less rich and have a large number of impurities. The most important iron ore- forming minerals are: • Magnetite - Magnetite (Fe3O4) forms magnetic black iron ore. There are large deposits of magnetite in Russia and Sweden. • Hematite - Hematite (Fe2O3) is a red iron ore. Hematite occurs in almost all forms, from solid rock to loose earth. It is the most plentiful iron ore and occurs in large quantities throughout the world. • Goethite - Goethite (Fe2O3.H2O), a brown ore, contains iron. • Limonite - Limonite (Fe2O3.H2O) is a yellow-brown iron ore. Limonite is a collective term for impure goethite and a mixture of hydrated iron oxides. Iron 4-1 Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry Taconite contains low-grade iron in fine specks and bands. It is an extremely hard and flinty - containing about 25 - 30 percent iron. The iron in taconite occurs principally as magnetite and hematite and finely dispersed with silica in sedimentary deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route
    metals Review Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route Ender Keskinkilic Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey; [email protected]; Tel.: +90-533-302-9510 Received: 16 July 2019; Accepted: 1 September 2019; Published: 3 September 2019 Abstract: The treatment of laterites has been a research hotspot in extractive metallurgy over the past decades. Industrially, the pyrometallurgical treatment of laterites is mostly accomplished with a well-established method, namely, the rotary kiln–electric arc furnace (RKEF) process, which includes three main operations—calcination, prereduction, and smelting—followed by further refining for the removal of impurities from the raw ferro-nickel. As indicated in many studies of the RKEF process, the major downside of this method is its high energy consumption. Efforts have been made to lower this consumption. Furthermore, several new processes have been proposed. Among these, low-grade ferro-nickel production is regarded as the most widely and industrially used process after traditional RKEF operation. Although not widespread, other alternative processes of industrial scale have been generated since the start of the millennium. Recently, certain innovative processes have been tested either in the laboratory or at pilot-scale. In this paper, a literature review related to the smelting of laterites is made, and an emphasis on new processes and some examples of new developments in the RKEF process are presented. Keywords: laterite; smelting; RKEF process; low-grade ferro-nickel 1. Introduction According to a review published by Diaz et al., oxide-type nickel ores accounted for 64% of land-based nickel ores, but more than 60% of nickel production was based on the matte smelting of sulfide ores in 1988 [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Driving Investments in Ore Beneficiation and Scrap Upgrading to Meet an Increased Demand from the Direct Reduction-EAF Route
    Mineral Economics https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-021-00267-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Driving investments in ore beneficiation and scrap upgrading to meet an increased demand from the direct reduction-EAF route Rutger Gyllenram1,2 & Niloofar Arzpeyma2 & Wenjing Wei1,2 & Pär G. Jönsson1 Received: 15 January 2021 /Accepted: 15 April 2021 # The Author(s) 2021 Abstract The pressure on the steel industry to reduce its carbon footprint has led to discussions to replace coke as the main reductant for iron ore and turn to natural gas, bio-syngas or hydrogen. Such a major transition from the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route, to the direct reduction-electric arc furnace route, for steel production would drastically increase the demand for both suitable iron ore pellets and high-quality scrap. The value for an EAF plant to reduce the SiO2 content in DRI by 2 percentage points and the dirt content of scrap by 0.3 percentage points Si was estimated by using the optimization and calculation tool RAWMATMIX®. Three plant types were studied: (i) an integrated plant using internal scrap, (ii) a plant using equal amounts of scrap and DRI and (iii) a plant using a smaller fraction of DRI in relation to the scrap amount. Also, the slag volume for each plant type was studied. Finally, the cost for upgrading was estimated based on using mainly heuristic values. A conservative estimation of the benefit of decreasing the silica content in DRI from 4 to 2% is 20 USD/t DRI or 15 USD/t DR pellets and a conservative figure for the benefit of decreasing the dirt in scrap by 0.3 percentage points Si is 9 USD/t scrap.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneficiation of Oil Shale by Froth Flotation: Critical Review
    Send Orders for Reprints to [email protected] The Open Mineral Processing Journal, 2014, 7, 1-12 1 Open Access Beneficiation of Oil Shale by Froth Flotation: Critical Review S., Al-Thyabat1,*, E. Al-Zoubi2, H. Alnawafleh1 and K. Al-Tarawneh1 1Department of Mining Engineering, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan 2Department of Chemistry - Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan Abstract: Oil shale beneficiation by froth flotation hasn’t received enough attention in the last two decades. The reason was the economics of the process as well as its environmental impact. However, the recent surge in oil price and recent developments in fine grinding technologies may improve the efficiency of oil shale beneficiation by such process. In this work, oil shale concentration by froth flotation technique was critically reviewed. It was found that most of the work was conducted by conventional mechanical flotation using non-ionic collector such as kerosene. Flotation has more pronounced effect on flotation of low grade oil shale; Almost 95% of ash forming minerals were removed to enrich oil shale concentrate by factor of 2-4 with 60-95 % kerogen recovery and approximately 50-300 % increase in oil yield (L/tonne) .Oil shale retorting economics showed that beneficiation reduced the capital cost for pyrolysis and fractionation by 250 % and spent shale disposal by 270%. However, these saving are offset by the cost of beneficiation (grinding, flotation, and dewatering). Therefore, the key for economical oil shale concentration process is the reduction of fine grinding costs. Keywords: Flotation, Oil shale, oil shale beneficiation. 1. INTRODUCTION matrix weight [9].
    [Show full text]
  • An Innovative Technique for Comprehensive Utilization of High Aluminum Iron Ore Via Pre-Reduced-Smelting Separation-Alkaline
    metals Article An Innovative Technique for Comprehensive Utilization of High Aluminum Iron Ore via Pre-Reduced-Smelting Separation-Alkaline Leaching Process: Part I: Pre-Reduced-Smelting Separation to Recover Iron Siwei Li, Jian Pan , Deqing Zhu *, Zhengqi Guo *, Yue Shi, Jianlei Chou and Jiwei Xu School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (J.P.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (J.X.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (Z.G.); Tel.: +86-135-0848-0691(D.Z.); +86-185-7313-1417 (Z.G.) Received: 22 November 2019; Accepted: 24 December 2019; Published: 28 December 2019 Abstract: In this study, a novel process was established for extraction of Fe and Al from a complex high aluminum iron ore (33.43% Fetotal and 19.09% Al2O3). The main steps in the proposed process included pre-reducing high alumina iron ore and subsequent smelting to produce pig iron and rich-alumina slag, followed by alkaline leaching of the slag to obtain sodium aluminate solution and a clean slag. When smelting the pre-reduced high alumina iron ore pellets at 1625 ◦C for 30 min with a slag basicity of 0.40, the pig iron yielded 97.08% Fe and extracted 0.13% Al2O3, together with an iron recovery of 94.54%. In addition, more than 68.93% Al2O3 was recovered by leaching the slag, which was achieved by firstly roasted the slag at 900 ◦C for 2 h and then alkaline leaching at 95 ◦C for 2 h with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and By-Products
    Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development January 2002 No. 24 The Life Cycle of Copper, its Co-Products and By-Products Robert U. Ayres, Leslie W. Ayres and Ingrid Råde This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 THE LIFE CYCLE OF COPPER, ITS CO-PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS Robert U. Ayres and Leslie W. Ayres Center for the Management of Environmental Resources INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance F-77305 Fontainebleau Cedex France and Ingrid Råde Physical Resource Theory Department School of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden With contributions from Roland Geyer Julia Hansson Donald Rogich Johan Rootzén Benjamin Warr R. U. Ayres et al The life cycle of copper, its co-products and byproducts ii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................1 1.1. The life cycle perspective ...........................................1 1.2. Historical background ..............................................5 1.3. Geology of copper .................................................7 1.4. Geology of lead and zinc ..........................................10 CHAPTER 2. COPPER: SOURCES AND SUPPLY ..............................12 2.1. Physical properties and chemistry ...................................12 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Smelting of Titaniferous Iron Ores from Alaska, Montana, and Wyoming
    RI bureau of mines 6 report of investigations 6497 ELECTRIC SMELTING OF TITANIFEROUS IRON ORES FROM ALASKA, MONTANA, AND WYOMING By Wesley T. Holmes II and Lloyd H. Banning 1 I UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF MINES 1964 --- ELECTRIC SMELTING OF TITANIFEROUS IRON ORES FROM ALASKA, MONTANA, AND WYOMING By Wesley T. Holmes II and Lloyd H. Banning 4+ 4 * 4 * * + *4 * report of investigations 6497 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Stewart L. Udall, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Marling J. Ankeny, Director The work on Wyoming titaniferous iron ore was done under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, and the General Services Administration. This publication has been cataloged as follows: Holmes, Wesley T Electric smelting of titaniferous iron ores from Alaska, Mon- tana, and Wyoming, by Wesley T. Holmes II, and Lloyd H. Banning. [Washington] U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines [1964] 23 p. illus., tables. (U. S. Bureau of Mines. Report of investiga- tions 6497) Based on work done in cooperation with the General Services Admini stration. 1. Iron-Electrometallurgy. 2. Iron ores-Alaska. 3. Iron ores- Montana. 4. Iron ores-Wyoming. I. Banning, Lloyd H., jt. auth. II. Title. IlI. Title: Titaniferous iron ores. (Series) TN23.U7 no. 6497 622.06173 U. S. Dept. of the Int. Library CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................ 1 Introduction ............................................................. 1 Acknowledgments... ...................... 4 Description of titaniferous samples...................................... 4 Beneficiation studies.................................................... 5 Laboratory beneficiation tests on Choteau ore....................... 6 Pilot-plant, wet-magnetic separation tests.......................... 6 Klukwan composite concentrate .................................. 7 Choteau pilot-plant concentrate .............................
    [Show full text]
  • Case Studies in Base Metal Processing and Beneficiation: Lessons from East Asia and the SADC Region
    DECEMBER 2015 RESEARCH REPORT 21 CASE STUDIES IN BASE METAL PROCESSING AND BENEFICIATION: LESSONS FROM EAST ASIA AND THE SADC REGION ROMAN GRYNBERG & KEDIBONYE SEKAKELA TRADE Concentrates Blister/ Refined Alloy Alloy Semis net /matte anode copper ingot metals trade MINING PRODUCTION FABRICATION Wire rod SX/EW Wire rod plant/ wire mill Mine Smelter Refinery Refined usage Semis supply Brass mill Foundry New scrap Chemicals Tailings By-prodcuts/ Low-grade slag/ashes residues Other plants SCRAP RECYCLING Scrap for Scrap for Hydromet Plant Direct melt Ingot maker smelting refining Including low grade Refined Scrap alloys SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) has a long and proud record as South Africa’s premier research institute on international issues. It is an independent, non-government think tank whose key strategic objectives are to make effective input into public policy, and to encourage wider and more informed debate on international affairs, with particular emphasis on African issues and concerns. It is both a centre for research excellence and a home for stimulating public engagement. SAIIA’s research reports present in-depth, incisive analysis of critical issues in Africa and beyond. Core public policy research themes covered by SAIIA include good governance and democracy; economic policymaking; international security and peace; and new global challenges such as food security, global governance reform and the environment. Please consult our website www.saiia.org.za for further information about SAIIA’s work. GOVERNANCE OF AFRICA’s RESOURCES PROGRAMME The Governance of Africa’s Resources Programme (GARP) oThe Governance of Africa’s Resources Programme (GARP) of the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) is funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Beneficiation of Rare Earth Minerals from Niobec Ore: Froth Flotation
    Beneficiation of Rare Earth Minerals from Niobec Ore: Froth Flotation Eileen Ross L. Espiritu Doctor of Philosophy Department of Mining and Materials Engineering McGill University Montreal, Quebec May 2018 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Eileen Ross L. Espiritu 2018 Dedication To my beloved mom and siblings. Whose love and support made me where I am today. To my dearest best friend and partner in life, Kelvin. Whose affection, love and encouragements made it possible for me to finish this work. Abstract Rare earth elements are the key components of the emerging green technologies such as wind turbines, hybrid vehicles and storage batteries. The expected increase in demand for rare earths and the export quota restriction that was imposed by China (the largest producer of rare earths) in 2008, have alarmed the rest-of-the-world consumers of rare earth elements. By 2025, the following rare earth elements: lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, dys- prosium, and terbium, are likely to be in short supply. This global demand can only be met with constant development of new mines outside of China. A number of advanced research projects outside China can be found in Canada. Among the projects in Canada, Niobec rare earth project of Magris Resources Inc. is found to contain the largest resource of rare earth elements with 1058.6 million tonnes at 1.73% total rare earth oxide (TREO). This corre- sponds to 18 million tonnes of TREO, which is almost half of China's rare earth elements reserve (43 million tonnes TREO).
    [Show full text]