DOCSLIB.ORG

Manual on MUTATION BREEDING THIRD EDITION

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manual on MUTATION BREEDING THIRD EDITION Manual on MUTATION BREEDING THIRD EDITION Print j-5109 E5 Cover Page 1.indd 1 22.05.18 10:13 Manual on Mutation Breeding Third Edition Edited by Spencer-Lopes, M.M. Forster, B.P. and Jankuloski, L. Plant Breeding and Genetics Subprogramme Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Vienna, Austria Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2018 DISCLAIMER Recommended citation FAO/IAEA. 2018. Manual on Mutation Breeding - Third edition. Spencer-Lopes, M.M., Forster, B.P. and Jankuloski, L. (eds.), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, Italy. 301 pp. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-130526-3 © FAO, 2018 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications- [email protected]. Cover photos credits: Shutterstock.com/Tefi, Khakimullin Aleksandr, Zketch, Vitalii Nesterchuk Joint FAO/IAEA Division CONTACT INFORMATION OF THE AUTHORS A. BADIGANNAVAR J.B. JANKOWICZ-CIESLAK Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory Division FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnologies Bhabha Atomic Research Center Laboratories Trombay Friedenstrasse 1 400 085, Mumbai, India A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] B.P. FORSTER L.JANKULOSKI BioHybrids International Limited Plant Breeding and Genetics Section P.O. Box 2411, Early Joint FAO/IAEA Division Reading RG6 5FY, United Kingdom P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5 Email: [email protected]; A-1400 Vienna, Austria [email protected] Email: [email protected] J.S. (Pat) HESLOP-HARRISON P. JANOS University of Leicester Deputy Manager Department of Biology Cereal Research Nonprofit Ltd. Adrian building Alsokikotosor 9. University Road Szeged 6726, Hungary Lei 7RH, Leicester, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] A. KODYM R. IBRAHIM University of Vienna Elite Scientific Instruments Sdn. Bhd Core Facility Botanical Garden & A-LG-03, Block A, Serdang Perdana Selatan Department of Pharmacognosy Section 1, 43300 Seri Kembangan Vienna, Austria Selangor, Malaysia Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] B. KUNTER I. INGELBRECHT Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK) Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory Sarayköy Nuclear Research and Training FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnologies Centre Laboratories Division of Agriculture, Ankara Turkey Friedenstrasse 1 Email: [email protected] A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria Email: [email protected] iii M. MATIJEVIC R. SANGWAN Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory Université de Picardie Jules Verne UFR FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnologies Sciences Laboratories Laboratoire EDYSAN-AEB, UMR 7058 Friedenstrasse 1 CNRS A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria 33, rue Saint Leu, 80000 Amiens France Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] C. MBA F. SARSU Food and Agriculture Organization of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Section United Nations (FAO) Joint FAO/IAEA Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5 I-00153 Rome, Italy A-1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] A. MUKHTAR ALI GHANIM M. SPENCER-LOPES Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory University CAD FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnologies Faculté des sciences et technologies Laboratories Dept. de biologie végétale Friedenstrasse 1 Dakar, Sénégal A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] I. SZAREJKO H. NAKAGAWA Department of Genetics Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. University of Silesia Central Research Laboratory Jagiellonska 28 5000, Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku 40-032 Katowice, Poland Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 434-8601 Japan Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] M. SZURMAN S. NIELEN Faculty of Biology and Environmental Plant Breeding and Genetics Section Protection Joint FAO/IAEA Division University of Silesia P.O. Box 100, Wagramer Strasse 5 Jagiellonska 28 A-1400 Vienna, Austria 40-032 Katowice, Poland Email:[email protected] Email: [email protected] S. PENNA W. THOMAS Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology The James Hutton Institute Division Invergowrie Bhabha Atomic Research Institute Dundee DD2 5DA Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India Scotland, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] iv B.J. TILL A. YASSIER University of Vienna Plant Genomics Department of Chromosome Biology Verdant Bioscience Vienna, Austria Galang Email: [email protected] North Sumatra, 20585, Indonesia Email: [email protected] v vi CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. PHYSICAL MUTAGENESIS 5 Spencer-Lopes, M.M., Jankuloski, L., Mukhtar Ali Ghanim, A., Matijevic, M., and Kodym, A. RADIATION TYPES AND SERVICES 5 X-rays 5 Gamma-rays 5 Ultraviolet light 11 Alpha particles 11 Beta particles 12 Particles from accelerators 12 Neutrons 12 Ion beam irradiation and ion beam implantation 13 Cosmic irradiation 14 Laser beam irradiation 14 RADIO-BIOLOGY 14 Absorption of ionizing radiation 14 Chemical effects of ionizing radiation: DNA damage and DNA repair 15 Lethal effects of ionizing radiation: DNA damage and repair 16 DOSIMETRY 16 Exposure and dose determination 17 Absorbed dose in irradiated targets 18 Dosimeters 19 OBJECTIVES AND TREATMENTS 23 Target plant materials 23 Irradiation treatments and conditions 25 RADIATION SENSITIVITY AND MODIFYING FACTORS 28 Environmental factors 28 Biological factors 30 PRE- AND POST-IRRADIATION TREATMENTS 31 Pre-treatment 31 vii Adjustment of seed water content 31 Post-irradiation storage 31 PROTOCOL FOR RADIO-SENSITIVITY TESTING 32 List of equipment, supplies and facilities needed 32 Radio-sensitivity testing procedure 34 STANDARD PROTOCOLS FOR SEED MUTAGENESIS USING X- 44 RAY IRRADIATORS Pre-treatment preparations of seed samples 44 Radiosensitivity tests 44 Irradiation treatment of the seeds 45 Post irradiation treatment and handling 47 PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF APPLICATIONS USING PHYSICAL 48 MUTAGENS SEED IRRADIATION SERVICES AT THE JOINT FAO/IAEA PLANT 49 BREEDING AND GENETICS LABORATORY OTHER MUTAGENS 49 CHAPTER 2. CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS 51 Ingelbrecht, I., Jankowicz-Cieslak, J., Szurman, M., Till, B.J., and Szarejko, I. MAIN CHEMICAL MUTAGENS 51 A1kylating agents 52 Sodium azide 53 Other chemical mutagens 54 MODE OF ACTION AND MUTATION SPECTRA 56 Alkylating agents 56 Sodium azide 57 GUIDELINES FOR CHEMICAL MUTAGENESIS 59 Target plant materials 59 Dose, dose determination and mutational load 61 Status of plant materials 62 Physico-chemical properties of chemical mutagens and mutagen solutions 63 Pre- and post-treatment procedures 64 Advantages and limitations of chemical mutagenesis 65 viii STORAGE, HANDLING AND DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES 66 OF CHEMICAL MUTAGENS Alkyl alkanesulphonates and alkyl sulphates 67 Nitroso compounds 68 Azides 69 EXAMPLES OF TREATMENT PROCEDURES 69 Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis of in vitro banana meristem 70 explants Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis treatment of barley seeds 74 Combined treatment of barley seeds with sodium azide and N-nitroso N- 77 methylurea Conclusion 81 CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF MUTATIONS 83 Nielen, S., Forster, B.P., and Badigannavar, A. PHENOTYPIC MUTANTS 83 GENOTYPIC MUTATIONS 84 Genome mutations 85 Gene mutations 94 Genes mutations expression at the trait level 95 PRACTICAL EXAMPLES 99 Example 1 - Selection of a single gene mutation: Ug99 rust resistance in 99 wheat Example 2 - Induced mutations for genetic improvement of quantitative 101 traits in sorghum CHAPTER 4. MUTAGEN EFFECTS IN THE FIRST 105 GENERATION AFTER SEED TREATMENT: BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MUTATION TREATMENTS Nielen, S., Forster, B.P., and Heslop-Harrison, J.S. (Pat) PLANT INJURY AND LETHALITY 105 CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS 107 Chromosome observations 109 The comet assay 109 Low dose stimulation 110 Effects on meiosis 111 ix STERILITY 111 CHIMERAS 112 SECONDARY EFFECTS: TRANSPOSON ACTIVATION 114 Examples of TE-induced mutations in plant breeding 115 CHAPTER 5. MUTATION BREEDING IN SEED PROPAGATED 119 CROPS: PARENTAL SELECTION,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mutation Breeding in Pepper S
    XA0101052 INIS-XA--390 Mutation Breeding Review JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA No. 4 March 1986 MUTATION BREEDING IN PEPPER S. DASKALOV* Plant Breeding Unit, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development, Seibersdorf Laboratory, IAEA, Vienna Abstract Pepper (Capsicum sp, ) is an important vegetable and spice crop widely grown in tropical as well as in temperate regions. Until recently the improvement programmes were based mainly on using natural sources of germ plasm, crossbreeding and exploiting the heterosis of F hybrids. However, interest in using induced mutations is growing. A great number of agronomically useful mutants as well as mutants valuable for genetic, cytological and physiological studies have been induced and described. Acknowledgements: The author expresses his gratitude to Dr. A. Micke, Head, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, FAO/IAEA Joint Division and to Dr. T. Hermelin, Head, Agriculture Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme, Seibersdorf Laboratory, for their critical review of the manuscript and valuable contributions. * Permanent Address: Institute of Genetics, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria 32/ 22 In this review information is presented about suitable mutagen treatment procedures with radiation as well as chemicals, M effects, handling the treated material in M , M and subsequent generations, and mutant screening procedures. This is supplemented by a description of reported useful mutants and released cultivars. Finally, general advice is given on when and how to incorporate mutation induction in Capsicum improvement programmes. INTRODUCTION Peppers are important vegetable and spice crops widely grown in tropical as well as in temperate regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Pho300007 Risk Modeling and Screening for Brcai
    ?4 101111111111 PHO300007 RISK MODELING AND SCREENING FOR BRCAI MUTATIONS AMONG FILIPINO BREAST CANCER PATIENTS by ALEJANDRO Q. NAT09 JR. A Master's Thesis Submitted to the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology College of Science University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City As Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY March 2003 In memory of my gelovedmother Mrs. josefina Q -Vato who passedaway while waitingfor the accomplishment of this thesis... Thankyouvery inuchfor aff the tremendous rove andsupport during the beautifil'30yearstfiatyou were udth me... Wom, you are he greatest! I fi)ve you very much! .And.. in memory of 4 collaborating 6reast cancerpatients who passedaway during te course of this study ... I e.Vress my deepest condolence to your (overtones... Tou have my heartfeligratitude! 'This tesis is dedicatedtoa(the 37 cofla6oratingpatients who aftruisticaffyjbinedthisstudyfor te sake offuture generations... iii This is to certify that this master's thesis entitled "Risk Modeling and Screening for BRCAI Mutations among Filipino Breast Cancer Patients" and submitted by Alejandro Q. Nato, Jr. to fulfill part of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology was successfully defended and approved on 28 March 2003. VIRGINIA D. M Ph.D. Thesis Ad RIO SUSA B. TANAEL JR., M.Sc., M.D. Thesis Co-.A. r Thesis Reader The National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology endorses acceptance of this master's thesis as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossbreeding Systems for Small Beef Herds
    ~DMSION OF AGRICULTURE U~l_}J RESEARCH &: EXTENSION Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas System FSA3055 Crossbreeding Systems for Small Beef Herds Bryan Kutz For most livestock species, Hybrid Vigor Instructor/Youth crossbreeding is an important aspect of production. Intelligent crossbreed- Generating hybrid vigor is one of Extension Specialist - the most important, if not the most ing generates hybrid vigor and breed Animal Science important, reasons for crossbreeding. complementarity, which are very important to production efficiency. Any worthwhile crossbreeding sys- Cattle breeders can obtain hybrid tem should provide adequate levels vigor and complementarity simply by of hybrid vigor. The highest level of crossing appropriate breeds. However, hybrid vigor is obtained from F1s, sustaining acceptable levels of hybrid the first cross of unrelated popula- vigor and breed complementarity in tions. To sustain F1 vigor in a herd, a a manageable way over the long term producer must avoid backcrossing – requires a well-planned crossbreed- not always an easy or a practical thing ing system. Given this, finding a way to do. Most crossbreeding systems do to evaluate different crossbreeding not achieve 100 percent hybrid vigor, systems is important. The following is but they do maintain acceptable levels a list of seven useful criteria for evalu- of hybrid vigor by limiting backcross- ating different crossbreeding systems: ing in a way that is manageable and economical. Table 1 (inside) lists 1. Merit of component breeds expected levels of hybrid vigor or het- erosis for several crossbreeding sys- 2. Hybrid vigor tems. 3. Breed complementarity 4. Consistency of performance Definitions 5. Replacement considerations hybrid vigor – an increase in 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of GMO Regulation in Australia
    plants Opinion Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of GMO Regulation in Australia Robert Redden RJR Agriculture Consultants, 62 Schier Drive, Horsham 340, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: Genetic engineering (GM) of crops, modified with DNA transfer between species, has been highly regulated for over two decades. Now, genome editing (GE) enables a range of DNA alterations, from single base pair changes to precise gene insertion with site-directed nucleases (SDNs). Past regulations, established according to the precautionary principle of avoiding potential risks to human health and the environment, are predicated on fears fanned by well-funded and emotional anti-GM campaigns. These fears ignore the safety record of GM crops over the last 25 years and the benefits of GM to crop productivity, disease and pest resistance, and the environment. GE is now superseding GM, and public education is needed about its benefits and its potential to meet the challenges of climate change for crops. World population will exceed 9 billion by 2050, and world CO2 levels are now over 400 ppm in contrast with a pre-industrial 280 ppm, leading to a projected 1.5 ◦C global warming by 2050, with more stressful crop environments. The required abiotic and biotic stress tolerances can be introgressed from crop wild relatives (CWR) into domestic crops via GE. Restrictive regulations need to be lifted to facilitate GE technologies for sustainable agriculture in Australia and the world. Keywords: genetic engineering; genome editing; regulation; climate change; precautionary principle Citation: Redden, R. Genetic Modification for Agriculture—Proposed Revision of 1. Introduction GMO Regulation in Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • PLANT BREEDING David Luckett and Gerald Halloran ______
    CHAPTER 4 _____________________________________________________________________ PLANT BREEDING David Luckett and Gerald Halloran _____________________________________________________________________ WHAT IS PLANT BREEDING AND WHY DO IT? Plant breeding, or crop genetic improvement, is the production of new, improved crop varieties for use by farmers. The new variety may have higher yield, improved grain quality, increased disease resistance, or be less prone to lodging. Ideally, it will have a new combination of attributes which are significantly better than the varieties already available. The new variety will be a new combination of genes which the plant breeder has put together from those available in the gene pool of that species. It may contain only genes already existing in other varieties of the same crop, or it may contain genes from other distant plant relatives, or genes from unrelated organisms inserted by biotechnological means. The breeder will have employed a range of techniques to produce the new variety. The new gene combination will have been chosen after the breeder first created, and then eliminated, thousands of others of poorer performance. This chapter is concerned with describing some of the more important genetic principles that define how plant breeding occurs and the techniques breeders use. Plant breeding is time-consuming and costly. It typically takes more than ten years for a variety to proceed from the initial breeding stages through to commercial release. An established breeding program with clear aims and reasonable resources will produce a new variety regularly, every couple of years or so. Each variety will be an incremental improvement upon older varieties or may, in rarer circumstances, be a quantum improvement due to some novel gene, the use of some new technique or a response to a new pest or disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Genetics – History of Genetic Modification of Crops We Eat
    Plant Genetics – History of Genetic Modification of Crops We Eat WHAT? • Virtually all plants we eat have been genetically changed or modified by humans • This means we have been determining what genes or traits are propagated WHY? • Modifying and selecting plants that have desired traits for yield, taste, quality, texture, disease resistance, etc. benefit farmers and consumers • Responsible for half of crop yield improvements over the last 50 years HOW? • Natural mutations in genes or DNA • 10,000 years ago humans begin to select and breed crops • Crossbreeding of plants of the same species • Mid 1800’s modern genetics began with Gregor Mendel cross pollination of peas • To improve existing plant characteristics by crossing two varieties ….. • 1940s- Man-made mutations or mutation breeding using chemicals and radiation to create new plant varieties • Example: Ruby red grapefruit which is cold tolerant Source: Biofortified.org • 1980s- GMOs or genetically modified organisms: Scientists learned to copy a gene (DNA code) from one organism to another to add a new desired trait called transgenes using gene engineering (GM/GE). • 1990s first GMOs on the market • 2015- Gene editing makes a tiny, controlled, modification of a gene by editing the DNA code • Works like find and replace in word processor for specific, known genes which are modified without changing other genes Source: University of California, Berkley GM/GMO Crops: What’s in a name? • Genetically Modified Organism or GMO is commonly used to describe several terms: • Genetically modified (GM) • Genetic engineering (GE) • Biotech seeds • GMO refers a modern method of breeding that improves plant genetics by adding a gene(s) to a plant by “directly inserting” the gene or DNA from another organism into the genetic code to add a new trait such as insect or disease resistance, drought tolerance or enhance nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • Expectation of Means and Variances of Backcross Individuals and Their
    Heredity 59 (1987) 105—115 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Received 2 October 1986 Expectation of means and variances of testcrosses produced from F2 and backcross individuals and their selfed progenies A. E. Meichinger Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science and Population Genetics, University of Hohenheim, P.O. Box 70 05 62, D-7000 Stuttgart 70, F.R.G. A biometrical genetic model is presented for the testcross performance of genotypes derived from a cross between two pure-breeding lines. The model is applied to obtain the genetical expectations of first andseconddegree statistics of testcrosses established from F2, first and higher backcross populations and their selfing generations. Theoretically, the testcross mean of these populations is expected to be a linear function of the percentage of germplasm from each parent line in the absence of epistasis. In both F2 and backcross populations, the new arising testcross variance between sublines is halved with each additional generation of selfing. Special consideration is given to the effects of linkage and epistasis, and tests for their presence are provided. The results are discussed with respect to implications in "second cycle" breeding. It is concluded that the choice of base populations between F2 and first backcrosses can be made on the distributions of testerosses from the first segregating generation. Schnell's (1983) "usefulness" criterion is recommended for choosing the optimum type of base population. INTRODUCTION solution to the problem of choosing the most promising lines for improving the parents of a Inan advanced stage of hybrid breeding e.g., in single cross. Theoretical results for comparing F2 maize (Zea mays L.), new lines are predominantly and backcross populations with regard to per se developed either from advanced populations performance were provided by Mather, Jinks and undergoing recurrent selection or from ad hoc co-workers (see Mather and Jinks, 1982).
    [Show full text]
  • Mutagenesis for Crop Breeding and Functional Genomics
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Chapter 1 Mutagenesis for Crop Breeding and Functional Genomics Joanna Jankowicz-Cieslak, Chikelu Mba, and Bradley J. Till Abstract Genetic variation is a source of phenotypic diversity and is a major driver of evolutionary diversification. Heritable variation was observed and used thousands of years ago in the domestication of plants and animals. The mechanisms that govern the inheritance of traits were later described by Mendel. In the early decades of the twentieth century, scientists showed that the relatively slow rate of natural mutation could be increased by several orders of magnitude by treating Drosophila and cereals with X-rays. What is striking about these achievements is that they came in advance of experimental evidence that DNA is the heritable material. This highlights one major advantage of induced mutations for crop breeding: prior knowledge of genes or gene function is not required to successfully create plants with improved traits and to release new varieties. Indeed, mutation induction has been an important tool for crop breeding since the release of the first mutant variety of tobacco in the 1930s. In addition to plant mutation breeding, induced mutations have been used extensively for functional genomics in model organisms and crops. Novel reverse-genetic strategies, such as Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING), are being used for the production of stable genetic stocks of mutant plant populations such as Arabidopsis, barley, soybean, tomato and wheat. These can be kept for many years and screened repeatedly for different traits.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetically Modified Organisms Vocabulary Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Gene - a Section of DNA That - the Long, Double-Stranded Codes for a Specific Product
    A Quick Look at Genetically Modified Organisms Vocabulary Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Gene - a section of DNA that - the long, double-stranded codes for a specific product. helical molecule that contains Genes (and environmental fac- an organism’s genes. tors) determine traits exhibited The “blueprint” or “recipe” for by an organism. an organism. Genetically Modified Transgenic Organism - an Organism (GMO) - an organism organism that has had genes whose DNA has been changed from another species, or syn- in some way. Includes alteration thetic genes, introduced into its by genetic engineering and DNA by genetic engineering. non-genetic engineering meth- Sometimes found in nature, ods. Frequently occur in nature. most created in laboratories. Genetic Engineering - the Mutation - a spontaneous or in- introduction or change of DNA, duced change in an organism’s RNA, or proteins by human DNA. Plant “sports”, like blood manipulation. oranges, are common examples of mutation. Methods Used in Plant Breeding Conventional Breeding Genetic Engineering Cross Pollination Agrobacterium-mediated The natural or artificial Transformation transfer of pollen from one The use of the naturally sexually compatible part- occurring, soil-dwelling ner to another. The oldest bacterium Agrobacterium technique used in plant tumefaciens to transfer breeding. genes into a target plant. Chromosome Doubling Gene Editing Inhibiting proper cell divi- The use of sequence-specific sion to produce cells with enzymes to alter targeted, twice the amount of DNA. non-random sites in the Can be induced by radia- DNA. Allows for precision tion, chemical treatment, or genetic engineering. natural errors in cell division. Mutation Breeding Particle Bombardment The process of exposing “Gene gun” method.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Organization 1.1 Organization Chart As of March 31, 2016
    Ⅵ. RNC ACTIVITIES RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 49 (2016) 1. Organization 1.1 Organization Chart as of March 31, 2016 Quantum Hadron Physics Laboratory Tetsuo Hatsuda Theoretical Research Division Theoretical Nuclear Physics Laboratory Takashi Nakatsukasa Strangeness Nuclear Physics Laboratory Emiko Hiyama Radiation Laboratory Sub Nuclear System Research Division Hideto En'yo Advanced Meson Science Laboratory Masahiko Iwasaki RIKEN BNL Research Center Theory Group President RIKEN Hiroshi Matsumoto Samuel H. Aronson KHARZEEV Dmitri E. Deputy Director:Robert Pisarski Computing Group Taku Izubuchi Nishina Center Advisory Council Experimental Group Yasuyuki Akiba RBRC Scientific Review Committee (SRC) Meeting RIKEN Facility Office at RAL Philip KING Advisory Committee for the RIKEN-RAL Muon Facility RBRC Management Steering Committee(MSC) Radioactive Isotope Physics Laboratory RIBF Research Division Hiroyoshi Sakurai Spin isospin Laboratory Tomohiro Uesaka Nuclear Spectroscopy Laboratory Hideki Ueno Nishina Center Planning Office High Energy Astrophysics Laboratory Toru Tamagawa Astro-Glaciology Research Unit Yuko Motizuki Research Group for Superheavy Element Superheavy Element Production Team Kosuke Morita Kosuke Morita Superheavy Element Research Device Development Team Kouji Morimoto Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Hideto En'yo Nuclear Transmutation Data Research Group Fast RI Data Team Hiroyoshi Sakurai Hideaki Otsu Theoretical Research Slow RI Data Team Deputy Director:Tetsuo Hatsuda Koichi Yoshida RIBF Research Muon Data Team
    [Show full text]
  • How Genetic Engineering Differs from Conventional Breeding Hybridization
    GENETIC ENGINEERING IS NOT AN EXTENSION OF CONVENTIONAL PLANT BREEDING; How genetic engineering differs from conventional breeding, hybridization, wide crosses and horizontal gene transfer by Michael K. Hansen, Ph.D. Research Associate Consumer Policy Institute/Consumers Union January, 2000 Genetic engineering is not just an extension of conventional breeding. In fact, it differs profoundly. As a general rule, conventional breeding develops new plant varieties by the process of selection, and seeks to achieve expression of genetic material which is already present within a species. (There are exceptions, which include species hybridization, wide crosses and horizontal gene transfer, but they are limited, and do not change the overall conclusion, as discussed later.) Conventional breeding employs processes that occur in nature, such as sexual and asexual reproduction. The product of conventional breeding emphasizes certain characteristics. However these characteristics are not new for the species. The characteristics have been present for millenia within the genetic potential of the species. Genetic engineering works primarily through insertion of genetic material, although gene insertion must also be followed up by selection. This insertion process does not occur in nature. A gene “gun”, a bacterial “truck” or a chemical or electrical treatment inserts the genetic material into the host plant cell and then, with the help of genetic elements in the construct, this genetic material inserts itself into the chromosomes of the host plant. Engineers must also insert a “promoter” gene from a virus as part of the package, to make the inserted gene express itself. This process alone, involving a gene gun or a comparable technique, and a promoter, is profoundly different from conventional breeding, even if the primary goal is only to insert genetic material from the same species.
    [Show full text]
  • Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement
    Joint FAO/IAEA Programme IAEA FACTSHEET Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement The new cowpea variety — CBC5 — developed in Zimbabwe through mutation breeding using irradiation. (Photo: Prince M. Matova/Crop Breeding Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe) What should I know? varieties that can withstand external stress, such as drought, often brought about by climate change. Sustainable food production will remain a preeminent challenge in the decades to come. Today, The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database currently lists more than 800 million people do not have enough more than 3200 officially released mutant varieties food to meet their daily needs. By 2050, the global of crops. population is expected to increase from seven billion people to 9.8 billion. To feed everyone, farmers will by then have to produce 50% more food. What is plant mutation breeding? Plant mutation breeding is the process of exposing Crop mutation breeding and the development of plant seeds, cuttings or cell cultures to radiation, improved crop varieties using radiation and related such as gamma rays, and then planting the seed technologies are important factors in meeting this or cultivating the irradiated material in a sterile impending demand. Nuclear technology is also medium that generates a plantlet. The mutated helping scientists unmask the hidden potential in plants, after selection for improved agronomic plants, allowing plant breeders to develop crop traits over several generations, are then multiplied IAEA Office of Public Information and Communication • August 2018 Monitoring and Sustaining Food Safety and Quality with Nuclear Techniques New mutant plant varieties made using nuclear techniques in Bangladesh have helped farmer Mohammad Faridul Islam increase crop yields and improve his livelihood.
    [Show full text]