INIS-XA—061 Mutation Breeding Newslette• • • rw JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AND FAO/IAEA AGRICULTURE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY, SEIBERSDORF INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA Issue No. 43 October 1997 ISSN 1011-260X Contents

The most widely cultivated rice mutant variety 'Zhefu 802' in China and its genealogy Shu, Q , D Wu and Y. Xia 3 Peanut breeding through mutation techniques in China Qiu, Q, Z Li, F. Shen, CH. Wang and H. Miao 6 EMS mutagenesis of microspore-derived embryogenic cultures of Brassica napus Shi, S. W., Y.M. Zhou. J.S. Wu and H.L Liu 8 Stimulating effect of radiation on in vitro plant regeneration Jedrzejaszek, K., H. Kruczkowska, H. Paw low ska and B Skucinska 10 Effect of recurrent irradiation on winter rapeseed shoots in vitro Kruczkowska, H., H. Pawlowska and B. Skucinska 12 Effect of EMS and sodium azide on callus culture and plant regeneration in Portulaca grandiflora (Hook) Bennani, F. and B.D. Rossi-Hassani 13 'W25'- conditional albino mutant from male termosensitive genetic male sterile line of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Wu, D., Y. Xia and Q. Shun 15 Selection for aluminum tolerant mutants in barley (Hordeum vulgare L ) Nawrot, M., M. Maluszynski and I Szarejko 17 Long podded mutants in chickpea Omar, M. and KB. Singh 19 Sweet potato mutants induced by gamma rays Suma Bai.D.J. and N.K. Nayar 21 Study on improvement of soybean quality using induced mutations Wang. L. W.L Pei Yamong, Y. Fu and W. Xiao 23 Development of new groundnut variety 'TG-26' by using induced mutants in cross breeding Kale, DM., Chandra Moult, G.S.S. Murty and M V.P. Rao 25 'PIRIN' - a new mutant variety in pepper, resistant to powdery mildew Leveilula solanacearum Gol. Todorova.Y. and S. Daskalov 28 'Chandi 95' - a high yielding and improved fibre quality cotton (Gossypium hirsulum L.) mutant variety from 1*0/^13-78' Ghafoor Arain, A., MM. Kandhro, K.A. Siddiqui, A.A. Rajput and S. Laghari 30 Mutation induction in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) for blue mould {Peronospora tabacina) resistance Tutluer, M.I., H.Peskircioglu, A. Uslurali, R Apti, G Yazan, R. Altinel and N. Yilmaz 33 'Shua 92' a new culrivar of rice (Oryza saliva L.) developed through fast neutrons irradiation Mustafa, G, A.M. Soomro, A. W. Baloch and K.A. Siddiqui 35 Topics for discussion: Knott, D.R 37 List of new mutant cultivars 39 Selected papers related to the use of mutation techniques in genetics and plant breeding 57 New books 61 Future events 63 To the Reader 66 XA9846868

THE MOST WIDELY CULTIVATED RICE VARIETY 'ZHEFU 802" IN CHINA AND ITS GENEALOGY

Breeding of rice using radiation induced mutations was initiated at the Zhejiang Agricultural University (ZAU) in the 1960's and has been continuously studied and applied for the improvement of conventional and hybrid rice. 12 'Zhefu' serial varieties, bred directly or indirectly from mutants, were officially released by the Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, ZAU between 1962 and 1995 (Tab 1).

Table 1: Officially released 'Zhefu' mutant varieties of rice

Mutant Year Parent(s) Cultivation Maximal Main character variety of period acreage release (x 107"ha)

Fuli an ai 1965 Liantonzao 1965-1968 20 35-40 cm shorter, 220% of yield increase in comparison to parent variety Liantonzao Fuzhao No.2 1968 Erjiuai No. 7 1968-1973 45 15 days earlier in heading time than Erjiuai No. 7 Kernei 1978 IR8 x Hong- 1979-1980 20 late maturing, resistant to rice meizao blast, high yield Shuangke No.l 1981 Kefuzao' x IR24 1981-1986 300 earliness, higher yield, more resistant to rice blast than Yuangfenzao2 Simei No. 2 1981 IR24 x Kemei 1981-1986 370 higher yield, more resistant to nee blast than Yuangfengzao Zhefu 802 1983 Simei No. 2 1980-1995 10,616 earliness, higher yield, better adaptability and more resistant to nee blast than Yuangfengzao Zhefu No. 7 1990 Erjiufen' 1990-1995 433 earliness, more tolerant to cold stress than parental variety. increased yield m comparison to Zhefu 802 Zhefu No. 9 1990 IR50 x 44-1086" 1990-1995 1000 more resistant to rice blast, more cold tolerant, better cooking/eating quality, poorer tillering ability than Erjiufong Zhefu 762 1991 IR50 x 44-1086 1991-1994 367 more resistant to rice blast, better cooking/eating quality and higher yield than Erjiufong Wandao 23 1990 F,5 1990-1993 400 early maturity, middle season mdica variety Zhefu 218 1995 Fu 9 Cong Shen 1993-1995 200 early maturity, better cooking/eating x Suweon 290E quality, more resistant to nee blast

1/ 'Kefuzao' - gamma ray induced mutant from IR8; 2/ 'Y'uangfenzhao' - mutant variety from IRS fZAU), the most widely planted early indica variety in years 1970s-1980s; 3/ 'Erjiufeng' - mutant variety but with poor cold tolerance; 4/ 44-1086 - gamma ray induced mutant from 'Simei No. 2'; 5/ F, seeds of the cross 'Simei No. 2' x 'Minyin No. 1' treated with gamma rays These 'Zhefu' mutant varieties have been widely planted in the Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui and Fujiang provinces, and their total planting acreage reached 14 million ha. The mutant variety 'Zhefu 802', induced from 'Simei No. 2', was the most extensively planted conventional rice variety between 1986 and 1994 in China. The accumulative planting acreage reached about 10.6 million ha (Fig. 1).

(x 1000 ha) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

0 • °'"^;687- Acrage Year 1995

Figure 1. The planting acreage of mutant variety 'Zhefu 802' in years between 1980 and 1995.

The variety 'Zhefu 802' shows the following characteristics: short growth period from 105 to 108 days, high yield potential even under bad management and barren field, wide adaptability, high resistance to rice blast and some tolerance to cold temperatures. Pedigree of 'Zhefu' mutant varieties is presented on Figure 2. 'Zhefu' varieties were officially released by the China National Emphasis Technique Extension Item (CNETEI), because of their very promising agronomic characters. Meanwhile, extension of the new 'Zhefu' mutant varieties has been supported by the IAEA. It is expected that between 1995-1997 the planting acreage of new 'Zhefu' varieties, including 'Zhefu No. 9', 'Zhefu No. 7, 'Zhefu 762", 'Zhefu 218' and two elite lines: 'Zhefu 504' and 'Zhefu Lian Zhu Yu Xian' will reach about 4 million hectares. The new mutant line 'Zhefu 504 performed very well in multilocation trials in Zhejiang province. The yield potential of this variety was much higher than that of any other lines, including lines from other breeding programmes, and is expected to be released soon as a new variety. Most "Zhefu" varieties were obtained directly or indirectly from mutants obtained after irradiation of seeds. In current breeding programmes radiation induced mutations are combined with in vitro techniques such as young panicle culture, embryo culture, anther culture and isolated microspore culture. More recently, ion implantation, election beam implantation and space irradiation were also actively applied. For example. 'Zhefu Lian Zhu Yu Xian'. a promising mutant line of very good quality, induced from variety 'Hu Nan Ruan Ming' with ion implantation, has been widely planted and shown to be well adapted to rice production areas in many provinces.

Year of Name of mutant Parentfs) release variety Fulianai LJantangzao

1968 Fuzao No. 2 Erjiuai No. 7

1978 Kemei IRS 3 Hongmeizao

1981 Shuangke No. 1 Kefuzao (ML) IX IR24

1981 Simei No. 2 • IR24

1983 Zhefu 802

1990 Zhefu No. 7 Erjiufeng

Simei No. 2 |X Minyin No. 1

1990 Wando 23

1990 Zhefu No. 9 X IR50

1991 Zhefu 762

Zhefu No. 9 Suweon 290

1995 Zhefu 218 Fu 9 Congsheng (ML) M Suweon 290E

Zhefu 219 (ML)

Zhefu 37 (ML) Zhefu No. 9 IX Modified IR24

^^m - mutant or mutant variety - non rrutated p2-en;

Figure Z. Pedigree of Zhefu' mutant varieties of nee developed by Zhejiang Agricultural University

'Contributed bx SHU. Q., D. WU and >". XIA, Institute' of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences. Zhejians Agricultural Universir.: Hangzhou 310029, China. P.p. ; XA9846869

PEANUT BREEDING THROUGH MUTATION TECHNIQUES IN CHINA

Studies on the application of mutation techniques in peanut breeding were initiated in China in the 1960's. The main research units are in Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangxi and Henan provinces. Though the study duration is short and the scope limited, great achievements have been made in peanut genetics and breeding through induced mutations. Main physical and chemical mutagens, such as ^Co, " P, lasers and EMS etc., have been used to treat dry seeds of peanut to induce genetic mutations. Eleven new peanut varieties, developed through direct selection of mutants (DSM) have now been released: meanwhile the methods of combination of induced mutation with hybridization (CIMH) were also used to breed new varieties. This includes utilization of the mutants as cross-parents, or the treatment of cross-parents (male or female or both of the parents) with physical or chemical mutagens. Twenty-two new peanut varieties have been produced through CIMH (Table 1).

Table 1. Number of new peanut varieties developed by various induced mutation techniques in China from 1950-1995

Years Mutation techniques 1950 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 Total -70 -'75 -'80 -'84 -'90 -'95

- - 4 Laser 1 Chemical mutagens _ _ 1 _ 1 CIMH 2 5 2 4 6 3 22

Subtotal 2 5 5 4 H) 7 33~

By 1995, 14.7% of the new peanut varieties in China were produced through the direct use of induced mutants or by the use of mutants (or induced mutations) in cross breeding programmes. The cumulative cultivated area of these varieties accounts for 19.5% of the total growing areas of peanut varieties (Table 2). Vast economic and social benefits have been obtained through the mutation techniques mentioned above. At present, in addition to utilization of mutation techniques in selection of new peanut varieties, Chinese peanut mutation breeders are enhancing studies on genetics and mechanisms of induced mutation, and are striving to obtain new breakthroughs in both applied and basic research on peanut. Table 2: Number and cumulative cultivated area of peanut varieties derived from induced mutations and hybridization in China in years 1950-1995

Breeding methods No. of released varieties Cumulative area (10,000 ha) Total (%) Total (%)

DSM and CIMH 33 14.7 923.0 19.5 Hybridization only 192 85.3 3,810.3 80.5

Total 225 100.0 4,733.3 100.0

(Contributed by QIU, Q., Z. LI, F. SHEN, CH. WANG and H. MIAO, Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Laixi Shandong 266601, P.R. of China) XA9846870 EMS MUTAGENESIS OF MICROSPORE-DERIVED EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES OF Brassica napus

Since the 1980s. the technique of in vitro induced mutations has played an important role in improving disease resistance and creating new germplasm in rapeseed [1-4]. After establishing the successful culture procedure of isolated microspores in B. napus [5], we treated the haploid embryogenic cultures derived from microspore embryos using ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and obtained mutants with shorter stem or longer siliquae. At the same time the optimal concentration of EMS and the duration of treatment were investigated. The microspores were isolated from plants grown in field and cultured in NLN medium [6]. After two weeks, the hypocotyls of embryos were wounded seriously and yielded a number of secondary embryoids on B5 medium. The hypocotyls were cut into small segments (about 0.7 cm long) and cultured by agitating on MS liquid media with various concentrations of EMS (0%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.5%) for 3-10 hours. Mutagenically treated cultures were transferred to MS medium with BAP 0.5 mg/1 to regenerate shoots which developed to plantlets with roots on 1/2 MS medium. The plantlets were doubled through 1.0% colchicine treatment. The doubled haploid plants with morphological change were bagged for self-pollination. The concentration of mutagen and duration of treatment had an important effect on the survival of cultures (Table )). The damage became serious to cultures with an increase of the EMS concentration and prolongation of induction period. The survival rate of mutagenized cultures of '92-B10' was 28-33% and the regeneration rate of shoots was 57- 75%. Useful mutants were obtained at the concentration of 0.2% and 0.25% treated by 3-4 hours. While using 0.5% EMS, survival rate of cultures and shoot regeneration rate were very low. All cultures died when the duration of treatment was 8 or 10 hours.

Table 1. Effect of EMS on microspore embryogenic cultures of Brassica napus and characteristics of selected mutants

Lines EMS Treatment No. of Survival Regenerated shoots Mutants (%) (h) Segments (%) No. % No Characters

92-B10 0 3 95 95.79 74 81.32 2 Light green leaves 4 89 92.13 65 79.27 0 0.2 3 103 33.00 21 61.76 0 4 98 27.55 17 62.96 1 Longer silique 0.25 3 101 30.69 23 74.19 3 Dwarf /dense settings but shorter siliques 4 105 28.57 17 56.67 0 0.5 3 104 2.88 0 0 0 4 96 0 0 0 0

D083 0 4 90 94.44 67 78.82 0 5 87 89.66 59 75.64 0 0.2 4 92 28.26 13 50.00 0 5 100 19.00 7 36.84 1 Curled leaves, sterile 0.25 4 106 23.58 9 36.00 I Narrow leaves, sterile 5 95 14.74 4 28.57 0 0.5 4 100 6.00 1 16.67 0 5 94 2.13 0 0 0 The survival and differentiation rate of embryogenic cultures after EMS treatment were higher in the line '92-B10' than that of line 'DO83'. Variants with longer siliquae. dwarfhess. shorter siliquae with dense setting and light green leaves occurred in mutated line '92-B10'. Only two sterile plants were produced in line'D083'. The characters of MDH1 variants were stably inherited in MDH2 plant lines. The average length of siliquae and seed number per siliquae in the 'long silique mutant' reached 9.8 cm and 28.5 seeds, respectively, which were 3.1 cm longer and 2.8 seeds more than that of the parent. This mutant has been used in breeding programmes. The average height of two dwarf mutants was 106 cm and 95 cm, which was 43 cm and 54 cm shorter than its original parent, respectively. Dwarf mutants did not lodge and diseases were less manifested during maturity. Therefore, they had been used as parents to improve polysilique rapeseed.

REFERENCES

[1] Kruczkowska. H., W. Miszke, H. Pawlowska and B. Skucinska, 1988. Effect of various doses of gamma rays and fast neutrons on haploid shoots of winter rapeseed in vitro. Proceedings of the 7th International Rapeseed Congress, pp. 587-592. [2] Sacristan, M.D., 1982. Resistance responses to Phoma lingam of plants regenerated from selected cell and embryogenic cultures of haploid Brassica napus. T.A.G. 61: 193-200. [3] Spanier, A. 1988. Selection of pathogen resistant mutants in rapeseed B rassica napus. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Rapeseed Congress, pp. 451-456. [4] MacDonald, M.V., I. Ahmad, J.O.M. Menten and D.S. Ingram, 1991. Haploid culture and in vitro mutagenesis (LTV light, X-rays and gamma rays) of rapid cycling Brassica napus for improved resistance to disease. In: Plant Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement. IAEA. Vienna. Vol. 2, pp. 129-138. [5] Shi S.W. and H.L. Liu, 1993. Induction of embryogenesis through microspore culture of Brassica napus species and their interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. J. of Huazhong Agric. University'. 12(6): 544-550. [6] Lichter, R., 1982. Induction of haploid plants from isolated pollen of Brassica napus. Z.Pflanzen- physiol. 105: 427-434.

{Contributed by SHI, S. W., Y.M. ZHOU, J.S. WU and H.L. LIU, Department of Agronomy. Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China PR.) XA9846871

STIMULATING EFFECT OF MUTAGENS ON IN VITRO PLANT REGENERATION

The stimulation of plant regeneration was observed after the application of mutagenic agents on in vitro culture of shoots, anthers and microspores of winter rapeseed. Anthers, microspores and young DH shoots regenerating from axillary meristems were the subject of mutagenic treatment. Gamma rays, fast neutrons (Nf), and in the case of microspores, UV rays were applied. Microspore cultures were also treated with N-nitroso-N-methyl urea (MNH). The treatment of shoots with axillary meristems with gamma rays (40-70 Gy) or with Nf (10-20 Gy) significantly increased their regeneration capacity (Fig. 1). After a depression in two subsequent passages following the radiation, in the third passage, the rate of propagation was equal to that of the control. The stimulation of plant regeneration up to 250% of the control in the case of gamma rays (60 and 70 Gy) and 150% in the case of Nf (13.3 Gy) was observed from the fourth to the sixth passage (4-6 months after irradiation). The doses 10-60 Gy of gamma rays and 10-16 Gy of Nf had a stimulating effect on the formation of embryogenic structures in anther cultures. The stimulation reached 400% (60 Gy gamma rays) and 200% (16 Gy Nf) of the control. The treatment of microspores by 15 seconds with UV rays or with 0.2 mM (3 h) MNH increased 3- and 8-fold the number of embryos, respectively (Fig. 2). Nevertheless, their subsequent development was reduced in comparison with the control. UV treatment by 30 seconds has significantly reduced the number of embryos. It should also be noted that genotypic differences in the level of stimulation were observed in the response to various doses of applied mutagens. Subsequent experiments with MNH and colchicine have proven that considerable stimulation of shoot or embryo formation after mutagenic treatment may be used for an increase of the efficiency of in vitro cultures.

250 cl control

200

150-

100-

50-

• :: SE

S passage

Dose (Gy) gamma-rays EH ,;, : > 50 1 i 6 c

N, L' ' i.-. ' i '< 13 ;•' j>.y.'' if

Figure 1. Stimulation of winter rapeseed plant regeneration after mutaeenic treatment of young shoots with gamma rays and fast neutrons.

10 (9 1000 800 600 400 200 0

MNH concentration (mN)

Figure 2. Stimulation of winter rapeseed embryos formation after treatment of microspores with MNH in percent of control.

(Contributed by JEDRZEJASZEK, K., H. KRVCZKOWSKA, H. PAWLOWSKA and B. SKUCINSKA, Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Sciences, Agricultural University, sw. Marka 37, 31-024 Krakow, Poland)

11 XA9846872

EFFECT OF RECURRENT IRRADIATION ON WINTER RAPESEED SHOOTS IN VITRO

Gamma rays, at the rate of 166 cGy/min. were applied to young rapeseed shoots propagated in vitro from axillary meristems. Shoots of DH clone, shorter than 10 mm, were irradiated with 25 and 50 Gy and with split dose 2 x 25 Gy (with 2 week interval). Four weeks after irradiation, axillary meristems regenerated shoots which were isolated and propagated in the subsequent passage. These new shoots were irradiated again with the same doses of gamma rays. The effect of radiation was measured by the reduction of shoot regeneration ability in comparison to untreated control (100% of the regeneration ability). The increase of gamma ray doses resulted in a decrease of shoot regeneration ability (Fig. 1). As expected, the effect of split dose 2 x 25 Gy was lower than that of acute irradiation with 50 Gy. The generation of shoots, which resulted from the meristems that were not initiated at the moment of the original shoot irradiation, exhibited a markedly lower response to recurrent irradiation. This may be explained by the hypothesis that shoot tissues, after the first treatment, maintain a sufficiently high level of repairing enzymes, which reduces the effect of the second irradiation.

shoot regeneration

100 80 60 40 20 0 k recurrent 2x25 single gamma rays treatment(Gy)

Fgure 1. Effect of recurrent treatment with gamma rays of young winter rapeseed shoots in vitro.

(Contributed by KRUCZKOWSKA. H., H. PAWLOWSKA and B. SKUCINSKA. Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Sciences, Agricultural University, sw. Marka 3~, 31-024 Krakow. Poland}

12 XA9846873

EFFECT OF EMS AND SODIUM AZIDE ON CALLUS CULTURE AND PLANT REGENERATION IN Portulaca grandiflora (Hook)

Seeds of Portulaca grandiflora variety PgBmj (white) were surface disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite for 10 minutes, washed with sterile water and placed on MS medium. Hypocotyl explants 2-3 mm in length, were taken from 14-day-old in vitro grown plants and were placed on solid MS medium supplemented with combination of growth regulators - naphtaleneacetic acid (NAA)/6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2.5 : 5 ppm ) pH 6 [1 ]. After one month of in vitro culture, callus were placed on a multiplication medium supplemented with EMS at concentrations ranging from 0.033 to 0.1% (v/v) for 3 weeks. For NaN3 treatment, callus were immersed in the mutagen solution at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mM at pH 3 for 1 hour and subcultured in the same medium [1]. The cultures were maintained under long day conditions (16 h light at 360|imol m'2 s"1 3500 Ingelec fluorescent tube, 28°C day/21°C night). The effect of EMS and NaN3 on callus survival and shoot induction are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Original data were transformed using an Arcsin \'(Y/100) transformation to meet normality, which is recommended for analysis of variance (ANOVA) [2]. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of mutagenic agents on shoot induction.

Table 1. Mean callus survival and shoot induction percentage from callus treated with EMS

Dose (% v/v) No. ofcalli Callus survival (%) Shoot induction (%)

0.000 107 93.50 al* 93.50 a2 0.033 106 86.50 bl 24.80 b2 0.056 144 84.74 bl cl 17.70 b2 0.066 141 79.85 cl 05.00 c2 0.100 138 37.50 dl 00.00 c2

•Mean within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05) as determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test on Arcsin V(Y/100) transformed means.

Table 2 Callus survival and shoot induction percentage from callus treated with NaN3

Dose (mM) No. of calli Callus survival (%) Shoot induction (%)

00.00 62 87.50 al* 87.50 a2 00.10 76 80.60 bl 58.64 b2 00.15 61 69.77 cl 35.52 c2 01.00 83 02.42 dl 00.00 d2 10.00 186 00.00 dl 00.00 d2

The same phenomenon was observed in wheat and maize [3; 4]. The results obtained in this work allowed us to determine an optimal dose for each mutagenic treatment. A great number of morphological mutants affecting shoot length and shape have been obtained. However, the genetic origin of the mutants has not been determined and needs further investigation.

13 We report here the first demonstration of the effect of EMS and NaN3 on callus culture and plant regeneration of this species. This finding has made a substantial contribution to the induction of genetic variability in Portulaca gandiflora.

REFERENCES

[1] Rossi-Hassani, B.D. and J.P. Zryd, 1995. In vitro culture and plant regeneration of large flowered purslane. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 41: 281-283. [2] Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principals and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc., New York. [3] Simonson, M.R.L. and P.S. Baenziger, 1991. Response of different wheat tissues to increasing doses of ethyl methanesulfonate. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 26: 141-146. [4] Hibberd K.A. and C.E. Green, 1982. Inheritance and expression of lysine plus threonine resistance selected in maize tissue culture. PNAS., 79: 559-563.

(Contributed by BENNANl, F. and B.D. ROSSI-HASSANI, Laboratoire de biochimie & Biologie moleculaire, Faculte des sciences -Dhar el Mehraz, Fes B P. 1796, Morocco)

14 XA9846874

'W251- CONDITIONAL ALBINO MUTANT FROM TERMOSENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILE LINE OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

'W25' is an albino mutant line with possibilities of greening. The mutant was developed (in 1991) from a temperature-sensitive genie male sterile (TGMS) rice line '2177s' after treatment with 300 Gy gamma-rays. It is albino at the 1-2 leaf stage under low temperature with the possibility to turn green at the seedling stage, then albino and greenish during the later growth period. The following characteristic of the mutant has been proven: Stability to environment There was a stable response to special environments and steady performance of the mutant in different seasons and provinces such as Zhejiang, Hainan Island and Anhui. In eight generations (1992-1995) the leaves of the 'W25' mutant line expressed both albino and greenish characters depending on the environment. Leaf colour and greenish characteristics Under various temperature, significant changes in seedling leaf color were observed, which showed that 'W25' is a temperature-sensitive mutant. At temperatures below 25°C. the leaves of'W25' were completely albino at the 1-2 leaf stage, and yellow-green or normal green at temperature above 30°C. When the mutant was grown at a temperature above 25°C, a greenish colour was visible at the 3 leaf stage, the color at the sixth leaf was a normal green. but the eighth leaf partly reverted to albinism. The leaves gradually turned green and the plant went through the whole growth cycle; while at a temperature below 25°C, the mutant seedling did not turn green and died at the 3 leaf stage. This indicated that it was a conditional lethal mutant. The parent '2177s' maintained a normal green colour under all tested conditions. When seedlings grown on 0.7% agarose or 0.7% agarose with 5 g/1 sucrose at 23°C, all leaves showed a light green colour at the 1-2 leaf stage, and at 25°C they were light green or green. The process of greening at the 3-6 leaf stage could be shortened obviously when 100 ppm of vitamin B, or B6 was applied to the seedling. However, there was no reaction to vitamins when sprayed at the 9-12 leaf stage. Agronomic traits 'W25' was similar to '2177s' in investigated agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length, seed setting and yield potential. Meanwhile, it also had the same combining ability as the parent '2177s', which indicates that 'W25' basically retained the yield potential of F, hybrids produced from '2177s'. Investigation on the dynamics of pollen fertility conversion showed that 'W25' maintained the TGMS characteristics like '2177s'. Its spikelet fertility was mainly controlled by temperature. Genetic analysis Genetic analysis showed that F, plants from the reciprocal crosses of 'W25' with '2177s' exhibited a normal green colour, and the segregation ratio of normal plants to albino mutants well fitted the expected Tatio of 3:1 in the F, population, which indicated that the albino character of the 'W25' mutant is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. RAPD analysis of 'W25' and '2177s' showed that there were two DNA band differences.

Application in two-line hybrid system

In two-line hybrid rice, hybrid seed production often encounters self- or sib-seed contamination because of the incomplete male sterility of the female line. In multiplication of male sterile seeds, there is the problem of fertile seed contamination originating from

15 pollination with exotic pollen or from mechanically mixed seed. Therefore, a convenient system to eliminate seed contamination is favorable and important for TGMS with marker traits. With the help of the albino trait, the seedings from self-pollination of 'W25' could be easily removed or would die under natural conditions. In this way, the purity of F, hybrids could be maintained. The application of 'W25' to a two-line hybrid production system, with the albino marker trait expressed at the seedling stage, seems realistic.

(Contributed by WU, /)., Y. XIA and Q. SHU, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou 310029 China PR.)

16 XA9846875

SELECTION FOR ALUMINUM TOLERANT MUTANTS IN BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare h.)

Acid soils are common in many parts of the world. Due to the degradation of natural environment their area is extending from year to year. In low pH (4.0 - 4.5) soils contain high levels of soluble aluminum, which is toxic to plants. Soluble ions of Al3* can limit root growth and subsequently, lead to reduction of plant vigor and height, disease tolerance and yield. The root system is affected first by aluminum toxicity in plants and there is a good relationship between relative root length and degree of plant aluminum tolerance. The most common criterion used to measure aluminum toxicity is either root length or root weight of aluminum affected plants in relation to control plants. Among cereals, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most sensitive to aluminum. The known sources of aluminum tolerance are present only in old barley cultivars or land races which are not adopted to conditions of our country. The objective of this study was to select barley mutants, showing increased level of tolerance to Al3* after mutagenic treatment of barley varieties cultivated in Poland.

M3 seedlings, obtained after chemical mutagenesis with different doses of N-methyl- N-nitroso urea (MNH) and sodium azide (NaN3) derived from four spring barley cultivars (Dema, Magda, Maresi, and Rudzik) were used as material in this study. In total, 60,000 M3 seedlings, representing 600 M2 plants were screened for aluminum tolerance. Additionally, about 330 semi-dwarf mutant lines from the collection of the Department of Genetics were evaluated for this character. The analysis was carried out using the root re-growth method [1 ] with addition of hematoxylin staining [2], which facilitates the selection of tolerant forms. Using this method 11 mutants with higher level of tolerance to Al3*, derived from 'Rudzik', 'Roland' and 'Dema' cultivars were selected (Tab. 1). The comparative study with the use of the method based on root tolerance index [3] has been performed (Tab. 2)

Table 1. Results of root re-growth measurements of selected mutants after treatment by 48 hours with different concentrations of Al3*

Root re-growth (mm) Mutant Al * dose 1.0 ppm 1.5 ppm 2.0 ppm

Rudzik 0.8 0.1 0.0 R167/3 2.8 1.7 0.5 R167/6 1.3 1.1 0.3 R177/9 2.1 1.3 0.5 R190/6 1.9 1.1 0.3 Dema 1.1 0.2 0.0 D170/3 2.1 1.4 0.4 D186/8 2.3 1.0 0.2 D221/2 3.2 0.9 0.2 Roland 2.3 0.7 0.0 806/9 5.3 1.9 0.5 809/5 4.3 2.1 1.1 819/2 3.9 2.3 1.1 820/6 5.4 2.7 1.3

17 The selected mutants have shown the tolerance at least to 1.0 and 1.5 ppm Al3* and six of them (R 167/3, R177/9, D170/3, 809/5, 819/2, 820/6) have been tolerant even to 2 ppm Al3*. The obtained results have been fully confirmed by data from the root tolerance index (Tab. 2). The preliminary results did not confirm suitability of the method based only on root hematoxilin staining ability [2] for the selection and description of barley mutants.

Table 2. Root tolerance index (RTI) in selected mutants after treatment by 96 hours with different concentrations of Al3*

Mutant RTI Al'' dose 1.0 ppm 1.5 ppm 2.0 ppm

Rudzik 0.45 0.37 0.26 R167/3 0.66 0.73 0.69 R167/6 0.51 066 0.74 R177/9 0.73 0.78 0.63 R190/6 0.78 0.74 0.72 Dema 0.48 0.41 0.38 D170/6 0.70 0.64 0.53 D186/8 0.64 0.57 0.51 D221/2 0.74 0.68 0.53 Roland 0.41 0.37 0.30 806/9 0.77 0.70 0.47 809/5 0.65 0.63 0.48 819/2 0.74 0.80 0.63 820/6 0.74 0.70 0.65

The selected material will be used in studies on the genetic mechanisms of Al3* tolerance in barley, identification of new genetic sources for this character and molecular markers associated with them. Results of this investigation can facilitate the introduction of AV tolerance into adapted barley cultivars and help in any future genetic manipulations of this agronomically important trait.

REFERENCES

[1] Camargo C.E., R. Ribeiro dos Santos and A. Pettinelli Jr. 1992. Trigo duro: Tolerancia atoxicidade do aluminio em solucoes nutritivas e no solo. Bragantia Campinas, 51: 69-76. [2] Polle E.. C.F. Konzak and J.A. Kittrick, 1978. Visual detection of aluminium tolerance levels in wheat by hematoxylin staining of seedling roots. Crop Sci. 18: 823-827. [3] Baier AC. D.J. Sommers, J.P. Gustafson, 1995. Aluminium tolerance in triticale, wheat and rye. Plant Breeding. 112: 425-433.

(Contributed by: XAWROT, M\, M. MALUSZYNSKI** and I. SZAREJKO*. "Department of Genetics, Silesian University; Jagiellonska 28. 40-032 Katowice, Poland - Email: [email protected], szarejkoiwus.edu.pl: **P!ant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/LAEA Division. A-N00 Vienna. Austria - Email: rn.maluszynskiifiiaea.org) XA9846876

LONG PODDED MUTANTS IN CHICKPEA

The genetic potential of seed yield in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is low. Breeders are employing various means to upgrade the yield potential. It is known that the seed weight per unit area is associated with the yield [1]. The seed yield can be increased either by increasing the number of pods per plant, weight of seeds, or number of seeds per pod, provided other components are kept constant. Unlike many grain legumes, mean seeds per pod in chickpea is limited to one. One reason for low seeds per pod is the small pod size. Therefore, efforts are underway to increase the pod length in chickpea. To fulfill this objective, mutation techniques were used at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria. In 1991/92 a leaf miner-resistant line 'ILC 5901' was irradiated with 400, 500 and 600 Gy of gamma rays at the National Institute of Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad. Pakistan. One thousand seeds were irradiated for each dose. The M, generation was grown at Tel Hadya (36° 01' N, 36° 56' E, 284 m a.s.l.), the main research station at ICARDA, Syria during the winter season of 1991/92. Germination was the highest at 400 Gy and the lowest at 600 Gy. Since the objective was to mutate the materials for long pod, the surviving plants in each treatment were harvested in bulk. Thirty thousand M, plants, 10,000 seeds from each of three doses, were grown during the spring of 1993 at the Tel Hadya farm. A total of 22,500 plants were germinated and grew until maturity. Only two plants with long pods were observed in materials treated with 400 Gy. These two plants were harvested individually at the end of the growing season in June. The M2 progeny rows were grown at Tel Hadya during the spring of 1994. Both lines were true breeding. However, five representative plants from each mutant line were selected and harvested in bulk.

In M4 generation, seeds from these two mutants were grown along with the original parent ILC 5901 during the spring of 1995 in a randomized block design with two replications. Observations were recorded on days to flowering, plant height, pods per plant. 100 seed weight, pod length, number of seeds and aborted ovules per pod. The results showed that the two mutants, assigned number 'FLIP 94-501C and 'FLIP 94-502C, have nearly 50% longer pods than the original parent and are statistically different. The development of two long-podded mutants is a significant finding. It is a useful variation and can be exploited by breeders in increasing the number of seeds per pod leading to increased genetic potential of the yield.

Table 1. Characteristics of long-podded mutants as compared to their parent and a local check 'ILC 1929'

Characteristics Long-podded mutants Parent Check SE FLIP 94-501C FLIP 94-502C ILC 5901 ILC 1929

Plant height (cm) 33.0 38.3 40.3 34.0 1.171 Pods per plant (No.) 21.6 41.7 26.7 23.1 8.806 Pod length (cm) 3.2 3.0 2.1 2.1 0.092 Seeds per pod 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.128 Seed abortion 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.0 0.137 100-seed weight (g) 18.4 18.7 22.2 29.5 0.596 Days to flowering 80.0 80.0 79.0 60.0 0.333

19 REFERENCES

Singh, K.B., G. Bejiga and R.S. Malhotra, 1990 Associations of some characters with seed yield in chickpea collections. Euphytica 49: 83-88.

(Contributed by OMAR, M. * and K.B. SINGH. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466. Aleppo, Syria; *Present address: Food Legumes Section, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza I26I9, Egypt)

20 XA9846877

SWEET POTATO MUTANTS INDUCED BY GAMMA RAYS

The main objectives of this study were: to carry out radiosensitivity analysis with identification of varieties with low, medium and high-radiation tolerance and to choose suitable plant parts for mutation induction. One hundred and fifty rooted stem-cuttings, 8-10 cm long, with two nodes each were taken from fifteen sweet potato varieties (Table 1) and used for radiosensitivity analysis. The material was exposed to 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 Gy of gama-rays. The irradiated material and control were planted the following day in soil without any supplementary manure or fertilizer. The direct effect of radiation was assessed from the number of days taken to initiate sprouting and to complete sprouting, sprouting percentage, vine length, branch and tuber number and tuber yield per vine.

Table 1: Varieties used for radiosensitivity analysis

No. Varieties Source

I. Kanhangad local Central Tuber Crops Research Institute 2. Kottaramchuvala -do- 3. H^(126 -do- 4. 76-OP-217 -do- 5. H-268 -do- 6. Cross-4 -do- 7. S-5 -do- 8. 76-OP-219 -do- 9. H-42 -do- 10. S-30 -do- 11. OP-22 -do- 12. OP-23 -do- 13. Kavivella Local collection 14. Muttavella -do- 15. Bhadrakalichuvala -do-

Chlorophyll deficient sectors and patches appeared on M,V, plants. A vine with a chimeric branch was observed in the treated population of'H-4126'. In 'S5' gamma irradiation of rooted-cuttings at 20 Gy produced a broad-leaved mutant with changed leaf size and shape. In most varieties (except 'S-5' and 76-OP-217') 40 Gy and higher doses caused lethality. The comparative analysis for radiosensitivity was based on dose 20 Gy. The fifteen varieties can be grouped into low, medium and high radiation tolerant types by discriminant function analysis [1]. Three varieties, 'Muttavella' (VI), 'Kanhangad local' (V2) and 'Bhadrakalichuvala' (V3), one each from the low, medium and high radiation-tolerant groups, were chosen for mutation induction. Three types of planting materials - fresh cuttings, rooted cuttings and rooted tubers of these three cultivars - were used for mutagenesis. They were exposed to 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy of gamma-rays. On the following day, irradiated materials and control were planted in two replications (25 each). The vines were periodically examined to isolate morphological variants in M,V,. The clonal progenies derived from mutagenic treatment were investigated for tuber yield, number, length and tuber girth in M,V, and M;V3 generations.

21 Table 2: Tuber yield per vine in M,V2 generation of sweet potato after gamma-rays treatment

Variety Treatment Treated material (Gy) Fresh Rooted Rooted cuttings cuttings tubers

VI Control 330.00 267.00 74.00 5 371.00 265.00 180.50 10 403..00 367.00 216.00 15 432.00 375.00 171.00 20 403.00 440.00 201.50 25 410.00 450.00 177.00

V2 Control 180.00 162.50 112.00 5 200.06 268.00 225.00 10 207.00 293.50 233.50 15 254.00 320.00 187.50 20 305.00 362.50 255.50 25 321.50 381.00 255.00

V3 Control 210.00 282.00 207.50 5 245.00 358-00 272.50 10 314.50 384.00 323.00 15 325.00 378.50 306.50 20 344.00 408.00 295.50 25 382.00 416.50 279.00

F Value CD Value Fresh Rooted Rooted Fresh Rooted Rooted cuttings cuttings tubers cuttings cuttings tubers

Treatments 2.382* 3.082* 11.211** 155.413 126.301 58.430 Varieties 12.094'* 5.295* 48.923** 63.447 51.562 23.854 Exposures 2.745 7.547** 16.545** 89 728 72.920 33.735 Interaction 0.258 0.415 11.001 155.413 126.301 58.430

• Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level

The two higher exposures of gamma rays significantly increased the tuber yield per vine in M,V2 generation. In all three cultivars, irradiation of rooted cuttings with 25 Gy gave the highest tuber yield per vine, i.e. 450, 381 and 416.5 g, respectively. A cordate-leaved mutant was isolated from 'Bhadrakalichuvala' rooted-cuttings exposed to 25 Gy. Of the three types of treatment, rooted-cuttings gave more tuber yield as compared to fresh-cuttings or rooted-tubers. Hence, rooted-cuttings are suggested for induced mutations.

(Contributed by SUMA BAI, D.I. and N.K. NAYAR, Department of Agricultural Botany, College of Agriculture - 695 522, Kerala, India) XA9846878 STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF SOYBEAN QUALITY USING INDUCED MUTATIONS

The importance of soybean as an oil crop was confirmed by FAO statistical data. The production of soybean oil was about 16.4 million tons in 1990, and its consumption ranked first - with 20% of the world's oil consumption. The world-wide production of soybean protein meal is about 32.1 million tons. Soybean therefore comprises 60.6% of the world's protein consumed. Therefore, the breeding of new soybean varieties with increased oil and protein content is very important [1; 2]. The seeds of soybean cultivars or hybrid combinations ('CG 661x91-1', 'Hanying. No. ]', 'Zakang F6xLudou 4', 'H. PF6xZZ85-095', 'Sidou 1 lxJilin 22', 'Linzhen No. 1'. 'Youdou 8x D90', and 'Sidou llxKefeng 6') were irradiated with 100, 120 and 150 Gy of gamma-rays. The crude oil and protein content was evaluated in M3 generation.

Table 1: Plants with significantly improved oil or protein content in M3 generations after gamma-ray treatment

Parent or M3 plant Crude oil content (%) Crude protein content(%)

CG 661x91-1 21.16 37.88 397-2 23.52 36.15 397-5 22.64 37.82 397-6 22.27 38.01

Zakang F6 x Ludou 4 19.01 42.18 427-2 17.73 47.06

H. PF6x ZZ85-095 18.89 41.19 349-3 17.15 47.08 349-4 16.30 47.00 350-5 16.66 47.20 350-7 16.54 46.68

Sidou 11 x Jilin 22 20.57 38.68 388-2 - 46.16 389-4 _ 46.87

In total more than 200 M3 plants have been analyzed for crude oil and protein content. Three plants with crude oil content above 22.00% (high oil sample) and 7 plants with crude protein content above 46.00% (high protein sample) were found. Additionally, in the M4 generation 4 mutant lines with agronomically very desired characters were selected from parents: 'Linzhen No. 1', 'Youdou 8 x D90', 'Sidou 11 x Kefeng 6', and 'Sidou 11 x Jilin 22'. These lines have large seeds, good yield and are resistant to lodging. They are very promising for breeding programmes. Similarly, in segregating M; and M3 populations, interesting mutants with changes in growth period, plant height and resistance to diseases were selected.

23 REFERENCES

[1] Wang, P., L. Wang and D. Piao, 1993. Induction on genetic variation of fatty acids composition in soybean oil by EMS. Acta Agricultural Nucleate Sinica 7(2): 81-87. [2] Wang, L., 1996. Soybean breeding using nuclear techniques. In: Plant Mutation Breeding in Asia. China Agricultural Press for Science and Technology, Beijing, pp. 89-102.

(Contributed by WANG L., W.L. PEI YANIONG, Y. FU and W. XIAO, Soybean Department, Crop Breeding Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences CAAS, 100081, 30 Bai shiqiao Rd, Beijing, China)

24 XA9846879

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW GROUNDNUT VARIETY 'TG-26' BY USING INDUCED MUTANTS IN CROSS BREEDING

Genetic improvement of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) through induced mutations has been in progress at this centre for the past three decades. High yielding Trombay groundnut (TG) varieties 'TG-1' and TG-3' were developed as direct mutants while the others TG-17', 'TKG-19A', 'TG-22', 'TAG-24' and Somnath (TGS-1) were obtained by using induced mutants in cross breeding [1-4]. New variety 'TG-26' was developed through multi-parental crosses involving three commercial varieties, six induced mutants and five TG varieties (Fig. 1). All the field experiments were conduced during the summer (January to May) and the rainy season (June to September). From a cross between two Spanish bunch type varieties, 'TG-23' and 'BARCG-11, a true breeding line designated as 'TG-26' was established in the F6 with desirable characters such as semi-dwarf plant habit, early maturity, small pod size, smooth pod venation, compact pod setting, greater pod bearing, higher harvest index and field tolerance to major diseases. Laboratory experiments confirmed that TG-26' has fresh seed dormancy of about 20 days. This is a very essential character to prevent seed losses due to in situ germination when the crop is caught in rains at the end of the rainy season or in pre-monsoon showers in summer.

Table 1. Mean pod and kernel yield of 'TG-26' and check varieties in the 'All India Coordinated Varietal Trials' (Zone II, rabi/summer)

Name of No. of Mean Pod Yield (kg/ha) Mean Kerne) Yield (kg/ha) trial centres TG-26 ICGS-44 GG-2 ICGS-37 TG-26 ICGS-44 GG-2 ICGS-37 rvr 5 2846 2665 2339 2512 1997 1882 1457 1695 AVT-I 3 2018 1640 1380 1226 1112 858 AVT-U" 3 2410 1637 1600 1738 1563 1027 1048 1088

Grand Mean 2425 1981 1919 1877 1595 1340 1297 1214 •First rank 7/11 1/11 1/11 1/11 7/11 1/11 1/11 1/11 frequency

Note: IVT = Initial varietal trial (1990-91) AVT-I = Advance varietal trial stage-I (1991-92) AVT-II = Advance varietal trial stage-II (1992-93) •Indicates first rank among varieties tested out of total number of yield trials conducted.

Yield evaluation of 'TG-26' was done initially at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in three rainy and four summer seasons along with four check varieties. In these trials, the mean pod yield of 'TG-26' in rainy season was 2963 kg/ha which was an 5-44.7% increase over the checks and in the summer it was 4597 kg/ha, an increase of 6.4-40.9% over the checks. Further evaluation for yield and other traits of 'TG-26' was carried out in the "All India Co- ordinated Varietal Trials". In these trials, performance of 'TG-26' was found superior during 1990-91 to 1992-93 rabi (October to February) in all the stages in the agro-climatic Zone II. It ranked first in seven out of eleven trials and produced a mean yield of 2425 kg/ha which was 22.4-39.5% greater than 'ICGS-44', 'GG-2', 'ICGS-37' and 'J-l 1' (Table 1). Results from the co-ordinated trials also confirmed that TG-26' had greater tolerance to Bud Necrosis

25 Mutagenesis Hybridization Parent variety Treatment Mutants Parents Selections

Spanish Improved X-rays 'TG-1' (large pod) TG-1 ^ virescent ^- TG-9 25-75 kr 'uirescent' dark green^"TG-1 ^- TG-18 'tall TG-9^tall ^- TGE-1 dark green'

TG-18 (Virginia Gamma rays TG-18A'(Spanish TG-18Axcv. M-13 ^- TGS-2 bunch) 200 Gy bunch) TGS-2 x TGE-1 • TG-23 JL-24 Gamma rays BARCG-1'(large BARCG-1 x TG-23 • TG-26 3000 Gy pod)

Figure 1. Pedigree of groundnut mutant variety 'TG-26' Disease, late leaf spot and rust diseases compared to 'ICGS-44' and 'JL-24'. Similarly, more tolerance was recorded against jassids and thrips. In view of its superior yields in the co-ordinated varietal trials and presence of fresh seed dormancy which is rare in Spanish bunch type varieties, 'TG-26' was released and notified for irrigated summer cultivation in Zone II by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, in January 1996. Thus, the use of various mutants in cross breeding can lead to the isolation of favourable gene combinations resulting in the development of superior genotypes in groundnut.

REFERENCES

[1] Patil, S.H. and Chandra Mouli, 1979. Mutation breeding in groundnut at Proc. Regional Seminar on "Induced mutations for crop improvement in Africa", IAEA-TECDOC 222: 83-96 [2] Patil, S.H., 1979. The role of induced mutations in crop improvement, Proc. Symp., Hyderabad, Dept. of Atomic Energy, India, pp. 221-247 [3] Chandra Mouli, D.M. Kale and S.H. Patil, 1989. Mutation research on groundnut in India. In: Recent Advances in Genetics and Cytogenetics. Farook, S.A. and A. Khan (Eds.), Hyderabad, India, pp. 141-153 [4] Patil, S.H., D.M. Kale, S.N. Deskmukh, G.R. Fulzele and B.G. Weginwar, 1995. Semi-dwarf. early maturing and high yielding new groundnut variety, TAG-24. Journ. of Oilseeds Res. 12(2): 254-257.

(Contributed by Kale, DM., Chandra Mouli, G.S.S. Murty and M. V.P. Rao, Nuclear Agriculture Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India)

27 XA9846880

PIRIN' - A NEW MUTANT VARIETY IN PEPPER RESISTANT TO POWDERY MILDEW Leveilula solanacearum Gol.

Powdery mildew causes substantial yield decrease in some regions characterized by long periods of high temperature and relative humidity. In 1975 induced mutation work was initiated, aimed at induction of resistant mutants because the source of resistance to this disease was not available. Two of the most important and widely distributed local varieties 'Kurtovska kapia' and 'Albena' were used for mutagenic treatment. Dry seeds were irradiated with 60-120 Gy gamma-rays or treated with 1% EMS. A total 65,153 M2 and 14,217 control plants were examined after artificial inoculation with powdery mildew. One resistant plant (type 1) in the variety 'Kurtovska kapia' from irradiation with 60 Gy and two resistant plants (type 1) in the variety 'Albena' were found. From M2 to M8 only seeds from the resistant plants of variety 'Kurtovska kapia' were collected for the next generation (Table 1) and the progeny of each plant was again tested after artificial inoculation. After Mg the seeds from the resistant plants were bulked and performance trials were conducted.

Table 1. The selection of the mutant variety 'Pirin'

Initial variety Generation No. of plants Reaction type 0 1 3 4

K kapia M2 4555 0 1 29 3031 1494 M3 137 0 5 14 52 66 M4 3525 0 847 672 916 1090 M5 842 0 253 219 178 192 M6 1082 0 265 314 259 244 M7 417 0 88 103 96 130 M8 623 0 118 193 149 163

0-immune; l-very resistant; 2-moderately resistant; 3-moderately susceptible; 4-very susceptible.

The resistant mutant line proved to be earlier than the check variety and the total yield was higher. In 1991 the mutant line was officially released as a variety under the name 'Pirin1.

Table 2. Performance of the mutant variety 'Pirin'

Variants Year Early yield Percentage Total yield Percentage (kg/ha) (kg/ha)

Check 1985 9300 100.00 26560 100.00 Pirin 12050 129.60 30500 114.80

Check 1986 9850 100.00 27400 100.00 Pirin 11830 120.10 31250 114.10

Check 1987 8620 100.00 24850 100.00 Pirin 10590 122.90 29000 116.70

28 REFERENCES

[1] Todorova,Y. and S. Daskalov, 1979. Possibilities for the utilization of some mutagenic factors in changing sweet pepper susceptibility to powdery mildew (Leveilula solanacearum Gol. f capsici Berg.) Genetics and Plant Breeding 12:174-179.

(Contributed by TODOROVA, Y. and S. DASKALOV, Institute of Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria).

29 XA9846881

•CHANDI 95' - A HIGH YIELDING AND IMPROVED FIBRE QUALITY COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) MUTANT VARIETY FROM 'NIAB-781

Cotton is the major fibre and cash crop of Pakistan. It is the main source of foreign exchange and comprises 60% of foreign export earnings. Cotton is considered to be the back bone of Pakistan's agrarian economy and the well-being of several million people depends on better production and utilization. Cotton seed is one of the main sources of edible oil and 52% of the oil is locally extracted. It also provides raw material to the domestic textile and other allied industries. Cotton is grown on over 2,804,000 hectares in Pakistan and Sindh shares 555,000 hectares of this [1]. However, the cotton production per unit area is very low when compared to major cotton growing countries of the world. During the last three decades (1960-1992) a total of 28 new varieties were bred and released, which in combination with improved agronomic practices enhanced the average lint yield from 219 to 789 kg/ha during 1991-92. This again declined to 488 kg/ha due to inclement weather conditions. The release of variety "NlAB-78' in 1983 was a significant break-through in cotton production due to its early maturity, wide adaptability, high yield and determinate plant habit. However, it could not enjoy a popular position in the textile industry due to its poor fibre quality. Many research workers [2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12] have obtained useful mutants for high yield, more boll weight and number, and improved fibre quality in cotton. Encouraged by these results, the studies were initiated to improve the fibre quality characteristics of "NIAB-78' through mutagenesis without sacrificing its yield potential. Following irradiation of seeds of variety 'NIAB-78' with a dose of 300 Gy of gamma rays in 1983, a promising mutant line AENB-1-85 was selected in M3 because of high plant yield, more bolls/plant and improved fibre characters viz. fibre length and fineness as compared to the parent variety. The results of yield trials viz. preliminary, advanced, comparative and agronomic trials indicated that 'Chandi 95' excelled in yield and yield components. Zonal trials and national coordinated varietal trials in Sindh also indicated the superiority of the mutant line over T

30 Table 1: Characteristics of the mutant variety 'Chandi 95' and existing commercial varieties

General Characters Chandi 95 NIAB 78 Rehmani

Plant type Indeterminate Determinate; Indeterminate Growth habit Semi bushy, Erect, medium Erect, tall medium tall tall Foliage colour Dark green Green Green No. of nodes to 1 st sympodium 6-7 7-8 10-11 No. of monopodes/plant 1-2 0-1 1-2 Plant height (cm) 110-120 100-110 140-150 Boll weight (g) 3.8 - 4.2 2.9- 3.5 3.2 - 3.6 No. of bolls/plant (range) 35-40 26-32 22-26 Av. yield of seed (kg/ha) 3,773 3,159 2,224 on farmers' fields in Sindh Earliness (%) 77 86 70 (1st pick with respect to total) GOT (%) 34.5 34.7 33.5 Staple length (mm) 29.0 27.0 27.6 Fibre fineness (Mic. Vaue) 3.9 4.5 4.5 Fibre strength (000'ppsi) 97 95 95

REFERENCES

[1] Anonymous, 1995. Cotistics, published by Pakistan Central Cotton Committee, Karachi, Pakistan. 25(1): 1-2. [2 ] Al-Didi, A.A. 1965. Development of new cotton strains by seed irradiation. The use of induced mutations in plant breeding, Radiat. Bot, Suppl. 5: 579-583. [3] Raut, R.N. 1979. The use of induced mutations for cotton breeding in India. Abstract. Symp. on the role of induced mutations in crop improvement, Hyderabad, Sept. 1979, India. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 6(1): 3. [4] Islamov, I.I., D. Safarov and KH. Sabzaev, 1982. Production of a new economically useful mutant of G. barbadense by treatment with ethyleneimine. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 8(12): 163. [5] Safeed Iqbal Khan, M, M.B. Chaudhry, B. Boota Chaudhry, M. Aslam and A.A. Bandesha, 1982. Mutation breeding of cotton. MBNL 20: 11-12. [6] Asadov, S.H.I. 1983. Specificity of mutagenic effect of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on cotton. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 11(2): 10. [7] Kuliev, A.M., N.K.H. Mamedov and SH. Lasadov, 1983. Obtaining economically useful forms of cotton by treatment with super mutagens. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 11(2): 10. [8] Zhalilov, O. SH. 1984. Use of radiation mutants in breeding new cotton varieties with a high fibre content. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 11(3): 22. [9] Mukhov, V. 1984. Radiobiological and genetic effect of gamma rays following irradiation of soaked seeds of cotton. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 11(1): I. [ 10] Mukhov, V. 1986. The possibilities of improving cotton yield through radiation mutagen. Cott. and Trop. Fibres Abst. 12(5): 45.

31 [11] Micke, A., B. Donini and M. Maluszynski, 1987. Induced mutations for crop improvement - a review. Trop. Aric. (Trinidad) 64(4): 259-278. [12] Simongulyan, N.G. and V.L. Kim, 1990. Variability of quantitative characters in the irradiated cotton population. Genetika (Ru) 26: 1815-1824.

(Contributed by GHAFOOR ARAIN, A., MM. KANDHRO, ILA. SIDDIQUI, A.A. RAJPUT and S. LAGHARl, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre. Tandojam, Pakistan)

32 XA9846882

MUTATION INDUCTION IN TOBACCO (Nicotiana tabacum L.) FOR BLUE MOULD (Peronospora tabacina) RESISTANCE

The most important factor limiting tobacco production in Turkey is the susceptibility of tobacco cultivars to blue mould. Blue mould disease in tobacco not only reduces the yield but can greatly impair the stability and quality of production from year to year. Residual effects of pesticides have an increasing importance for export and domestic consumption. The breeding process is hampered by the lack of genetic resources of wide and useful variations. A tobacco mutation induction programme was initiated in 1984 at the Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Centre by the Ministry of Agriculture. The aim of this programme was to improve cultivar which is the well-adapted to the Marmara region and is susceptible to blue mould, through the induction and selection of resistant mutants with desirable agronomic and quality traits. Seeds of the 'Bursa-18000' tobacco variety were irradiated with 0, 30, 50, 70. 100, 150, 200 and 300 Gy of gamma rays from a 60Co source. The irradiated seeds (M,) were sown in the field. At the maturity stage, M, seeds were collected from each plant and planted the following season in the Duzce Region on the West Coast of the Black Sea. Spreader rows consisted of susceptible, control and artificially inoculated materials. .After screening the M, plants, a total of 146 mutants with better traits were selected under epidemic conditions. Nineteen promising lines were tested in M7, and M8 generation. As a result of preliminary yield comparative experiments, only the three best mutants (B3-5kJL B14-71cR. B20-10kR) were selected. These mutants exceeded their original parent in yield and yield components and showed an increase in disease resistance compared to the control. In M, generation, three mutant lines and control variety were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with four replications and two sub-locations in 16 m: plots (Table 1). The process of screening and selection was conducted for the M8 and M, generations and the mutants showing better agronomic traits were selected and used in yield trials for two generations. Disease resistance tests were also done at the blue mould nursery of the Ministry of Agriculture. Some mutant lines showed better performance than the parent variety. In 1994 three advanced resistant lines selected from the 50, 70 and 100 Gy gamma ray treatments were registered with the National Seed Registration and Certification Association.

Table 1. Morphological characteristics of the parent cultivar of tobacco and their advanced mutant lines showing resistance to blue mould in the M, generation (location 1 and 2)

Location Line No. Plant height (cm) No. of leaves Yield (g/plot)

1 Control 130.8 35.2 a 4225.0 b B3-5kR 132.0 37.4 a 4365.0 b B14-7kR 133.8 40.6 b 4737.5 a B20-10kR 135.4 40.9 b 4847.5 a

2 Control 134.9 35.5 a 3826.7 b B3-5kR 136.9 37.4 a 4120.0 b B14-7kR 141.8 41.1 b 4780.0 b B20-10kR IMA 42.4 b 4876.0 a

33 As a result of the induced mutation programme we were able to improve certain traits in the 'B-18000' tobacco variety. The selected mutants were characterized by blue mould resistance. In addition, other morphological and agronomic traits were improved, including a higher leaf yield per unit area, higher plant height, higher number of leaves and higher sugar content.

(Contributed by TUTLUER, M.I., H. PESKIRC1OGLV, A. USTURALI*, R. APT/*, G. YAZAN*. R, ALTINEL** and N. YILMAZ**. Ankara Nuclear Research and Training Centre. Nuclear Agriculture Division, Saraykoy, Ankara. 'Aegean Agricultural Research Institute. Izmir, "Ministry of Agriculture. Farmers Education and Extension Office. Bursa. Turkey)

34 XA9846883

SHUA 92" A NEW CULTTVAR OF RICE (Oryza saliva L.) DEVELOPED THROUGH FAST NEUTRONS IRRADIATION

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the important cereals, grown on 2 million hectares in Pakistan, and giving an average yield of 1.6 t/ha. In Sindh Province, rice is an important food and cash crop covering an area of 0.6 million hectares with an average production of 2.2 t/ha. After the 'Green Revolution' - 'IR8' and 'IR6' remained the dominant rice varieties in Sindh Province. The IRRI varieties have less consumer preference as they possess coarse grain. At the Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam, efforts have been made to maintain and enhance the 'Green Revolution' [1: 2]. Rice mutant variety 'Shadab derived from 'IR6' (EMS 0.5%) was released in 1987. Another mutant variety 'Shua 92' was released in 1993. In 1972 seeds of variety 'IR8' were subjected to fast neutrons irradiation at the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. In the M2 generations the promising plant types were selected during 1973 and later confirmed in M3 and M4 during 1974-75. In subsequent generations, further selection and screening was done for desirable plant type and grain characteristics. A mutant line was consequently selected in 1976 from the 15 Gy of fast neutrons for better grain quality with appreciably reduced cnalkiness and higher grain yield. The mutant looked distinct m plant height, number of productive tillers, panicle length and number of grains/panicle (Table 1).

Table 1. Morphological and grain characteristics of variety 'Shua 92' and its parent 'IR8'

Characteristics Shua 92 IR8

Plant height (cm) 100.00 98.70 Days to maturity 148.00 147.30 Panicle number 18.30 14.50 Panicle length (cm) 26.25 25.20 Number of grains/panicle 168.00 138.00 Paddy yield (t/ha) 10.23 8.91 Grain length (mm) 9.54 8.97 Grain breadth (mm) 2.13 3.13 Length/breadth (L/B) ratio 4.47 2.86 1000 grain weight 24.50 29.00 Milled grain length (mm) 7.09 677 Milled grain breadth (mm) 2.05 2.61 Length/breadth (L/B) ratio of milled grain 3.46 2.59 Head rice (%) 64.20 33.55 Amylose content (%) 28.20 28.32 (high) (high) Gel. consistency (mm) 41-60 41-60 (medium) (medium) Protein content (%) 7.76 7.62 Proportionate elongation 1.65 1.43 Bursting negligible high Cooking quality good poor Eating quality good poor The mutant variety was agronomically evaluated in replicated trials for yield and its parameters. Variety 'Shua 92' depicted high yields of 10.2 t/ha in station varietal trials pooled over 6 sites against the yield of 'IR6' (9.2 t/ha) and 'IR8' (8.9 t/ha) during 1978, 1979 and 1980. In zonal trials the variety 'Shua 92' yielded significantly higher than the commercial check varieties 'IR6', 'DR82' and the mother variety 'IR8' for 4 consecutive years. The mutant was promoted to national trials conducted under the auspices of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council during 1984-85 and 1985-86. 'Shua 92' confirmed its yield superiority over the check varieties 'DR82', 'DR83' from the Sindh Province on 13 locations all over Pakistan. During stress evaluation of rice mutants the variety 'Shua 92' expressed appreciable salt tolerance when grown experimentally in soils under ECe ranging from 7.11 - 8.0 mmho/cm giving grain yield of 4.6 t/ha against 'Pokkali' (2.2 t/ha). Simultaneously, salinity tolerance of variety 'Shua 92' was confirmed by growing on salt effected plots (ECe 2.0 to 11.0 mmho/cm) on fanners field in Sindh, Baluchistan. The variety 'Shua 92' produced 4.6 t/ha to 8.0 t/ha during Kharif 1993. 'Shua 92' is now a commercially grown cultivar and has become popular in Badin, Tando Mohammad Khan, Thatta and Jacobabad districts of Sindh and Sohbatpur area of Baluchistan. The dedicated efforts at the Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam have eventually culminated in the production of'Shua 92' endowed with high yield, improved grain quality and salt tolerance. This variety was approved by the Sindh Government on 18 April 1993 for cultivation in Sindh Province.

REFERENCES

[1] Siddiqui, K..A. 1994. New advances in plant breeding. In: Bashir, E. and R. Bantel (Eds.) Plant Breeding, National Book Foundation Islamabad, pp. 135-193. [2] Siddiqui, K.A., Mustafa, G., Arain, M.A. and Jafn, K.A. 1991. Realities and possibilities of improving cereal crops through mutation breeding. In: Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Contribution of Plant Mutation Breeding to Crop Improvement, Vol. 2, IAEA Vienna, pp. 173-185.

(Contributed by XWSTJFA, G., A.M. SOOMRO. A.W. BALOCH and K^i. SIDDIQUI Plant Genetics Division, Atomic Energy Agricultural Research Centre, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan)

36 TOPIC FOR DISCUSSION

Editorial Note: The papers presented in this chapter express the author(s) point of view, terminology, symbols and their way of presentation. The editing was restricted to putting the paper in the format of MBNL.

Micke, A. 1996. 70 Years induced mutations - to be reconsidered? MBNL 42: 22-25 Discussion:

Knott, D.R. University of Saskatchewan

In the June 1996 issue (No. 42) of the Mutation Breeding Newsletter, Dr. A. Micke raises some interesting questions about the genetic basis for induced mutations. In particular, he suggests that mutants may result from mutations in either structural or regulatory genes. He notes that sometimes putative dominant mutations for disease resistance proved to be known genes for resistance and were attributed to outcrossing. They could instead have resulted from the mutation of a regulatory gene that allowed a structural gene to be expressed. For the mutant to be dominant, it would have had to involve the mutation of a recessive inhibitor to a dominant non-inhibitor. For example, consider a common wheat parent that is susceptible to a particular race of wheat stem rust, but actually carries the resistance gene Sri which is inhibited by the recessive gene ;. Parent ii Sri Sri -» Mutant (M,) Ii Sri Sri Susceptible (S) Resistant (R) M2 segregates 3R : IS It should be possible to determine whether the parent carries an inhibitor of resistance by crossing it with several genetically unrelated susceptible lines. At least some of the susceptible lines should not carry the inhibitor and crosses between them and the parent should segregate for resistance 9R : 7S. (Segregations of 9 : 7 for rust resistance have occasionally been reported). Parent ii Sri Sri x // srl srl Susceptible Susceptible F, Ii Srl srl Resistant F2 9R : 7S If the parent is crossed with either of the other two susceptible genotypes, ii Sr] Srl and ii srlsrl, there will be no segregation since all progeny will be homozygous for the inhibitor and, therefore, susceptible. If the mutation is really from srl to Srl, then the cross of the parent (srl srl) with a susceptible genotype (srl srl) will be susceptible. Mutations from a recessive inhibitor to a dominant non-inhibitor are likely to be very infrequent. A more probably occurrence is a mutation from a dominant inhibitor to t recessive non-inhibitor. In this case, the mutant will not be picked up until the M2. Parent // Srl Srl -• Mutant (M,) / Srl Srl Susceptible Susceptible M2 segregates 1R: 3S In this case, if the parent is crossed to several susceptible genotypes, some of the crosses should segregate 3R : 13S. Parent // Srl Srl x ii srl srl Susceptible Susceptible

37 F, IlSrlsrl Susceptible

F2 3R: 13S

Crosses with any susceptible genotype carrying the inhibitor will give only susceptible progeny. If the mutation is really from Srl to srl, where the recessive allele srl conditions resistance, then a cross between the parent and a susceptible genotype will give only susceptible progeny (i.e. Srl Srl x Srl Srl where susceptibility is dominant). It happens that I have already done a partial test of this type. Earlier [1] I questioned the origin of the Ticena mutants that were reported to have arisen as gamma-ray-induced mutations from BH-1146 [2]. Recently, I crossed Bh-1146 with LMPG, a highly stem rust susceptible wheat. The crosses did not segregate for either Sr6 or Sr7a, two genes identified in the mutant Ticena lines. The data must be interpreted very cautiously. The seed of BH- 1146 did not come from Veiga and could be genetically different. Conceivably, LMPG could carry the inhibitor although it is completely unrelated to BHY-1146. The topic of inhibitors of rust resistance in wheat is very important. I strongly urge wheat breeders who have mutant lines which could carry inhibitors, to do the appropriate tests.

REFERENCES

Knott, D.R. 1991. What determines the success of mutation breeding? In: Plant Mutation Breeding for Crop Improvement, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 111-118 Veiga, A.A., J.C. Felicio, C.E.O. Camargo, B.C. Barros, A. Tulmann Neto, J.O.M. Menten, and A. Ando, A. 1981. Evaluation of wheat stem rust resistant mutants at different yield levels, pp. 289-290 in Induced Mutations - A Tool in Plant Research. IAEA, Vienna.

{Contributed by Knott, D.R., Department of Crop Science and Plant Ecology, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N OWO)

Some other papers related to the topic suggested by the editor:

Chawla, H.S. and G. Wenzel, 1987. In vitro selection of barley and wheat for resistance against Helminthosporium sativum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 74: 841-845. Friebe, B., J. Jiang, B.S. Gill and P.L. Dyck, 1993. Radiation-induced nonhomoeologous wheat-Agropyron intermedium chromosomal translocations conferring resistance to leaf rust. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86: 141-149. Gorlach, J., S. Volrath, G. Knauf-Beiter, G. Hengy, U. Beckhove, K.-H. Kogel, M. Oostendorp, T. Staub, E. Ward, H. Kessmann and J. Ryals, 1996. Benzothiadiazole, a new class of inducers of systemic acquired resistance, activates gene expression and disease resistance in wheat. The Plant Cell 8: 629-643. Schachermayr, G., H. Siedler, M.D. Gale, H. Winzeler, M. Winzeler and B. Keller, 1994. Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88: 110-115. Williams, N.D., J.D. Miller and D.L. Klindworth, 1992. Induced mutations of a genetic suppressor of resistance to wheat stem rust. Crop Sci. 32: 612-616. Worland, A.J. and C.N. Law, 1991. Improving disease resistance in wheat by inactivating genes promoting disease susceptibility. MBNL 38: 2-5.

38 LIST OF NEW MUTANT CULTIVARS

The Plant Breeding and Genetics Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division undertakes the collection and dissemination of information on commercially used agricultural and horticultural cultivars developed through the utilization of induced mutations. This list does not claim to be comprehensive. Its content is strictly based on information transmitted by the breeders themselves and/or other institutions involved. Listing of a cultivar does not imply its recommendation by FAO/IAEA.

Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Arachis hypogea L. (groundnut)

ANK-GI (Tissa) Sri Lanka, 1995 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield R. Pathirana [Vietnam] low input requirements University of Ruhuna

Bougainvillea sp. (bougainvillea)

Mahara variegata India, gamma rays, 10 Gy variegated leaves Datta, S.K. [Mahara] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001

Brassica juncea L. (oriental mustard)

TM-2 India, 1978 x-rays, 750 Gy pod architecture Abraham, V. [RL-9] high yield N.A.D.-B.A.R.C. Trombay Bombay 400 085

TM-4 India, 1978 cross, seed colour Abraham, V. Varuna x TM-1 high yield N.A.D.-B.A.R.C. oil content Trombay Bombay 400 085 Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Chrysanthemum sp. (chrysanthemum)

Batik India, 1994 gamma rays, 20 Gy flower colour Datta, S.K. [Flirt] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001

Cristiane Brazil, 1995 gamma rays, 20 Gy flower colour Tulmann Neto, A. [Repin] CENA C.P. 96 Piracicaba 13400-970 ingrid Brazil, 1995 gamma rays, 20 Gy flower colour Tulmann Neto, A. [Repin] CENA C.P. 96 Piracicaba 13400-970

IRB 88-30 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 50 Gy flower colour Nagatomi, S. [Taihei] N.I.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohmiya-machi/Ibaraki

IRB 88-47 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 50 Gy flower colour Nagatomi, S. [Taihei] N.I.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohmiya-machi/Ibaraki IRB 88-59 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 75 Gy flower colour Nagatomi, S. [Taihei] N.I.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohm iy a-mach i/lbarak i

IRB 88-60 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 75 Gy flower colour Nagatomi, S. [Taihei] N.I.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohmiya-machi/Ibaraki

Jugnu India, 1991 gamma rays, 15-20 Gy flower colour Dana, S.K. [Lalima] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001

Lady Amber Poland, 1993 x-rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Lady Bronze Poland, 1993 x-rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Lady Pink Poland, 1993 gamma rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal workers) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Lady Rose Poland, 1993 x-rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Lady Salmon Poland, 1993 gamma rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Lady Yellow Poland, 1993 gamma rays, 15 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Richmond] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bemardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Navneet Yellow India, 1993 gamma rays, 15Gy flower colour Datta, S.K. [Navneet] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001

OHB-14 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 50 Gy flower colour Nagatotni, S. [Taihei] N.l.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohmiya-maclii/lbaraki OHB-8 Japan, 1991 gamma rays chronic, 100 Gy flower colour Nagatomi, S. [Taihei] N.I.A.R. P.O. Box 3 Ohmiya-machi/lbaraki

Sharad liar India, 1992 gamma rays, 15 Gy flower colour Datta, S.K. [Sharad Mala] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001

Cicer urietinum I,, (chickpea)

CM-88 Pakistan, 1994 gamma rays, 100 Gy disease resistance MA. Haq [C-727] NIAB P.O. Box 128 Faisalabad

Line 3 Egypt, 1992 gamma rays, 50Gy + EMS, 0.025% yield R.A.K. Moustafa [NECL #055] AEA

Gerbera jamesonii Bolus (gerbera)

Raisa Poland, 1993 gamma rays, 25 Gy flower colour M. Jerzy [Raisa] Acad. of Technology & Agr. Bernardynska 6 85-029 Bydgoszcz

Gladiolus sp. (gladiolus)

Tambari India, 1991 gamma rays, flower colour Sharma, S.C. [Oscar] N.B.R.I. Mutation Breeding Lab. Lucknow 226001 Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Glycine max L. (soybean)

DT-83 Vietnam, 1987 El, 0.04% seed colour Tran Duy Quy [Cocchum] yield Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu I.iem Hanoi

DT-84 Vietnam, 1994 gamma rays, 180 Gy yield Tran Duy Quy [K, from (DT-80xDH-4)] Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu Liem Hanoi

OT-90 Vietnam, 1993 gamma rays, 180 Gy yield Tran Duy Quy [F, from (G7002xCocchum)] protein content Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu Liem Hanoi

Nitrohean-60 Australia, 1995 EMS, 1%, 6 hrs. hypernodulation Carroll, B. [Bragg] nitrogen carry-over ANU nitrate toler. nodul Canberra

S-31 Vietnam, 1995 gamma rays, 180 Gy + F.I, 0.04% yield Tran Duy Quy [V-741 cold tolerance Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu Liem, Hanoi TAEK A3 Turkey, 1994 gamma rays, 100 Gy oil content Sagel, Z., Atila A. [Amsoy 71] earliness Ankara Nucl. Res. & Training Center yield Ankara

TAEK CIO Turkey, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield Sagel, Z., Atila, A. [Calland] protein Ankara Nuclear Research & Training Center pod position Ankara

Gossypium sp. (cotton)

Chandi 95 Pakistan, 1995 gamma rays, 300 Gy yield AEARC [NIAB 78] fibre quality Tandojam Sindh

Hordeum vutgare L. (barley)

AC-Albright Canada, 1993 cross, disease resistance Wolfe, R.I. Otra/6/Morgenrot/5Al stiffness Northern Agr. Res. Centre Hanna/Svanhals Agric & Agrifood Can Beaverlodge AB TOHO

AC-Stacey Canada, 1995 cross, early maturity Wolfe, R.I. Otal/Melvin Northern Agr. Res. Center Agric & Agrifood Can Beaverlodge

Alpina Austria, 1995 cross, semi-dwarfness L.A. filr Pflanzenztichtung Aramir x Midas x Bi und Samenpriifung Rinn A-6074 Tirol Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Amil Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy disease resistance Mahmoud E. Selby [Numar] yield IAEC P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Anni Estonia, 1993 cross, drought tolerance Kiiiits, II. Lola x Liisa lodging resistance Jbgeva PI. Breeding Inst.

Baraka Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield IF. Ibrahim [Baldi] disease resistance 1ABC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Elo Estonia, 1989 cross, malting quality Kiliits Triumph x Lofa Jogeva PI. Breeding Inst.

Leelo Estonia, 1995 cross, yield Kuuts, H. 1109.2 (Ausgar x SV 2552.2) x EJo Jogeva PI. Breeding Inst. (Triumph x Lofa)

Estonia, 1981 cross, lodging resistance K.uiits, H. Hylkema x Diamant Jogeva PI. Breeding lust.

Marina Germany, 1994 cross, stiffness F. von Lochow-Petkus UmbH Salome x st. 11424-79 Bergen D-29303 Noor Al-Qadisyiha 17 Iraq, 1995 cross, earliness Houhamed Al-Hamdany Numar x Alqadisyiha IAEC P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Noor Al-Qadisyiha 68 Iraq, 1995 cross, earliness Houhamed Al-Hamdany Numar x Alqadisyiha IAEC P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Olal Canada, 1981 cross, earliness Wolfe, R.I. & Taylor, R.L Otra x 1514-64 high yield AAFES & USDA-ARS (Maja/3/Hanna/Svanhals// Agri-Food Opal/4/Tammi/5/Morgenrot) 5O30-5Ost. Lacombe

Pamunkey USA, 1993 cross, semi-dwarfness Price, A.M. Boone/Henrv/VA-77-12-41 early maturity Crop Soil Env. Sci. Dept. (CIHO9623/C1HO9658/CIHO96081/Atlas) Virg. State Univers. Blacksburg VA 24061

Samir Iraq, 1993 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Arivat] disease resistance IAEC Dept. of Breeding malting quality P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Secret Russia, 1995 NEU, 0.025%, 12h lodging resistance Shevtsov, V.L. [Monolit] winterhardiness Agric. Research Institute Krasnodar 350012

Shua Iraq, 1992 fN, 6Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Arivat] protein content IAF.C Dept. of Breeding stiffness P.O. Box 765, Baghdad Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety) improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Tuwaitha Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Arivat] disease resistance IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

UC829 USA, 1995 cross, semi-dwarfness Gallagher, L.W. [Numar*2/CI 2376/Yellow Dwarf Resist. NumarV increased yield U.C. Davis UC 75021W (-semidwarf mutant from 'Jotun') disease resistance California, 95616

UNA-La Molina 95 Peru, 1995 gamma rays, 300 Gy carlincss Romero Loli, M. [Buenavista] UNA-La Molina Lima

Humulus lupulus L. (hop)

Crystal USA, cross, vigour Haunold, A. Hallertauer mittelfriih (colchicine induced yield Oregon State University tetraploid) x USDA 21381 Dept. Crop & Soil Sci. Corvallis, OR 97331

Lactuca saliva L. (lettuce)

Blush USA, 1992 EMS, 0.03%, 24h dwarfness Waycott, W. (81-1251-C-18-2 (Fj)J U.S.A.R.S. 1636 East Alisal Str Salinas, CA 93905 Ice Cube USA, 1992 EMS, 0.03%, 24h dwarfness Waycott, W. [81-1251-C-18-2 (F,)] U.S.A.R.S. 1636 East Alisal Str Salinas, CA 93905

Mini-Green USA, 1992 EMS, 0.03%, 24h dwarfness Waycott, W. [81-1251-C-18-2 (F,)] U.S.A.R.S. 1636 East Alisal Str Salinas, CA 93905

Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco)

Baghdad-V77 Iraq, 1995 gamma rays, 300 Gy yield IF. Ibrahim [Vargini] adaptation IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

KY907 USA, 1993 cross, yield Nielsen, M.T. KY 16/TI 1406/ KY 10/ Burley 49/ F.X4/ leaf size 290 A/KY 17/ KY 15/ 8/ TN 86 disease resistance Kentucky Agr. Exp. Stat. Lexington, KY 40546

Sumar-V48 Iraq, 1995 gamma rays, 200 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Vargini] vigour IAEC Dept. of Breeding adaptation P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Oryza saliva L. (rice)

Amber-Baghdad Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy lodging resistance IF. Ibrahim [Amber-33] yield IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Amber-Furat Iraq, 1995 gamma rays, 200 Gy earliness IF. Ibrahim [Amber-33] yield IABC Dept. of Breeding cooking quality P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Amber-Manathera Iraq, 1995 gamma rays, 300 Gy lodging resistance IF. Ibrahim [Amber-33] yield IAEC Dept. of Breeding flavour P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Camago-8 Costa Rica, 1996 gamma rays, 250 Gy blast resistance Navarro, W. [IR-1821] virus resistance Univ. Nacional Heredia Ap. 86-3000

Dellmont USA, 1992 cross, grain quality Bollich, C.N Delia X2 (irrad. of Della)/Lemont (and 4 times semi-dwarfness A.R.E.C. rec. backcross with l.ernont) Texas A&M University Beaumont, TX

DT-ll Vietnam, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy + NF,U, 0.0025% disease resistance Tran Duy Quy [C4-63] yield Inst. of Agric. Genetics grain quality Tu I.iem Hanoi M-204 USA, 1992 cross, photoper. insensitiv Johnson, C.W. M-201/M7/3/M7//ESD7-3/Kokuhorose early maturity CCRRF-Rice Exp. Station semi-dwarfness P.O. Box 306 Biggs, CA 95917

МТ-6 Vietnam, 1993 DMS, 0.02% stiffness Tran Duy Quy [F, from IR8 x X6] leaf morphology Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu I.iem, Hanoi

UNP 9027 Costa Rica, 1994 gamma rays, 200 Gy disease resistance Navarro, W. [CR 1113] nitrogen response Prog, de Genetica Vegetal Esc. de Cienc. Agr. Universidad Nacional

Zhefu 7 China, 1994 gamma rays, 300 Gy earliness Qingyao, S. & Yingwu, [Erjiufong] cold tolerance Inst. Nucl. Agric. Sciences Zhejiang Agr. Univ. Hangzhou 310029

Pisum sativum L. (Pea)

Agra Poland, 1990 cross, lodging resistance J. Tomaszewska Sum x Karat Plant Breeding Station Sobotka

Piast Poland, 1995 cross, stiffness R. Madajewski Sum x Melzer yield Plant Br. Station Piast, I.agiewniki 88-150 Kruszwica Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal workers) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Psnlhvroslachys juncea (Fisher) Nevski (Russian wild rye)

Tctracan Canada, 1988 colchicine, vigour Lawrence, T. [open pollinated population from 27 diploids] seed yield Agric. Canada Res. Stat. seed size Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2

Sesamum indicum L. (sesame)

ANK-S2 Sri Lanka, 1995 gamma rays, 200 Gy disease resistance R. Pathirana [Ml-I] yield University of Ruhuna

Babil Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 50 Gy earliness K. Aljanabi [local variety] oil content IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Eshtar Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 40 Gy capsule size K. Aljanabi [local variety] habitus 1AEC Dept. of Breeding oil content P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Pungsankkae Korea, 1996 cross, determinate growth Kang, C.W. dt-45 x Hansumkkae seed retention N.C.E.S. (dt-45, mutant from Israel with determinate RDA growth habit) Suwon 441-100 Rafiden Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 40 Gy earliness K. Aljanabi [local variety] oil content IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

UMA India, 1990 chemical mutagen, 10% (Arsenic-Q) uniform maturity Kar, Umesh Chandra [Kanak] oil content Orissa Univ. of Agr.&Tech. early maturity Dept. of PI. Breed. .& Genetics Bhubaneswar

USHA India, 1990 chemical mutagen, 10% (Arsenic-Q) yield Kar, Umesh Chandra [Kanak] uniform maturity Orissa Univ. of Agr.&Tech. disease resistance Dept. of PI. Breed. & Genetics Bhubaneswar

Sinapis alba L. (mustard)

Zlata Czech Rep., 1996 x-rays, early flowering Morstar Moavsky Slecht. [Prerovska Bila] vigour 767 Kromeriz Havlickova 2787

Solatium tuberosum L. (potato)

Sarme Estonia, 1993 cross, lateness Sarv, J. Commandcur x X ray mutant yield Jogeva PI. Breeding Inst

Triticum aestivum L. (wheat)

Intesar Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 100 Gy yield IF. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) (parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

Iratom Iraq, 1992 gamma rays, 130 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] baking quality IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Rabia Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 100 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] baking quality IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Sali Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 100 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] disease resistance IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Taimmi/.-2 Iraq, 1992 fN, 4 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] baking quality IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Tainmuz-3 Iraq, 1992 fN, 4 Gy yield I.F. Ibrahim [Saber Beg] disease resistance 1AEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad Vicia faba L. (faba bean)

Babylon Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 30 Gy disease resistance Houhamed Al-Hamdany [Ekwadelgii] protein content IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Martin Poland, 1994 cross, earliness K. Katanski TJ 3177/77 X 3177/77 uniform maturity Plant Breeding Station Szelejewo

Tuwaitha Iraq, 1994 gamma rays, 40 Gy disease resistance Houhamed Al-Hamdany [local variety] protein content IAEC Dept. of Breeding P.O. Box 765 Baghdad

Vicia saliva L. (vetch)

Nikian Italy, EMS, branching Ianneli, P. & Gallo, A. & Bozzini, A. [Mirabella] leaf shape F.NF.A dwarfness Set. Biotecnologia e Agric. Cassacia

Toplesa CSFR, 1995 cross. vigour Slovosivo Mutant TI x CIVI Bratislava SK-812-74

Vigna mungo L. (black gram)

Binamash-1 Bangladesh, 1994 gamma rays, 600 Gy disease resistance BINA [BINA Acc.B-10] early maturity Mymensingh Name of cultivar Country and date of release Mutagenic treatment Main character (or approval) [parent variety] improved Name of principal worker(s) or cross with mutant and institute or with mutant derived variety

I'igna radiata (L.) Wil. (mungbean)

Binamoog-2 Bangladesh, 1994 cross, seed size BINA MB-SS(4) x V-2773 synchron. maturity Mymensingh

MUM-2 India, 1992 EMS, 0.2%, 6 hrs yield Bahl, J.R. & Gupta, P.K. [K-851] disease resistance Cli.Charan Singh Univ. Dept of Agric Botan Meerut 250.005

Zen mays L. (maize)

OT-6 Vietnam, 1990 gamma rays, 200 Gy + NMU, 0.08% early maturity Chinh, B.; True, P. Dong, [Tuxpeno] shortness Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu Liem Hanoi

DT-8 Vietnam, 1990 cross, early maturity Cuong, N., Dong, N, DT-6 x SONGI.AM lodging resistance Inst. of Agric. Genetics Tu Liem Hanoi SELECTED PAPERS RELATED TO THE USE OF MUTATION TECHNIQUES IN GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING RESEARCH

Albrecht, S., C. Moellers and G. Robbeien, 1995. Selection in vitro for enicic-acid content in segregating populations of microspore-derived embryoids of Brassica napus. Plant Breeding 114: 210-214. Anderson, P.A., P.A. Okubara, R. Arroyo-Garcia, B.C. Meyers and R.W. Michelmore, 1996. Molecular analysis of irradiation-induced and spontaneous deletion mutants at a disease resistance locus in Lactuca saliva.. Mol. Gen. Genet. 251: 316-325. Aniol, A.M. 1995. Physiological aspects of aluminium tolerance associated with the long arm of chromosome 2D of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 510-516. Bahl, A. and M. Pfenninger, 1996. A rapid method of DNA isolation using laundry detergent. NAR 24: 1587-1588. Balint, A. 1996. A brief history of the theory, methodology and application of mutation research. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 44: 93-107. Barker, J.S.F. 1995. Quantitative genetic models: past, present and future challenges. SABRAO J. 27: 1-15. Ben Amer, I.M. and A. Boerner, 1994. Response of semidwarf barley and wheat lines from Libya to exogenously applied gibberellic acid. Rachis 13: 46-48. Beveridge, C.A. and I.C. Murfet, 1996. The gigas mutant in pea is deficient in the floral stimulus. Physiol. Plant. 96: 637-645. Bing, D.J., R.K. Downey and G.F.W. Rakow, 1996. Assessment of transgene escape from Brassica rapa (B. campestris) into B. nigra or Sinapis arvensis. Plant Breeding 115: 1-4. Boerjan, W., M.T. Cervera, M. Delarue, T. Beeckman, W. Dewitte, C. Bellini, M. Caboche, H. Van Onckelen, M. Van Montagu and D. Inze, 1995. superroot, a recesive mutation in Arabidopsis, conferes auxin overproduction. Plant Cell 7: 1405-1419. Borner, A., J. Plaschke, V. Korzun and A.J. Worland, 1996. The relationships between the dwarfing genes of wheat and rye. Euphytica 89: 69-75. Dekker, J. and SO. Duke, 1995. Herbicide-resistant field crops. Adv. Agron. 54: 69-116. Dolezel, J., M. Dolezelova and F.J. Novak, 1994. Flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA amount in diploid bananas (Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana). Biol. Plant. 36: 351-357. Elomaa, P., Y. Helariutta, R.J. Griesbach, M. Kotilainen, P. Seppanen and T.H. Terri, 1995. Transgene inactivation in Petunia hybrida is influenced by the properties of the foreign gene. Mol. Gen. Genet. 248: 649-656. Fambrini, M., P. Vernieri, M. Rocca, C. Pugliesi and S. Baroncelli, 1995. ABA-deficient mutants in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Helia 18: 1-24. Hansen, A.L., A. Gertz, M. Joersbo and S.B. Andersen, 1995. Short-duration colchicine treatment for in vitro chromosome doubling during ovule culture of Beta vulgaris L. Plant Breeding 114: 515-519. Hong, S., H. Kitano, H. Satoh and Y. Nagato, 1995. Mutations affecting embryo size in rice. RGN 12: 196-199. Ibrahim, IF., EM. Al-Maaroof, M.O. Al-Aubaidi, K.K. Al-Janabi, A.B.A. Al-Janabi, L. Al-Rawi and A.H. Ali, 1994. New wheat cultivars induced by fast neutrons in Iraq. Rachis 13: 37-42. Irish, V.F. and Y.T. Yamamoto, 1995. Conservation of floral homeotic gene function between Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. The Plant Cell 7: 1635-1644. Jenkins, M.E., G.R. Harlow, Z. Liu, MA. Shotwell, J. Ma and D.W. Mount, 1995. Radiation-sensitive mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 140: 725-732. Jensen, J., HP. Jensen and J.H. Jorgensen, 1995. Linkage studies of barley powdery mildew virulence loci. Hereditas 122: 197-209. Khush, G.S. and S.S. Virmani, 1996. Haploids in plant breeding. In: In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants, Jain, S.M., S.K. Sopory and RE. Veilleux (Eds.), Kluwer Acad Pub. Dordrecht, pp. 11-33.

57 Kucharska, M. and M. Maluszynski, 1996. Induced isozyme pol>inorphism in spring barley mutants. J. Appl. Genet. 37: 1-9. Law, C.N. 1995. Genetic manipulation in plant breeding - prospects and limitations. Euphytica 85: 1-12. Lezin, F., A. Sarrafi and G. Alibert, 1996. The effects of genotype, ploidy level and cold pretreatment on barley anther culture responsiveness. Cereal Res. Commun. 24: 7-13. Maekawa, M. 1994. Inheritance of upper internode length mutations and their linkage relationships in rice. SABRAOJ. 26: 1-10. Maluszynski, M., I. Szarejko and B. Sigurbjomsson, 1996. Haploidy and mutation techniques In: In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants, Jain, S.M., S.K. Sopory and RE. Veilleux (Eds.), Kluwer Acad. Pub. Dordrecht, pp. 67-93. Martin, R.M. 1996. Plant virus detection: to use nucleic acid-based, immunological or other methods? AgBiotech News and Information 8: 35N-39N. Martinez, L.D. and I. Noher de Halac, 1995. Organogenesis of anther-derived calluses in long-term cultures of Oenotera hookeri de Vries. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 42: 91-96. Moore, G., KM. Devos, Z. Wang and M.D. Gale, 1995. Grasses, line up and form a circle. Current Biology 5: 737-739. Morshedi, A.R. and N.L. Darvey, 1995. High frequency of embryos in wheat x maize crosses. SABRAOJ. 27: 17-22. Mulholland, B.J., C.R. Black, IB Taylor, J.A. Roberts and J.R. Lenton, 1996. Effect of soil compaction on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth. I. Possible role for ABA as a root-sourced chemical signal. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 539-549. Murphy, D.J. 1996. Engineering oil production in rapeseed and other oil crops. TIBTECH 14: 206-213. Naqvi, N.I. and B.B. Chattoo, 1996. Development of a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) based indirect selection method for dominant blast-resistance gene in rice. Genome 39: 26-30. Ohmori, T., M. Murata and F. Motoyoshi, 1996. Molecular characterization of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Tm-1 locus in tomato. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 151-156. Oparka, K.J., A.G. Roberts, D.A.M. Prior, S. Chapman, D. Baulcombe and S. Santa Cruz, 1995. Imaging the green fluorescent protein in plants - viruses carry the torch. Protoplasma 189: 133-141. Ortiz, R. and D. Vuylsteke, 1995a. Inheritance of dwarfism in plantain (Musa spp., AAB group). Plant Breeding 114: 466-468. Ortiz, R. and D. Vuylsteke, 1995b. Factors influencing seed set in triploid Musa spp. L. and production of euploid hybrids. Ann. Bot. 75: 151-155. Ortiz. R. and D. Vuylsteke, 1995c. Effect of the parthenocarpy gene PI and ploidy on fruit and bunch traits of plantain-banana hybrids. Heredity 75: 460-465. Owens, L. 1995. Overview of gene availability, identification and regulation. HortSci. 30: 957-961. Pang, S.-Z. 1996. An improved green fluorescent protein gene as a vital marker in plants. Plant Physiol. 112: 893-900. Polok, K... I. Szarejko and M. Maluszynski, 1997. Barley mutant heterosis and fixation of 'F, - performance' in doubled haploid lines. Plant Breeding 116: 133-140. Price, C.A., E.M. Reardon and D.M. Lonsdale, 1996. A guide to naming sequenced plant genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 225-227. Rafalski, J.A. and S.V. Tingey, 1993. Genetic diagnostics in plant breeding: RAPDs, microsatellites and machines. Trends in Genet. 9: 275-279. Ramser, J., C. Lopez-Peralta, R. Wetzel, K. Weising and G. Kahl, 1996. Genomic variation and relationships in aerial yam (Discorea bulbifera L.) detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Genome 39: 17-25. Rita, I. and E.I.S. Floh, 1995. Tissue culture and micropropagation of Cuphea ericoides, a potential source of medium-chain fatty acids. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 40: 187-189. Ritland, K. 1996. Inferring the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in plants. Genome 39: 1-8. Rosenberg, S.M. 1994. In pursuit of molecular mechanism for adaptive mutation. Genome 37: 893-899. Riicker, B. and G. Robbelen, 1996. Impact of low linolenic acid content on seed yield of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napvs L.). Plant Breeding 115: 226-230. Sagi, L., B. Panis, S. Remy, H. Schoofs, K. De Smet, R. Swennen and B.P.A. Cammue, 1995. Genetic transformation of banana and plantain (Musa spp.) via particle bombardment. Bio/Techno!. 13: 481-485. Sahoo, S. and B.K. Debata, 1995. Recent advances in breeding and biotechnology of aromatic plants: Cymbopogon species. Plant Breeding Abstracts 65: 1721-1731. Schnebly, S.R., W.R. Fehr, G.A. Welke, E.G. Hammond and D.N. Duvick, 1995. Inheritance of reduced and elevated palmitate in mutant lines of soybean. Crop Sci. 34: 829-833. Sestili, S. and N. Ficcadenti, 1996. Irradiated pollen for haploid production. In: In Vitro Haploid Production in Higher Plants, Jain, S.M., S.K. Sopory and RE. Veilleux (Eds.), Kluwer Acad. Pub. Dordrecht, pp. 263-274. Setterquist, R.A. and G.K. Smith, 1996. Ready to use agarose encapsulated PCR reagents. NAR 24: 1580-1581. Simmonds, N.W. 1997. Pie in the sky. TAA Newsletter June: 1-5. Singh, K., D.S. Multani and G.S. KJiush, 1995. A new spotted leaf mutant in rice. RGN 12. 192-193. Snape, J.W., S.A. Quarrie and D.A. Laurie, 1996. Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat. Euphytica 89: 27-31. Sorensen, MB., M. Muller, J. Skerritt and D. Simpson, 1996. Hordein promoter methylation and transcriptional activity in wild-type and mutant barley endosperm. Mol. Gen. Genet. 250: 750-760. Sugawara, K.., A. Oowada, T. Moriguchi and M. Omura, 1995. Identification of Citrus chimeras by RAPD markers. HortSci. 30: 1276-1278. Takagi, Y. and S.M. Rahman, 1996. Inheritance of high oleic acid content in the seed oil of soybean mutant M23. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 179-182. Tanksley, S.D., S. Grandillo, T.M. Fulton, D. Zamir, Y. Eshed, V. Petiard, J. Lopez and T. Beck-Bunn, 1996. Advanced backcross QTL analysis in a cross between an elite processing line of tomato and its wild relative L. pimpinelli/olium. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 213-224. Tanksley, S.D. and J.C. Nelson, 1996. Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for the simultaneous discovery and transfer of valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 191-203. ten Hoopen, R., T.P. Robbins, P.F. Fransz, B.M. Montijn, O. Oud, A.G.M. Gerats and N. Nanninga. 1996. Localization of T-DNA insertions in petunia by fluorescence in situ hybridization: physical evidence for suppression of recombination. The Plant Cell 8: 823-830. van Duren, M., R. Morpurgo, J. Dolezel and R. Afza. 1996. Induction and verification of autotetraploids in diploid banana (Musa acuminata) by in vitro techniques. Euphytica 88: 25-34. Velasco, L., J. Fernandez-Martinez and A. De Haro, 1995. Isolation of induced mutants in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata Braun) with low levels of erucic acid. Plant Breeding 114: 454-456. Vos, P., R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. van de Lee, M. Homes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman, M. Kuiper and M. Zabeau, 1995. AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. NAR 23: 4407-4414. Vuylsteke, D. and R. Ortiz. 1995. Plantain-derived diploid hybrids (TMP2x) with Black Sigatoka Resistance. HortSci. 30: 147-149. Wanous, M.K. and J.P. Gustafson, 1995. A genetic map of rye chromosome 1R integrating RFLP and cytogenetic loci. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 720-726. Week, E., M. Maluszynski, L. van Zanten, B. Ahloowalia and K. Nichterlein, 1996. Mutation techniques and related molecular technologies in plant breeding. In: 100 Years of X-Rays and Radioactivity. Sood, D.D., H.C. Jain, A.V.R. Reddy, K.L Ramakumar and S.G. Kulkami (Eds), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, pp 489-504.

59 Worland, A.J. 1996. The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats. Euphytica 89: 49-57. Xiao, J., J. Li, L. Yuan, S.R. McCouch and S.D. Tanksley, 1996a. Genetic diversity and its relationship to hybrid performance and heterosis in rice as revealed by PCR-based markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 637-643. Xiao, J., J. Li, L. Yuan and S.D. Tanksley, 1996b. Identification of QTLs affecting traits of agronomic importance in a recombinant inbred population derived from a subspecific rice cross. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 230-244. Zhou, Z. and J.P. Gustafson, 1995. Genetic variation detected by DNA fingerprinting with a rice minisatellite probe in Oryza sativa L. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 481-488. Zinovatnaya, G.N., I.I. Ulitcheva and E.P. Gus'kov, 1995. Combining ability of sunflower plastom mutant lines and expression of heterosis for quantitative traits in intermutant hybrids. Russian J. Genet. 31: 1423-1429.

60 NEW BOOKS

Biodiversity, Science and Development, 1996. Di Castri, F. and T. Younes (Eds.), CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 672.

Embryogenesis. The generation of a plant, 1996. Wang, T.L. and A.C. Cuming (Eds.), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp. 240.

Flow and Image Cytometry, 1996. Jacquemin-Sablon, A. (Ed.), Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 24).

Plant Cell Culture, 1996. Edwards, S. and H.A. Collin, Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.. Oxford, pp. 160.

Plant Gene Isolation. Principles and Practice, 1996. Foster, G.D. and Twell, D. (Eds), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp. 432.

Somaclonal Variation in Crop Improvement II, 1996. Bajaj, Y.P.S. (Ed.), Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, pp. 359.

Molecular Plant Pathology, 1997. Ashby, A.M. and K. Johnstone (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp. 300.

FROM THE IAEA:

Mutation Breeding of Oil Seed Crops, 1994. Amano, E. and A. Ashri (Eds), IAEA TECDOC-781, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 179. {cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

In vitro Mutation Breeding of Bananas and Plantains, 1995. Amano, E. and R.L. Jarret (Eds.), IAEA-TECDOC-800, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 86. (cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

Improvement of Root and Tuber Crops in Tropical Countries of Asia by Induced Mutations, 1995. Amano, E. and A. Ashri (Eds.), IAEA-TECDOC-809, IAEA, Vienna, pp.118, (cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

Induced Mutations and Molecular Techniques for Crop Improvement, 1995. Proceedings of an FAO/IAEA International Symposium on the Use of Induced Mutations and Molecular Techniques for Crop Improvement. IAEA, Vienna, pp. 748. (priced publication)

Use of Mutation Techniques for Improvement of Cereals in Latin America, 1996. Ashri, A., C. Bollich and M. Maluszynski (Eds.), IAEA-TECDOC-859, IAEA, Vienna, pp. 168. (cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

61 Reports from meetings:

Improvement of Basic Food Crops in Africa Through Plant Breeding, Including the Use of Induced Mutations, 1997. Report of the Third Research Co-ordination Meeting of FAO/IAEA/ITALY Co-ordinated Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-24 September 1993. IAEA, Vienna, 1997, pp. 89. (cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

In vitro Techniques for Selection of Radiation-Induced Mutants Adapted to Adverse Environmental Conditions, 1997. Report of the Second FAO/IAEA/ITALY Research Coordination Meeting, Cairo, Egypt, 15-19 April 1996. IAEA, Vienna, 1997. pp. 81. [cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

Induced Mutations for Sesame Improvement, 1997. Report of the Second FAO/IAEA/ITALY Research Coordination Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, 9-13 September 1996. IAEA, Vienna, 1997, pp. 120. {cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

Cellular Biology and Biotechnology Including Mutation Techniques for Creation of New Useful Banana Genotypes, Report of the First FAO/IAEA/ITALY Research Coordination Meeting, Vienna. Austria, 20-24 November 1995. IAEA, Vienna, 1996, pp.107, (cost free distribution to Institute Libraries)

62 FUTURE EVENTS 1998

8-10 March The First International Conference on Date Palms Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Contact: Dr. Mahmoud A. Al-Afifi Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, UAEU P.O. Box 17555 Al-Ain TEL: (+971)-3-635647 FAX: (+971)-3-632384 E-Mail: [email protected]

2-5 June 3rd Latin-American Meeting on Plant Biotechnology, REDBIO '98 Havana, Cuba Contact: Dr. Maria Cristina Perez Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnologia, XITMA La Habana TEL: (537)816245 FAX: (537) 339460 E-Mail: [email protected]

8-10 June 22nd Stadler Genetics Symposium, Genomes Columbia, Missouri, USA Contact: Dr. Perry Gustafson 206 Curtis Hall University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, Missouri 65211 TEL: (573) 882-7318 FAX: (573) 875-5359 E-Mail: [email protected]

14-19 June IX International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture Plant biotechnology and in vitro biology in the 21st century Jerusalem, Israel Contact: Organizing Committee IX IAPTC Congress KENES, LTD. P.O. Box 50006, Tel Aviv 61500 TEL: (+972 3) 5140 000 FAX: (+972 3) 5175674 E-Mail: [email protected]

63 22-24 June Bast Fibrous Plants Today and Tomorrow FAO Conference - Breeding, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology St. Petersburg. Russia Contact: Dr. S. Alexanian, VIR 190000, St. Petersburg. B. Morskaia 42. Russia TEL: +007-812-314 48 48 FAX: -007-812-311 87 662 E-Mail: [email protected]

July 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology Darwin, Australia Contact: Dr. Phil Larkin CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry. P.O. Box 1600 Canberra. A.C.T. 2601 TEL: +61-6-2465060 FAX: +61-6-2465000 E-Mail: [email protected]

27-29 July American Oat Workers' Conference Winnipeg, Canada Contact: Dr. James Chong Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada 195 Dafoe Road Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2M9 TEL: (+204) 983-0932 FAX: (+204) 983-4604 E-Mail: [email protected]

4-8 August 2nd International Rice Blast Conference Montpellier, France Contact: Secretariat IRBC 98, C1RAD-CA / UR PHYMA Bat. 2. BP 5035 34032 Montpellier Cedex 1 FAX: +33 4 67615603 E-Mail: [email protected]

22-28 August XVIII" International Congress of Genetics Genetics—better life for all Beijing, China P.R. Contact: Institute of Genetics, CAS Datun Rd.. Andingmenwai Beijing 100101 TEL: (+86-10) 64914896 FAX: (+86-10) 64914896 E-Mail: [email protected] 21-25 September XV EUCARPIA General Congress Genetics and Breeding for Crop Quality and Resistance Viterbo, Italy Contact: Dr. M.A. Pagnotta XV Eucarpia Congress, University of Tuscia Via S.C. de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy FAX: +39-761-357256 E-Mail: [email protected]

65 TO THE READER

This month, the first issue of the PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS NEWSLETTER will also be published. The Newsletter will inform you about current activities of the FAO/IAEA sub-programme on plant breeding and genetics which is implemented by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Section of the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture (Vienna) in close collaboration with the Plant Breeding Unit of the FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Laboratory (Seibersdorf). The Newsletter (PBGN) will be published every 6 months so that you have more information about current and planned activities of the FAO/IAEA Plant Breeding and Genetics sub- Programme. It is expected that in the near future, it will also be available on the Joint Division's home pages on the Internet. I would like to emphasize, however, that this Newsletter does not replace the MUTATION BREEDING NEWSLETTER. In fact, the MBNL will continue to publish scientific papers related to the application of mutation techniques in plant breeding and genetics. Requests for the inclusion on the mailing list of the PBGN should be sent to the address indicated on the back cover.

Miroslaw MALUSZYNSK1

LAST BUT NOT LEAST

This Newsletter is distributed free of charge. To have your name added to our mailing list, please send your request to the address shown on the back cover. In addition to your full name, the request should indicate the detailed name of your institute, university or plant breeding station. Please note that if a copy is available in your library, a duplicate cannot be sent. Please submit your contribution to the Mutation Breeding Newsletter by 1 June and 1 December of each year. Authors are kindly requested to take into account that the readers want to leam about new findings and new methods but would also like to see the most relevant data on which statements and conclusions are based. Conclusions should be precise and distinguish facts from speculations. The length of contributions should not exceed 2-3 double-spaced typewritten pages including tables. We regret that for technical reasons photographs cannot be accepted. References to publications containing a more detailed description of methods for evaluation of findings are welcome but should generally be limited.

Miroslaw MALUSZYNSKI

66 Mutation Breeding Newsletter Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria

Printed by the IAEA in Vienna October 1997