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Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem

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Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem Excelsior Hotel Little Rock, Arkansas March 31 - April 2, 1986 COOPERATI VE EXTE NSION SE RVICE, University of Arkansas , U.S. Department o f Agriculture and County Governments Cooperating. SD 397.P617 S9 PROCEEDINGS of Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS MARCH 31 -APRIL 2, 1986 Edited by Paul A. Murphy Southern Forest Experiment Station U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Monticello, Arkansas Symposium Coordinator R. Larry Willett Extension Forester Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Monticello, Arkansas Symposium on the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem Sponsored by University of Arkansas Department of Forest Resources Agricultural Experiment Station Cooperative Extension Service Arkansas Forestry Association Arkansas Forestry Commission Arkansas Kraft Corporation Deltic Farm and Timber Company Department of Forestry Oklahoma State University Society of American Foresters Texas Forest Service USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station Region 8 Ouachita National Forest Ozark-St. Francis National Forest Weyerhaeuser Company Proceedings available from: Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service P. O. Box 3468, UAM Monticello, AR 71655 FOREWORD Shortleaf pine has the largest range of any of the southern pines, covering more than 440,000 square miles in 22 states, and has an inventory volume second only to loblolly pine. Despite this importance, shortleaf pine lags behind in terms of research information and management effort. This is generally due to the preference of forest managers for faster-growing species, and problem of littleleaf disease in the Piedmont region. However, shortleaf pine continues to be of primary importance on public lands in regions where it is the only naturally-occurring southern pine. Furthermore, it typically maintains itself as a significant component of natural stands, through mechanisms which are not fully understood. Recently, concern that loblolly pine is being planted to the north of its natural range has prompted a renewed interest in shortleaf pine. We hope that this symposium and its proceedings will provide managers and researchers with an up-to-date reference and that it will spark fresh interest in studying, growing, and managing this most neglected of the major southern pines. The symposium committee wishes to thank the speakers, who did a superior job in preparing and presenting their topics. All of us who benefit from this information are in their debt. The committee also appreciates the fine efforts of the moderators, whose administration of the individual sessions contributed greatly to the success of the symposium. To have a memorable symposium, there also must be a dedicated planning committee working hard behind the scenes. Those who organized this conference are: Garner Barnum, Arkansas Forestry Commission Edwin H. Barron, Texas Forest Service Ted S. Chancey, Self-Employed, Weyerhaeuser Company, retired Roger W. Dennington, USDA Forest Service Billy G. Gresham, Arkansas Kraft Corporation Dr. James M. Guldin, University of Arkansas Dr. Edwin R. Lawson, USDA Forest Service Dr. Paul A. Murphy, USDA Forest Service Louis D. Rainey, Deltic Farm & Timber Company, Inc. 0. D. Smith, Jr., USDA Forest Service William D. Walker, USDA Forest Service Dr. R. Larry Willett, Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Dr. Robert F. Wittwer, Oklahoma State University Not least, those who attended the symposium made it a success by their actively participation in the discussion. We thank each of you for contributing your knowledge, experience, and questions. iii Finally, we acknowledge with gratitude the commitment of those organizations which made it possible for the program committee, speakers, moderators, and other participants to take part in the symposium at a time when operating budgets were unusually tight. The authors are responsible for the content and accuracy of their papers. Nancy Smith and Pam Booker of the University of Arkansas at Monticello assisted in preparing the manuscript. Their help was invaluable. We appreciate the fine artwork done by Edward Rhodes and Les Harshaw of the Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service. Special thanks go to Carol Reiner and Elizabeth Childs, Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, who served as technical advisors at every stage, composed the meeting announcement and program, and ultimately did the layout and final work on the proceedings. The Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service Print Shop printed the proceedings. R. Larry Willett Symposium Chairman iv TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD, R. Larry Willett•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• iii SESSION I -- "Overview" Moderator: Bob G.Blackmon Historical Perspective-- Kenneth L. Smith........................................ 1 The Shortleaf Resource-- William H. McWilliams, Raymond M. Sheffield, Mark H. Hansen, and Thomas W. Birch..................... 9 Ecologi of Shortleaf Pine-- James M. Guldin••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 Site Quality Relationships for Shortleaf Pine-- David L. Graney••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 SESSION II "Stand Establishment" Moderator: Terry L. Robison Natural Regeneration of Shortleaf Pine-- Edwin R. Lawson •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 Artificial Regeneration of Shortleaf Pine-­ James P. Barnett, John C. Brissette, and William C. Carlson•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64 Trends in Shortleaf Pine Tree Improvement-- Robert N. Kitchens•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 89 Basal area or Stocking Percent: Which Works Best in Controlling Density in Natural Shortleaf Pine Stands-- Ivan L. Sander .•••..•••..•••.••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••• 101 Stand Dynamics of Unthinned and Thinned Shortleaf Pine Plantations-- Glendon W. SmalleY•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 114 SESSION III -- "Stand Management" Moderator: R. Larry Willett Non-Woody Weed Control in Pine Plantations-- Phillip M. Dougherty and Robert F. Lowery ••••••••••••••• 135 Woody Competition Control-- Robert F. Lowery •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 147 v Growth and Yield of Shortleaf Pine-- Paul A. MurphY•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 159 The Challenge of Survival in the Harvesting Field-- John W. Manz........ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • Oral Economics of Stand Management-- David K. Lewis.......................................... 178 SESSION IV "Resource Interrelationships" Moderator: Albert R. Vogt Soil and Water Management in the Shortleaf Pine Ecosystem-- Edwin L. Miller ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 211 Wildlife and Shortleaf Pine Management-- T. Bentley WigleY••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 222 Protection of Shortleaf Pine from Insects and Disease-- F. H. Tainter ....••...•...•••••.••...•....••..••....••.. 235 Esthetic Considerations in Management of Shortleaf Pine-- Robert H. Stignani •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 248 SESSION V -- Panel Discussion, "Shortleaf in Perspective" Moderator: Charles A. Pigg Participants: Billy G. Gresham, District Forester, Arkansas Kraft Corporation, Heber Springs, AR--"Shortleaf in Perspective: Outlook for Forest Industry"•••••••••••••••••••••• Oral Edwin E. Waddell, State Forester, Arkansas Forestry Commission, Little Rock, AR-­ "Shortleaf in Perspective: Outlook for the States"•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 263 James R. Crouch, Forest Supervisor, Ozark-St. Francis National Forest, USDA Forest Service, Russellville, AR--"Shortleaf Pine in Perspective: Outlook for the National Forests"•••••••••••••••••• 265 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 268 vi HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Kenneth L. Smith 1 ABSTRACT The history of shortleaf pine in the South generally parallels that of the area having the largest concentration of shortleaf, the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma. There, in the nineteenth century, agricultural settlers cut trees to clear land for crops and supply local needs for wood. Around 1900, cutting greatly expanded as large sawmills began to log by railroad and to ship lumber to out-of-state markets. In the 1920s, with the old growth timber diminishing and second growth widespread, sustained yield forestry was initiated with a program to protect young trees from fire. Through the 1920s and 1930s, the harvest of second growth was encouraged by expansion of the pulp and paper industry, the proliferation of small portable mills, and . especially by the introduction of bulldozers and dual-wheeled trucks for logging. After World War II, the increasing value of timberland, and concentration of land with the U.S. Forest Service and large corporate owners, made possible more intensive management to insure a continuing timber supply. About 1970, corporations and the Forest Service began a fundamental shift from uneven- to even-aged stands. The Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas and Oklahoma originally contained what has been called the largest shortleaf pine forest in the world. While their exact extent was never measured, shortleaf and shortleaf-hardwood stands must have 1 Historian and author, Fayetteville, AR 2 The extent of the shortleaf and shortleaf-hardwood stands is based on the author's estimate. Eighteen large mills, each having one or two band saws, operated in the Ouachitas during the period from 1895 to 1965, cutting about two million acres, or three thousand square miles. Medium-sized and small mills were also active throughout the region, and in total they could have cut two thousand square miles of virgin pine. Hence the total
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