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June-July 1997 I Vol. 74, No. 6

COVER FEATURES

Focus ON GEORGE BUSH, THE AT.BRIGHT AGENDA / 34 20 / THE POLITICAL YEARS, 1964-1993 With Clinton’s Blessing, Secretary Pledges Envoy’s World View To Make Women’s Rights A Top Policy Priority Shaped By Cold War, By George Gedda GOP’s Moderate Wing By Karen Krebsbach MOBUTU AND ME / 38 Ex-FSO Recalls 3 Years of Aiding Zairians Under Corrupt, Abusive Longtime Dictator 28 / THE CHINA YEARS, 1974-1975 Gregarious and Savvy, By Arthur S. Lezin USLO Chief Learned FBENCH TWISTS OF FATE / 40 To Befriend Chinese 19th-Century Minister to Paris Grappled With By John Holdridge U.S. Lust for Cuba, Napoleonic Court Etiquette By Edward W. and Nancy R. Schaefer Focus

COLUMNS

5 / PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Page 20 Metaphor for State: To Rebuild or Remodel? By F. A. "Tex” Harris D E P A R T M E N T S 17 / SPEAKING OUT Advice to the Political LETTERS/7 By David T. Jones CLIPPINGS / 14 BOOKS / 65 76 / POSTCARD FROM ABROAD In Cuba, Remembering Old Glory IN MEMORY/ 67 By Patricia Linderman INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 75

Cover and inside illustrations by Jo Rivers

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS

Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0015-7279), 2101 E Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published Editor Editorial Board monthly by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit organization. Material appealing KAREN KREBSBACH EDWARD MARKS, Chairman herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Managing Editor LESLIE BASSETT Editorial Board or AFSA. Writer queries are invited. Journal subscription: AFSA Members - $9.50 included in KATHLEEN CURRIE TERRENCE BROWN annual dues; others - $40. For foreign surface mail, add $18 per year; foreign airmail, $36 per year. Periodical Assistant Editor AURELIUS FERNANDEZ postage paid at Manchester, NH, and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to EVA-LOTTA JANSSON JUDITH HENDERSON Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed by Public Affairs Advertising & Circulation Manager DAVID I. HITCHCOCK Information Service (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unsolicited manuscripts, photos or illustrations. LEA BOBBIE SCHREIBER HUGHES MARIA I. SAN JOS6 Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements herein does not imply the endorsement of KATHERINE INEZ LEE Editorial Assistant die services or goods offered. FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. E-MAIL: [email protected]. TELE¬ POLLY GILBERT ROBERTA MAHONEY PHONE: (202) 338-4045. © American Foreign Service Association, 1997. Printed in die U.S.A. Send address Advertising Assistant MARK MATTHEWS changes for the Foreign Service Journal to AFSA. 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. YI-SUNG LIU ARNOLD SCHIFFERDECKER

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 3 UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Jennings Randolph Program for International Peace !998-9felloWShipS

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Managed by Gal-Tex Hotel Corporation PRESIDENT’S VIEWS Metaphor for State: To Rebuild or Remodel

BY F. A. “TEX” HARRIS

The proud, but old house of Responsibility is shared so widely that State is being enlarged by pres¬ no individuals are accountable. idential directive. Two wings This may be an ■ Rebuilding requires the best are being added for public business practices for worldwide oper¬ and arms control. The current tenant opportunity to ations. What is the right balance is getting differing advice on how to do between centralized and decentral¬ it. Some folks living on the Hill want a make overdue ized control over key management smaller building with fewer people. functions? Between generalists and Others in the nearby White House structural repairs. specialists? Between functional and want a reinvented and stronger build¬ regional bureaus? Who should decide ing. The occupants of the two new disputes over policy, programs, bud¬ wings want the features of their old gets and personnel? These decisions quarters, but are urging that the rest must be judged not on the basis of of the building be rebuilt. The old res¬ turf, tradition and harmony, but on idents are split — a majority want the Hill act as if fully investing in a performance. minimal remodeling and disruption, first-class defense and intelligence ■ Rebuilding requires dedication while a small group believes this is an establishment means savings from the to common goals. The State important opportunity to make over¬ foreign policy structures. The new bal¬ Department’s long-term failure to due structural repairs. Here are some anced budget deal increases defense support its people has led to their thoughts: and intelligence spending but cuts unwillingness to support the depart¬ ■ Rebuilding is not just difficult, outlays for diplomacy over the next ment. Instead, loyalties have shifted to it’s painful. Consequently, in a struc¬ five years. The critical international groups that do take care of their own. ture leased for only four-year terms, affairs salaries and expenditures This is seen by some as “elitist.” It is fonner tenants have opted to remodel accounts, which fund core diplomatic worse; it is a culture of putting self and just the top floors. Occupants of programs, people and structures, do group before the whole. States top floor have been able to not even meet inflation costs. The per¬ ■ Rebuilding requires improving meet their immediate needs while ception that diplomacy’s planning, personnel systems. Merit and open avoiding the disruption of major budgeting, implementing and man¬ processes are increasingly being reconstruction. Complaints about agement systems are flawed and that replaced by patronage for both politi¬ structural weaknesses on the lower scarce monies often go to low-priority cal and career employees. The floors have been easy to ignore in the items leads to further mistrust. A con¬ Foreign Service’s flexible personnel press of urgent business. Those weak¬ sequent downward spiral of lower system is based on discipline and trust. nesses are now beginning to affect resources steadily decreases the As it loses that to short-term demands, operations seriously. department’s ability to perform. A it becomes weak and vulnerable. ■ Rebuilding costs money. Current well-executed rebuilding program is For these reasons the Foreign financing for the building and its over¬ critical to regain funder support. Service trusts that the current tenant, seas operations is insufficient. ■ Rebuilding requires accountabil¬ Secretary Madeleine K. Albright, will Funders in the White House and on ity. Today, most policy and program undertake the structural work neces¬ decisions are pushed upward for the sary for a stronger Department of EA. “Tex” Harris is president of the approval of those who have no direct State. The FS community would be American Foreign Service Association. responsibility for actual operations. proud to help. ■

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5 ZOfifTA 3CHAAC SMIB 0 **296-4304

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To the Editor: their partnership with the United holes as Steams’ article is of intelligent The April Journal was the best, States was important to Washington. insights. The author mentions Cyprus most professional and informative in One has to admire Marshall three times, all by way of illustrating my memory, particularly the “Focus” Freeman Harris’ skill at squeezing how much of an irritant that place, in articles on U.S.-European relations onto one page a description of the con¬ league with Greece, can be. But he (“The Honeymoons Over: In Post- stipation that gripped policy makers on fails to note that 35,000 Turkish troops Cold War World, U.S.-European both sides of the Atlantic following vic¬ have occupied 40 percent of that U.N.- Relations Cooling”). I hope it carries tory in, or escape from, the Cold War member state for more than two a promise of similar high quality in (“Diplomatic Differences in Bosnia”). decades and in open defiance of U.N. the future. We can understand it, but we cannot Security Council resolutions. Still, Robert K. Olson (“America and excuse it, and the Bosnian victims will Turkey is a “hardworking and pragmat¬ Mideast Peace: After Excluding never forget it. Can we be at all confi¬ ic member of the United Nations” Europe From Talks For Decades, U.S. dent that Clinton or Chirac-Kohl and (whatever that means) and “is likely to May Now Need Its Voice”) makes a Co. will be more resolute when the remain an international good citizen.” convincing case for greater transat¬ next bloodbath comes, much less that Then, what does Spain mean when he lantic cooperation — and shared they will dismiss inaction in tandem? says that “Turkey’s membership in responsibility — in future approaches Clearly the class piece, and deserv¬ NATO ... provided at least some lever¬ to the peace process in the Middle ing its lead position, is Monteagle age against Greece,” since Greece and East. It would have been too much, Steams’ sharp) analysis of the problems stronger Turkey were admitted to though, to expect the Europeans to afflicting our relations with our allies NATO on the very same day in 1952? display anything but disarray in the since the end of the Cold War. One And finally, Mr. Spain can’t really wake of the Arab oil embargo back in could wish it were the precis of a book believe that Greece is blocking 1973 when the very mention of politi¬ to be written, although Steams him¬ Turkey’s entry into the EU: Turkey cal cooperation made European self may not. simply does not qualify on economic or Community (it was Community back The EU is publicly committed to political grounds. The only vocal then) bureaucrats nervous. Sensing the admission of certain qualified champion of Turkey’s application to this insecurity, Hemy Kissinger, the Eastern European states (plus Cyprus) that group of European democracies is bully's bully, enjoyed castigating our and the timing has nothing to do with the United States. friends and allies in strong, if repeti¬ the pace of NATO expansion. Nor is Alan Berlind tive, terms (“craven and cowardly”) there any essential substantive link. Retired FSO and he gave them little reason to think The criteria for EU membership con¬ Couleuvre, France cern both economic performance and The Foreign Service Journal welcoines political development, i.e., democratic your signed letters to the editor. Please institutions and demonstrated respect mail letters to the Journal, 2101 E St., for human rights. NATO concentrates To the Editor: NW, Washington, D.C. 20037; fax to on strategic value and tolerates occa¬ I should like to add my voice to the (202) 338-8244; or send via e-mail to sional dictatorships (Portugal and choms of praise for James W. Spains [email protected]. Letters, which are Greece, in their day) and blatant abus¬ masterly article “America & Turkey.” subject to editing should include full es of human rights (Turkey to this day). As “old Turkey hands” will recog¬ name, title and post, address and day¬ Which brings us to James W. nize, this politico/historical/diplomatic time telephone number. Spain’s “America & Turkey,” as full of synopsis tells it as it is (and was) in the

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 7 LETTERS

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 L E T T E R S OUR SERVICES BEGIN THE DAY YOU CALL! Your Best Resource for Quality Cost Effective Temporary Housing at Hundreds of Locations in D.C., Maryland, and Northern Virginia 111 Bosnia you cannot alter relations with die chief of mission. Christian Serb and Croat views of In too many cases, die best of the Muslims, not with American tanks, officers, diose who have die desired infantry or helicopter gunships. Only sense of commitment to personal prin¬ tire political leadership of the three ciples and a determination to do the factions can resolve political issues. job for which diey were prepared, find That they will, no doubt, prove again themselves mocked, marginalized or incapable of solving their problems just plain punished. Some of the worst should be no excuse to commit officers, having seen where survival of American troops to this violent and die COM’s tenure lies, learn quickly to historically twisted place of moun¬ play die game, moving up in the tainous terrain. Bosnia will be re-par¬ esteem and inner circle titioned. The only issue then for its die more principled officers move Americans is: Do we accept reality or down. In die worst cases, the better go to war for an unrealistic goal? officers curtail voluntarily or are Secretary of Defense William Cohen forced out and reduced personally, a was right in stating that tire United loss to the work of the post and some¬ States will leave Bosnia in June 1998, times to the Service itself. even if the three factions go to war But die subversion doesn’t stop again. I see neither hope of instilling there. Back in Washington, the area the ideals of Wilsonian democracy in directors and their staffs are equally at • Flexible Arrangements for Short-term stays: Nightly, Weekly Monthly Bosnia nor any national interest in a loss as to die right course of action. • One, Two and Three-Bedroom fighting to bring these factions They, too, are cowed by these political Apartments Plus Private Homes or together. appointments. To what extent should Townhomes Steve Dawkins they come to the defense of someone • Variety of Housewares, furniture and Retired FSO they know to be a fine officer if the accessory options plus maid service Key West, Fla. officer and die ambassador are not • Cable, Utilities, Washer/Dryer and phone service included getting along? By die same token, how • Special residences for those with pets hard should they come down on an • All major credit cards accepted officer shortchanging die post’s proper • Resort recreation: swimming pools, To the Editor: program if, at the same tune, diat offi¬ spas, tennis courts, fitness centers In reference to F.A. ‘Tex” Harris's cer is keeping a mediocre but influen- • Packages available for every budget “Presidents Views,” (“Wanted: All- tial ambassador happy? Again, the best • Tot lots for the children Star Ambassadors Only,” April too often sink to the bottom and die • Walk to metrorail at select locations Journal), the missed opportunities and worst float to die top. • Rates and amenities vary by location incomplete intelligence that may The appointment of a rookie is gen¬ affect the U.S. economy or security are erally a lousy idea and the cost not just FOR INFORMATION not necessarily die heart of the prob¬ to the product of the diplomatic mis¬ AND RESERVATIONS lem, diough they can be crucial in cer¬ sion, but equally to diose asked to run CAEE TOLE-FREE tain situations. those missions, is enormous and too Equally disturbing are die subver¬ often stands die merit of our system on 1-800-933-8367 sions of the diplomatic career corps its head. Its also more dian a little or 703-271-8033 and the tasks its members attempt to embarrassing to have to explain the FAX 703-271-8039 carry out brought about by the worst political appointee to our colleagues of die rookies. When an ambassador from countries with a more enlight¬ oi'poratc hilly comes up short in the experience ened policy. \cvutivc and capability departments but does Dianne Bodeen TEMPORARY not recognize those shortcomings, FS Spouse HOUSING staff members are faced with the U.S. Embassy major dilemma of how to handle their Ouagadougou

10 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN A L / ] U N E-J U LY 1997 LETTERS Service is mv Business Marghi Barone Fauss

Associate Broker 0:703-790-9090 x243 To the Editor: Mr. Newberry’s suggestion that I 1-800-548-9080 x243 Having been in the Foreign “accepted unquestioningly” my situ¬ Pgr: 703-353-8262 Service for more than 25 years, I have ation is especially far off the mark. Fax: 703-370-1410 often wanted to speak out on what I Actually, I questioned almost every¬ Email: [email protected] perceived to be waste and fraud in the thing about it, though without man¬ My background gives me unusual State Department, but have always aging to work up the sort of anger, knowledge about the real estate held back for fear of reprisal (“One resentment, condescension or needs of people who must expect USAID Whistleblowers Sour Note,” embarrassment that seems to have to relocate their household “Speaking Out,” April Journal). I take been expected of me. As most read¬ frequently, often internationally. I my hat off to Linda Whitlock, but her ers of this memoir will quickly dis¬ spent a decade working for the US. situation just proves the point: Don’t cover, more than anything I reacted Foreign Service in Thailand and buck the system. You will always lose. to the circumstances of my particular Korea. For the latter part of that And as far as the Office of the childhood with a feeling of complete period, I worked throughout Asia as the roving coordinator for US. Inspector General is concerned, that astonishment. delegations to the United Nations. has got to be one of the biggest Jonathan S. Addleton Returning to the Washington area instances of waste in the State Program Officer in 1975,1 spent ten years with an Department. It is my experience that USAID Jordan international behavioral research the OIG will happily go after the little U. S. Embassy Amman firm. Late in 1986my husband and guy, but if tire situation involves senior I moved to India on a World Bank officers or ambassadors, it’s hands off. assignment. We spent four years FSOs serving as inspectors also in Delhi, where I worked at the U.S. have careers to consider. You can tell To the Editor: Embassy. In 1990 we returned to Virginia and I resumed full-time me it isn’t so, but I won’t believe it. I’m in total agreement with E.V. work in real estate. And finally, if your own boss won’t Kontorovich’s writings on Madeleine support you, why should you stick Albright (“Albright Accused of I have been licensed to act as a your neck out? Coward’s way out? Betraying Jews,” April Journal). Her Standard Agent since 1985. In You bet. But I’ll retire with my pen¬ religious past and future are indeed 1992 I was certified by the Northern Virginia Board of sion intact. not a big deal. The big deal is to REALTORS® to act as a Buyer’s Name Withheld at believe that Secretary Albright did Agent. In 19931 was certified by Writer’s Request not know much about her distin¬ the National Trust for Historic guished family past and that, for the Preservation to deal knowledgeably past almost half-century, did not with historic properties. I became attempt to trace her family back¬ a member of the Million Dollar To the Editor: ground. Sales Club (a milestone recognizing I was mostly bemused by Daniel I had tlie honor, more than 20 an exceptional level of successfully O. Newberry’s review of my recent years ago, of meeting Albright’s completed real estate transactions) in 1994. To further improve the memoir, Some Far and Distant Place father, professor Joseph Korbel, at quality of service I provide to my (April Journal). Even after 37 years in his lecture at the University of clients, I completed the rigorous tire Foreign Service, the reviewer Wisconsin-Madison. Professor requirements for the Virginia Real found it hard to move much beyond Michael Petrovich, Korbel’s host and Estate Broker’s license. the usual stereotypes about mission¬ friend from die 1945 post-war days I welcome the opportunity to put aries. Looking back, it is hard to con¬ in Belgrade invited us for lunch, dur¬ my expertise and experience to sider my childhood any more “pecu¬ ing which we exchanged our war¬ work for you. liar” than, say, a childhood in a diplo¬ time experiences. matic household; and looking around I still remember Korbel’s state¬ now, I certainly don’t consider it any ment that he would never have sur¬ “worse” than a Foreign Service vived German occupation as a upbringing. “Peculiar” or “worse” by known Czech democrat and anri- S ■ ASSOCIATES ■ B whose standards? Maybe it was sim¬ Llitlerite, but definitely not so 1320 Old Chain Bridge Rd, McLean, VA 22101 ply different. because of his Jewishness. As a very

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 11 FREE APARTMENT LOCATORS LETTERS ARARTMENT SEARCHING?

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12 FOREIGN SERVICE JO U RN ALt ] V N E-j U LY 1997 LETTERS Call an International To the Editor: Jonathan Henick is on the right track in “Contracting ‘Traditional’ Moving Specialist JO Jobs Could Save $16 Million Guaranteed Pick Up & Delivery to over 3,000 cities in 155 countries Annually” (“Speaking Out,” March Journal). But why stop at contract¬ By Sea or By Air ing out only the “traditional” — read consular and administrative Packing & Crating jobs — to save money? Do what was Insurance done at AIT [American Institute in Long or Short Term Storage Tawain] and contract out the whole Guaranteed Satisfaction operation! Having worked at various temporary-duty and Y-tour jobs Uniformed Trained Crews [short-term assignments for special projects] for the past two years, I can assure you that this trend is LAV REL already under way. Providing Continuous Service For And why not? There is no career Department of State & Department INTERNATIONAL of Defense Personnel reward whatever for doing these 1-800-737-4877 kinds of jobs outside of an “Wit Senvcce Phone: (410) 636-0482 • Fax: (410) 636-5587 embassy//department ‘“TV&atev&i *)t “7a£e& " www.laurelvanlines.com structure where you get nothing — absolutely nothing — in terms of recognition. If there is no EER [evaluation] in your file, forget it! Mr. Henick may be interested to Perfect Location, know that two decades ago, when Hariy Barnes became director gen¬ Perfect Comfort, eral, I wrote him at length about the Perfect Price. need to reform the Foreign Service along the lines suggested in his Not only are we just minutes piece. No doubt the then-DG read from National Airport, the the whole thing and gave it due con¬ National Foreign Affairs Training sideration. But to change the built- Center, most government build¬ in protection of our career service is ing, and Metro-weTl surprise you revolutionary and not self-serving. The “system” would rather protect with just how much you get for our perquisites than accept the sad so little. reality that the numbered days of • Spacious suites with full the “old Foreign Service” have just kitchens about run out. • Pool, sundeck, saunas and Can a Madeleine Albright save exercise facilities it? I doubt it. Should it be saved? • Free Cable TV with HBO Since no one pays much attention to • Free local phone calls the Foreign Service anymore, I 1500 Arlington Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 • Complimentary Continental 703-522-9600 • 800-275-2866 must say, probably not. Breakfast on weekdays Thomas R. Hutson • Free shuttle to Rosslyn Metro Retired FSO during rush hour Daruvar, Western Slavonija, CroatiaU

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 CLIPPINGS

FOREIGN DONATION released in April ... die State Department may have at least $50 million tied up in To HELMS PROBED unneeded overseas real estate, ranging Sen. Jesse Helms (R-N.C.), chairman of from closed or vacant posts in Tanzania and tlie Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Egypt to excessive sites in the Czech has a few foreign connections that Republic and Hungary.” Democrats on die Senate panel investigat¬ Ripley zeroes in on a few real estate jew¬ ing campaign contributions from foreign els administered by FBO: Chelston, the “Forfar too long donors are quietly investigating, according 10,000-square-foot house on a 14-acre to U.S. News and World Repoii’s estate that serves as die U.S. gener¬ the Department “Washington Whispers” column of May 26. al’s residence in Bermuda and costs It appears diat die Wingate, die North $100,000 a year to maintain; a vacant lot of State has Carolina museum that is die repository of purchased in 1988 for a proposed embassy Sen. Helms’ memorabilia, received a and ambassador’s resident in Rabat which been neglected, $225,000 contribution from the government has never been developed and instead is its budget of Taiwan in 1993, a gift diat became an issue the site of the King of Morocco’s orange in Helms’ 1996 reelection campaign. grove; the 43,000-square-foot ambassador’s pared to the While die museum no longer accepts residence in Buenos Aires worth $20 mil¬ foreign donations, Democratic members of lion and annual operating expenses of bone, and its die Senate’s Governmental Affairs $500,000; and a vacant fonner consulate in Committee say they will raise the issue if Alexandria, Egypt, worth $1 million, closed diplomats Helms attacks foreign contributions to a in 1993. denied the museum devoted to President Bill Clinton’s According to Ripley, the State boyhood home in Hope, Ark. Unlike Department has repeatedly denied its resources that Clinton, Democrats claim Helms was per¬ properties are being mismanaged, to which sonally involved in soliciting die contribu¬ she replies that the Foreign Affairs Manual they need." tion to his museum from Taiwan’s former requires “each post to report periodically foreign minister, Fredrick Cliien. on properties that are excessive, underuti¬ lized, or unaffordable to maintain, but the FBO lias failed to document whether — SEX. DIANNE GAO: STATE WASTES embassies have been fulfilling these FEIKSTEIX (D - CALIF.) requirements.” Further, she cites a 1992 PROPERTY FUNDS GAO report which “placed the FBO’s han¬ AT APRIL IS HILL XOMI- The State Department’s Office of dling of overseas property on its list of fed¬ Foreign Buildings Operations, Uncle Sam’s eral programs most vulnerable to waste and X max HI: mixes ox overseas landlord, is doing a poor job of mismanagement.” handling the $12 billion in U.S.-owned AMBASSADOR THOMAS property abroad Amanda Ripley reported in the May issue of The Washington R. PlCKERJXG TO BE CONGRESS DEBATES Monthly. “FBO resources all too often go I XDE1I SECRETARY FOR toward maintaining lavish or superfluous DIPLOMAT IMMUNITY facilities drat do more to chain U.S. coffers After a January car accident in POLITICAL AFFAIRS than to serve the national interests,” she Washington, D.C., involving a Georgian wrote. “According to a [government] report diplomat in which a 16-year-old girl was

14 FOREIGN SERVICE J OURN AL/JVN E-J U LY 1997 CLIPPINGS

lolled, die debate over diplomatic immuni¬ dain in which everyone seems to be seek¬ ty has moved to Congress. Rep. David ing an excuse for looking down on some¬ Dreier (R. - Calif.) has introduced a bill as one else” and his pleas for unity among part of the Foreign Policy Reform Act of employees from different agencies, the 1997 that would make diplomats more Civil Service and Foreign Service. “It does accountable for dieir actions, according to not help ... us if one group of employees a May 7 article on die weekly newspaper, makes disparaging remarks about another The Hill. Dreiers bill would require the group, for die fact remains diat we all need YEARS AGO State Department to provide Congress each odier to succeed,” Quainton wrote in with information on incidents involving die memo. foreign and American diplomats and urges “One big happy family,” was Kamens “It has been my con¬ the president to ensure that diplomats who ironic comment. tention that American commit crimes in the United States stand diplomats should be the trial in their own countries. ablest in the world and also The bill was the idea of Chuck Ashman, U.S. FIRMS BLAST the best paid in die world,” author of a 1987 book, Diplomatic Crime. opined syndicated colum¬ According to Ashman, diere have been 10 UKRAINE PRACTICES nist Drew Pearson, whose cases involving deatiis in the United States In the past three years, die United column “Washington- in die last decade. In 1995 18 felonies were States has given more than $1 billion in Merry-Go-Round,” was committed by diplomats, and not one aid to the Ukraine, a country where earned by more than 400 diplomat was charged, he claims. “U.S. companies are routinely fleeced, newspapers, writing as , which dates to times American citizens are harassed and guest editor of the Foreign before the Constitution was signed, was pleas by U.S. diplomats for justice are Service Journal in June meant to allow diplomats to conduct offi¬ ignored,” and now the American busi¬ 1947. cial business free from harassment. Witii nessmen are complaining about it on “To a considerable more tiian 1 million diplomats worldwide Capitol Hill, Matthew Brzezinski extent die two go hand in claiming immunity, Ashman says the con¬ reported in the April 24 Wall Street hand. And neither is die cept — especially for crimes like drunk chi¬ Journal. case today. About two years ving and rape — is outdated. Businesspeople like Joseph Lemire, a before Pearl Harbor, I banker from Louisiana, are lining up to tell called on several senators Congress about “a violent, lawless country tuging that tiiey vote larger STATE MEMO WARNS where greedy, all-powerful bureaucrats appropriations for die State prey on American investors with impuni¬ Department.... The reply of OF CLASS WARFARE ty.” Lemire, who echoes the woes of odier Sen. [Robert M.] The class war at the State Department U.S. multinational companies like LaFollette [Jr.] of made it onto the pages of The Washington Monsanto, Cargill, Coca-Cola and Wisconsin, then an avowed Post and die “In The Loop” column on Motorola, was supplied widi bodyguards isolationist, was typical. As a May 5 when Al Kamen reported on by U.S. Embassy Kiev after deatii tiireats member of the Director General Anthony Quainton’s by machine-gun toting thugs. ‘Twenty- Appropriations Committee, recent memo to ambassadors and senior four of 34 U.S. companies registered witii he said he would be delight¬ officials complaining of “caste conscious¬ the Commercial Section of the American ed to vote more money, but ness” overseas. embassy have asked for help after incur¬ that the State Department Kamen reported Quaintons “dismay” ring ‘serious difficulties’ with Ukrainian never asked for more.” about die Foreign Service “culture of dis¬ authorities,” reports Brzezinski.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 15 CLIPPINGS

The worlds third-largest recipient TURF WAR REPORTED of U.S. foreign aid, after Israel and Egypt, Ukraine is a country where top OVER CONSOLIDATION “Diplomacy• government officials “sport gold Rolex President Clintons charge that four without watches, while millions subsist on $80 foreign affairs agencies come up with a month in wages that are often not their own blueprint by Labor Day has set strength paid,” and where promised democrat¬ off another round of turf wars, according ic and economic reforms have not to Stephen Barr and Thomas W. behind it... materialized. Lippman, writing in the May 28 Recently, U.S. Ambassador Richard Washington Post. Clinton decided in the may merely Morningstar warned President Leonid spring to fold tire Arms Control and an aimless Kuchma to shape up or face U.S. aid Disarmament Agency and the U.S. cuts, according to Brzezinski. Kuchma Information Agency into the State exercise. ” fired a few underlings, but retained his Department and to give the secretary of powerful prime minister, Pavlo States office more control over tire U.S. Lazarenko, who, say Western business¬ Agency for International Development. -LESTER B. PEARSOX, men, is responsible for the corruption “Many employees at the three agen¬ in Ukraine. In addition, Kuchma cies are wonted that their priorities and CA.XADIAX POLITICI LX appointed a banker with ties to vocations will take a back seat to State,” A XD DIPLOMAT Lazarenko as first deputy prime minis¬ tire pair wrote. “They see the department ter, a sign that “corruption has won the as obsessed with short-tenn political gains day,” wrote Brzezinksi. in its dealing with other countries.” ■

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16 FOREIGN SE RVICE J O U RN AL/J UN E-J UL1 1997 SPEAKING OUT Advice to the Political Ambassador

BY DAVID T. JONES

For many a potential appointee, a admirals. The easiest way to disarm political ambassadorship is the doubting diplomats is to throw yourself epitome of a plum job. Its the Don't let the at their mercy. Its tempting to go to reward for long-standing political party “your” embassy with several loyal sup¬ loyalty and the payoff for demonstrat¬ resentment of port staffers from your previous posi¬ ed ability to deliver large campaign tion. Don’t. The implicit message from contributions. For those who fantasize FSOs get to yon an entourage is, “He doesn’t trust us.” about being appointed ambassador, It instantly divides the embassy into there are visions of reviewing the and don’t two camps: “yours” and “ours.” You will Bastille Day festivities from stands on find outstanding secretaries and office the Champs Elysee, lolling on the per¬ confuse staff managers at the embassy fully capable fect Caribbean island beach and ice of handling your official business. skating on Ottawa’s Rideau Canal. dissent with For the lucky few, the job announce¬ To avoid classic ambassadorial fail¬ ment for ambassadorial openings might disloyalty. ure, its also important to separate read something like this: “Friend of — your personal life and your former — (fill in name of a sitting president or career from your diplomatic career. If political mover and shaker); required you are a businessperson, be careful attire: striped pants; responsibilities: about mixing your old business with push cookies and give gracious toasts.” you. FSOs may like or dislike you on embassy business. If you are a Such is the stereotype political your own merits, but still regard you as fundraiser, make sure you leave ambassadors live with. In reality their a professional interloper. While most fundraising to others while you are an failures are widely publicized and their career diplomats accept the realities of ambassador. You and your spouse successes little known. With total humil¬ presidential political appointees, they should try to meet your own personal iation only a media moment away and believe that, unlike them, you have not requirements, such as handling success fleeting, political ambassadors paid your dues by working the visa line Christmas cards or other personal cor¬ tread a very difficult path. As an experi¬ or handling the problems of Americans respondence. Whatever you cannot do enced career FSO, let me offer some overseas, as do junior FSOs working for yourselves or cannot hire someone observations on how political ambas¬ their way up through the system. to do for you at post, you should ask sadors can find their way to personal Neither have you been evacuated from U.S.-based friends and professional and professional accomplishment dur¬ a war zone, suffered recurring bouts consultants to take care of for you. In ing their tenure in the . with malaria, struggled with arranging other words, don’t burden your pro¬ a good education for your children in fessional staff with your personal First, accept that the professional far-flung zones or lived apart from your needs — because they will resent it. diplomatic corps will always resent family for months — or years — at a time. Rather, you’ve skipped to the Second, get out of the embassy and David T. Jones, an FSO at State’s head of the line because of your con¬ travel around the country. It’s hard Freedom of Information Act Office, nections or wealth. In their hearts, to “know” a country without extensive has worked for five political ambas¬ FSOs want a that travel, and it’s easy to get caught up in sadors. He was political counselor in mirrors the armed forces, where there die capital where government action Otta wa from 1992 to 1996. are no politically appointed generals or and insider tidbits are day-to-day fare.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 17 SPEAKING OUT

You will learn more any given day when mats have official methods of policy By accepting and even encouraging you are traveling than if you had spent dissent, including the ability to send an dissent among your officers, you will that same day within the American e-mail directly to the secretary of co-opt most of the embassy staff and embassy. If you start traveling early in State, although few people have more contribute to good morale at post. your tour as ambassador, you will rapid¬ than trivial dissenting views to share. Most FSOs want to be heard and have ly achieve an appreciation of the coun¬ Still, dissent is rarely welcomed by the sense they are being taken serious¬ try complementing, if not matching, career or political ambassadors or ly more than they want to be agreed tire expertise of many of the embassy’s other senior diplomats — and that’s a with. Nine out of 10 times, the senior career officers. mistake. You will hear dissent Department of State will support your Still, remember that travel is also expressed politely — need I say diplo¬ view. The reality is that diplomats are hard work. You will cover many miles, matically? Listen to it. You might learn dedicated professionals focused on give many speeches and return to a something; you might even come to advancing tire interests of the United higher pile of papers on your desk than agree with the dissenter. When you States. Your success is their success, so when you left. But I guarantee you will don’t agree, don’t interfere with the your staff will be unstinting and highly have found it worthwhile. process. You should certainly express effective in theft efforts to keep you your own views, but never, never, out of hot water. Third, don’t confuse dissent with never try to quash the dissent or retal¬ disloyalty. In the last generation iate against dissenters. If you can think Fourth, get your priorities straight. the foreign affairs community institu¬ of no other reasons to keep your own Typically, political ambassadors err tionalized dissent, as it smarted over counsel, remember that this is a battle by starting vast projects with half-vast policy failures in China, Vietnam and you cannot win. You will only make ideas. You are not going to “turn the Iran, as a way for career diplomats to the dissenters into hero-martyrs and relationship around” between your air their differing views. U.S. diplo¬ yourself into a media villain. country and the United States during

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18 FOREIGN SERVICE JO URNAL/J UNE-] ULY 1997 SPEAKING OUT

your tour. Diplomacy, even among embassies around the world, but any sadors that they will reverse this allies, often is astonishingly complex experienced officer can tell you there’s reality and have easy, direct access to and moves at a glacial pace. Absent a too much of diose and they often don’t the president and senior Washington cataclysmic political event, which address the most significant issues. If advisers. They are often bitterly sur¬ would be rare in the type of country to Jyou demand to read andJ clear every prised when access doesn’t come which you are likely to be assigned, the cable and sign off on every task and with the appointment, and when, bilateral relationship is likely to look expenditure, you will botdeneck the after they’ve oversold their impor¬ pretty much the same when you leave embassy and waste the talents of your tance to the host government, they as when you arrive. staff. Instead, limit yourself to a hand¬ can’t deliver. Your success, no matter how you ful of issues, such as a national unity Finally, have some fun. That old view it personally, is likely to be problem; a major bilateral agreement; truism is true: Take your job, but not located in the margins of the ongo¬ a neuralgic but important, bilateral yourself seriously. You represent the ing diplomatic relationship. That problem; a key commercial venture; or greatest country in the world during doesn’t mean you can’t accomplish a Cabinet-level visitor. a period of maximum global respect anything or make a difference, but in for the United States, but that status the two or three years you spend at Fifth, don’t oversell your access in should not prevent you from public post, you must pick your priorities Washington. Every ambassador and private pleasures. Hopefully, at — spread yourself thick, not thin. is directly appointed by the presi¬ the end of your tour, you will take A corollary to choosing your priori¬ dent, but in practice it is the rare pride in your professional accom¬ ties is don’t get enmeshed in the trivia. ambassador who spends significant plishments, but you will derive even You could spend all day reading cables time in the Oval Office or on State’s greater pleasure from friendships that your officers write to send to the eighth floor, for that matter. It’s the with citizens of your host country State Department and other American frequent conceit of political ambas¬ and your staff. ■

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19 Focus ON GEORGE BUSH, DIPLOMAT

THE POLITICAL YEARS, 1964-1993

ENVOY’S WORLD VIEW SHAPED BY COLD WAR, GOP’s MODERATE WING

BIJ Karen Krebsbach

S. president. U.S. \ice president. American envoy to China. U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. Few modem statesmen can claim the diplomatic credentials amassed by George Herbert Walker Bush, the 41st president of the United States. Bush, now 72 and retired, has had a front-row seat to — indeed, a starring role in — many of the pivotal events in world history during the second half of this century: the Persian Gulf War; the reunification of Germany; the tall of the Berlin Wall and communism and the dissolution of the Soviet Union; the negotiation of peace in Central American nations; Chins crackdown on dissidents in Tiananmen Square and the subsequent difficult U.S.-China relationship;

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JO URNAL/J UNE-J ULY 1997 Focus

Few mainstream conservatives were as skillful as Bush in mesh¬ ing the GOPs ideological elements, as epitomized by Ronald Reagan, with its liberal fringes. But mesh them he did.

Americas invasion of Panama and arrest of Gen. Manuel Yankee by birth but Texan by choice, Bush would Noriega; the demise of apartheid in South Africa and the forever be defined by this disarming contradic¬ triumph of Nelson Mandela. tion, the prep-student-meets-aw-shucks-politician Not since Franklin D. Roosevelt has a president had persona that would shape his distinctive brand of person¬ as much experience in the foreign affairs field, with stints al diplomacy. “You may dislike what George is trying to in both the administrative and legislative wings of gov¬ do,” one U.N. colleague told Life magazine in 1971. “But ernment, as well as the CIA. you can’t dislike George.” In terms of die Foreign Service, diere appears to have Few mainstream conservatives were as skillful as he in been deep mutual respect between Bush and FSOs, meshing the GOPs ideological elements, as epitomized although his deputies were often accused of excluding by Ronald Reagan, witii its liberal fringes. But mesh experienced FSOs in foreign policy discussions and deci¬ diem he did. His pragmatic, internationalist approach to sions. Bush did have kind words for the Foreign Service foreign policy was infiuenced not only by the Cold War in a statement released to the Foreign Service Journal for but also by the military buildup of die Reagan years. its October 1988 issue on the presidential candidates. Known as a quick learner — one biographer noted his “The American people can be proud of the men and hunger for “the facts, the facts, and more facts” — Bush women who serve their country as members of the honed what would become known as his hallmark Foreign Service,” it said. “They are chosen for their intel¬ method of conflict resolution: Conversations behind the lect, their endiusiasm and their ability to represent their scenes or on the tennis court, which took him farther country on foreign soil.” tiian diplospeak through official channels. On ambassadorial appointments during his 1989-93 Renowned for his “rolodex diplomacy,” Bush had no presidential term, Bushs percentage of career vs. politi¬ qualms about using his personal contacts to break polit¬ cal ambassadors was one of die best for GOP presidents ical impasses. The Washington Post estimated that dur¬ in diis century, averaging a ratio of 72-28. In 1989, die ing his first year in office, President Bush made 190 ratio was 68-32; in 1990 it was a 70-30; in 1991 it was 72- calls to foreign leaders and met with heads of state 135 28; and in 1992 it was 77-23. In the last 30 years, the high¬ times. Indeed, his frequent conversations with Soviet est career-political ambassador ratio was by President President Mikhail Gorbachev are credited with steady¬ Clinton in 1993, with a 80-20 percent ratio of career to ing the pace of U.S.-Soviet diplomacy as the Soviet political appointments; and by President Jimmy Carter in Union was breaking apart. 1977, with a 78-22 percent ratio. Bush’s frenetic yet personable approach won him many friends and much induence, though he was the Karen Krebsbach is the editor of the Journal. The first to admit he wouldn’t be mistaken for a typical George Bush Presidential Library at Texas AbM career diplomat. “There’s a great flow of adrenalin University in College Station, Tex., as well as the churning in me all the time,” he told Life in 1971. “If I Historian’s Office at the Department of State provid¬ were supposed to be a low-key, stuffy diplomat with a ed invaluable research for this article. Bush is being doctorate in political science, I’d have to take acting honored on June 26 with an award for lifetime contri¬ lessons.” Commented the reporter, “Whatever George butions to U.S. diplomacy by the American Foreign Bush lacked in diplomatic polish, he made up in wit, Service Association. stamina and enthusiasm.”

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 Focus

A favorite disarming teclmique for die captain of die after 22 years of isolation, in one of die most bitter, high- 1948 Yale championship baseball team was a friendly chal¬ profile U.N. skirmishes in years. When the United States lenge on die field. “Sports is a great equalizer,” he told Time finally agreed to support China’s 1971 application to join magazine in 1975. “If you know people and can relax with the United Nations, Bush spent months hying to prevent diem, then maybe you can head off a crisis diat you could¬ Peking from replacing Taiwan at die United Nations. “We n’t head off widi people you’d only met at a reception.” are trying to make an accommodation with reality,” he told Bush, an arid tennis player, was quick to turn his killer U.N. reporters on Aug. 2, 1971. “We have to use every¬ backhand to diplomatic advantage in spring 1971, after thing we have to bring Communist China into the w'orld Peking invited an American table-tennis team to play in organization without excluding the Taiwan government.” China, a move diat appeared to signal a political shift The memorandum put before the world body called for between the two countries. To highlight the warming of recognition of “the uncontestable reality diat there are two relations, Bush challenged team captain Jack Howard to an Chinese governments. The United Nations should not be on-camera tournament in New York. “It is not possible to required to take a position on the respective conflicting think of his [U.N.] predecessor, Charles W. Yost, swinging claims of the People s Republic of China or the Republic a paddle before the cameras or... darting around the table of China, pending a peaceful resolution of the matter. The with shirtails out, [but] Mr. Bush looked as if he was hav¬ provision should be made that the Republic of China ing a ball,” The New York Times reported in mid-1971. [Nationalist China] is not deprived of its representation.” But it would be die love of the game of politics diat In what a reporter for the Evening Star, a now-defunct would draw George Bush to competing for national elective Washington, D.C., daily, reported, “Bush’s activities prob¬ office at age 40, when he was serving as chairman of the ably set a new quantitative track record” for securing Harris County, Tex., Republican Part)' By dien a self-made agreement from 94 of die 126 U.N. delegations on the millionaire oilman, Bush made an unsuccessful run for a subject. The most serious complication was die U.S. Senate seat in 1964 against a Democratic incumbent. Two refusal to take sides over whether Taiwan or Peking should years later, he tried again, this time winning a congression¬ have the veto-wielding permanent seat on the Security al seat. He was reelected in 1968. Now hooked on public Council, though U.S. support of Peking’s place on the service, he wouldn’t return to private life for diree decades. council would eventually follow. During the debate, Bush garnered high praise among George Bush received his first taste of die diplomat¬ colleagues for his diplomatic maneuvering, if not for his ic life in 1971, when he began his two-year stint as manners. “There was die flavor of Texas, where he lives, in U.S. ambassador to die United Nations, an organi¬ die gestures,” explained New York Times reporter zation he once defined as “diat crazy, troubled Disneyland Kathleen Teltsch. “The hands implored, clasped, pounded on die East River” and “a fishbowl and rumor mill.” and slapped. Anns waved. The accusing finger stabbed. It was during tiiis period diat America’s ‘Two-Chinas When it came to arguing that die Communists and the Policy,” which allowed the U.S. acknowledgement of both Nationalists botii deserved U.N. seats, he even juggled China and die breakaway island nation of Taiwan, was imaginary balls in the air.” But despite 14-hour days, Bush spawned, a dual-representation doctrine that would domi¬ lost the battle in November. In a 59-55 motion led by die nate U.S.-China relations for the next 25 years. In his Albanians, die body voted to expel Taiwan and seat Peking. swearing-in ceremony on Feb. 26, 1971, Bush said he The atmosphere on die floor of the world body, noted anticipated his new' job would be “a very frustrating expe¬ Life magazine in a Nov. 5,1971, piece, was jubilant. “Many rience. ... But I don’t suppose that anything worthwhile is small nations were eager to flaunt their independence of not difficult, and I don’t suppose anything worthwhile will the U.S.,” it said. “Tanzanians danced in the aisles, not have its frustrations.” Zambians whooped it up, and the Albanians, smiling for And frustrating it would be, as Bush oversaw the inclu¬ die first time in memory, acclaimed the great defeat for the sion of die huge Communist nation into die world body United States of America.”

22 FOREIGN SERVICE J OV RN AL/j UN E-] V LY 1997 Focus

Bush’s frenetic yet personable approach won him many friends and much influence, though he was the first to admit he wouldn’t be mistaken for a typical career diplomat.

Despite the public failure, Bushs tenacious style won months after arriving in Peking, where he supervised a staff applause from career diplomats in both New York and of 28. “I think our relations are shaping up veiy well. Our Washington. Ambassador Bush’s “informal, breezily relations are important to them and important to us, so unconventional” manner disarmed many at the world things are on a veiy even keel.” He and Barbara diligentiy body, noted the Times’ Teltsch. “Tm not a career diplomat attended daily tutoring sessions in Mandarin Chinese. with 25 years of foreign service, and I don’t pretend to Inside the walled compound in suburban Peking tiiat sound like one. [I’m] just doing my thing,”’ he told her. housed both the liaison office and die residence, the His U.N. appointment would prove critical in helping Bushes gained a reputation for theft Texas-style barbecues him develop political acumen and hone his team-building and downhome graciousness. Some 500 guests —journal¬ skills, though he retained the modesty for which he was ists, politicians and Chinese visitors — attended the cou¬ renowned. “The U.N. is like a ball club,” he told festivalgo- ple’s 1975 Independence Day reception, which featured ers in Noifolk, Va., in die fall of 1971. “[It’s] a high-potential hot dogs, beer and soft drinks down in from Japan for the club that hasn’t won as many as it should.” And he seemed occasion. The Bushes preferred peddling tiieir bicycles to to relish the frenetic pace at die New York headquarters. riding tiieir official limousine, even to diplomatic func¬ ‘You might say I’m die quarterback, Secretaiy of State tions, a casualness tiiat startled the Chinese. [William] Rogers is the coach and the president is die Washington Post reporter Don Oberdorfer, who visited owner of the club,” he told Life in 1971. As would soon be the Bushes in December 1974, describes die China of 1.4 clear, he was well on his way to owning die club himself. billion encountered by the couple: “A China assignment these days is a challenge to personal temperament and Bush’s lone diplomatic assignment abroad was in equilibrium as well as a diplomatic challenge of high order. Peking, (now Beijing) at the U.S. liaison Office, Foreign residents, no matter what tiieir rank or nationali¬ Americas unofficial embassy in die People’s ty, live extremely cloistered lives. Information is sparse and Republic of China, from October 1974 until December meaningful human contact with ordinary Chinese is 1975. “It’s as challenging a diplomatic assignment as tiiere extremely difficult. China watching, Peking style, offers the is,” he acknowledged to reporters in July diat year. fascination of living amidst — and yet apart from — a vast Peking was his “No. 1” choice, he told The Washington nation marching to a strange and different time.” Post on Sept. 4,1974, the day before he was nominated for Probably Bush’s greatest challenge hi this job was han¬ the job. Admitting he was “not a China specialist,” he did dling the exchange of diplomatic cables between the State note that he had “dealt extensively witii the Chinese dele¬ Department and Cambodia’s exiled chief of state, Prince gation at the United Nations.” Three days later, he told Norodom Sihanouk, who had lived in Pelting since 1970. U.N.-based journalists, ‘There is notiiing in our change of However, he also tackled die delicate job of keeping administrations tiiat should cause anybody to think diat we both Pelting and Taiwan happy. Aided by the heavy lifting will be less determined to enhance in every possible way of Secretary Henry Kissinger, Bush helped ease China into die Shanghai Communique,” signed by Nixon during his the United Nations, where it claimed a seat on the Security trip to China in 1972, which began tile normalization of Council, while Taiwan retained membership in the U.S. relations with Communist China. General Assembly, held since 1971, during Bush’s U.N. “I’m getting used to it,” Bush told die Post several tenure. “Mr. Kissingers present mission to Peking is to try

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 Focus

to establish an atmosphere of trust,” New York Times ical weapons? How do we effectively verify limitations on reporter James Reston noted in a 1975 piece. Rumblings nuclear testing? ... This is die president’s highest priority.” of Bushs distrust of Kissinger, who kept him out of the In the name of democratization, by mid-1984, Bush’s bureaucratic loop, began building in Peking, and would message included words about a region closer to home. simmer for years, eventually hardening into an animosity “The United States is providing the free Central American rare for George Bush, who liked to be liked. nations with both military assistance, to help diem resist But China he would eventually learn to love. “I think attempts at subversion by forces beholden to totalitarian there's some apprehension in the U.S. about Americans powers, and, in a proportion diree times greater, econom¬ being singled out for isolation, but it isn’t so,” he told Time ic assistance to help them overcome die poverty and social magazine in mid-1975. “We’ve been treated with extraor¬ ills diat breed unrest,” he noted hi an address in London dinary civility and decency.... What I enjoy most now is the before the International Democratic Union Organization. feeling of being engulfed by China. There is a sense of dis¬ By 1988, when he was actively campaigning as die GOP covery here, tire language, the culture, the beauty of the presidential nominee against Democratic candidate landscape — and die mystery.” Michael S. Dukakis, his foreign policy remarks were However, Bush told friends the pace was agonizingly increasingly delivered on domestic turf. At die GOP slow. “I’d have a hunch he would love to be back here, in National Convention in August, he attacked the dre thick of drings, running for office, widr die adrenalin Massachusetts governor for his “lack of experience in mil¬ pumping full blast,” one longtime Bush crony told The itary and foreign affairs,” and successfully sold himself as a Washington Post in late 1975. Soon, he would need anodr- seasoned leader in diese areas. er challenge, and in December of tiiat year, agreed to It worked. On Nov. 8,1988, Bush was elected president return to Washington to become director of die CIA, suc¬ of die United States, die only vice president since Martin ceeding William E. Colby, a position he held until 1977. Van Buren to succeed his boss by winning an election. In his eight years as vice president under Ronald It is perhaps fitting, as die U.S.-Soviet rivalry began to Reagan, from 1981 to 1989, Bush remained loyal, fade, that Saddam Hussein would emerge as the Great deferential and discreet on the domestic front, but Satan of the Bush presidency, or, as he was wont to say, emerged internationally as a sort of ambassador at large, “anodier Hider.” Despite seven mondis of tension felt frequently jetting off to die Mideast, Europe and Asia. ’round die globe, Bush successfully defused die most Bush carried the Reagan administration’s message of explosive international crisis since Vietnam, diereby die Cold War doctrine around the world, preaching for underscoring American leadership in the world. As democracy and against die direat of communism. “We live America and its Mideast allies quietiy maneuvered to in an age in which the forces of totalitarianism cast a long resolve the crisis, Bush would skillfully mobilize key allies shadow over the world,” Bush said in a 1981 speech in die for die cause, eventually convincing 27 other nations to Dominican Republic. ‘The longest is cast by the Soviet contribute funding and troops to the military effort. Union. When countries under its dirall raise dieir voices The Iraqis’ Aug. 2, 1990, invasion of Kuwait and cap¬ and cry out for freedom, die Soviets answer widi tanks, ture of its oil fields had put the world on alert. Within secret policy, die Gulag. In our time we have seen diose hours, Bush imposed economic sanctions on Iraq and tanks roll into Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan.... In seized Iraqi assets in die United States. Worried that Africa, Soviet influence has spread. It has spread to this Saddam planned to annex Kuwait and eventually control hemisphere, in Cuba. The particular danger we in tiiis access to Persian Gulf states — whose holdings totalled 40 hemisphere face is this: totalitarianism has to expand.” percent of the world’s known oil deposits — a U.N.-backed In Berlin in 1982, he warned of “die Soviet Union’s coalition of troops began arriving in Saudi Arabia on Aug. 7. unprecedented arms buildup of the last 15 years.” In But for seven months, the shadow of war eclipsed all Geneva in early 1983, he underscored the need to resolve odier foreign policy issues, dominating radio and TV talk “urgent” anus control issues. “How do we eliminate chem¬ shows and newspaper pages as Americans debated the

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JO URNAL/J UNE-J VLY 1997 Focus

possibility of war and politicians considered its wisdom. threat of sanctions, to allow U.N. inspectors free access to Meanwhile, allied troops continued to amass in Saudi suspicious weapons facilities inside Iraq, which only Arabia, and by February, die U.S.-led coalition num¬ brought more threats of force from America, echoed by bered 440,000, including 200,000 American forces. France and Great Britain. On Jan. 17, 1991, Bush decided America and its allies In early January 1993, only days before he was due to had had enough. The coalition began its effort to drive Iraq leave office, another provocation came from Baghdad. from Kuwait, striking Baghdad and other Iraqi and After Iraq restricted U.N. weapons inspectors and chal¬ Kuwaiti targets with waves of bombers and sea-launched lenged no-flight zones imposed by the allies, Bush ordered missiles. With British, Saudi and Kuwait forces, the allies’ two missile attacks on an Iraqi military complex. goal was tire liberation of Kuwait, not the conquest of Iraq. The Persian Gulf episodes were more than just a diplo¬ ‘This is an historic moment,” Bush told Americans in a matic success for Bush; they were a personal success as television broadcast as the attacks were being carried out. well. His effectiveness in a war zone would dissolve the “We have in this past year made great progress in ending “wimp factor” label, which had dogged him relentlessly the long era of conflict and cold war. We have before us the since the presidential debates. A mid-term Gallup poll opportunity to forge for ourselves and for future genera¬ showed his approval rate on foreign policy at 90 percent. tions a new world order, a world where the rule of law, not die law of the jungle, governs the conduct of nations.” A Bush perhaps made his most important foreign pol¬ Jan. 18 Wall Street Journal/NBC poll showed that three icy decision long before taking the presidential out of four Americans approved of the attack. oath, with Iris choice of longtime friend and fellow It was over in five weeks. On Feb. 28, Bush announced Texan, James Baker III, as his secretary of State. As the he had halted the offensive and that Iraq had agreed, man who ran Bushs 1980 and 1988 presidential cam¬ through Soviet diplomats, to comply with 12 U.N. resolu¬ paigns, Baker shared the presidents pragmatic, middle-of- tions concerning Kuwait. the-road views on foreign policy. As with other effective “The success of Operation Desert Storm was in large president-secretary of State teams, such as the Harry measure a result of George Bushs management style in Truman-Dean Acheson partnership, the Bush-Baker duo making political, diplomatic and strategic decisions,” wrote had an enviable trust and synergy that surpassed the pres¬ Louisiana State political science professors Cecil W Crabb ident's relationships with other advisers such as Brent and Kevin V Mulcahy in the spring 1991 issue of Scowcroft and Lawrence Eagleburger, the only career Presidential Studies Quarterly. “The elements in tins suc¬ diplomat to regularly get Bush’s ear. cess involved tire homogeneity and solidarity of the presi¬ “[Bush] gave me an extraordinary degree of latitude,” dents inner circle, [Iris] skills in personal diplomacy, and tire Baker wrote in his 1995 memoir, The Politics of care that went into tire building and maintenance of broad Diplomacy. “I had a license to operate, and occasionally I congressional and public approval for tire war effort.” went too far. But he never cut my legs out from under me However, Bush dodged a great deal of criticism for not — even at times when he would have been justified.” having avoided war altogether, with some analysts argu¬ Skilled in Beltway bureaucracy as White House chief ing that intelligence sources clearly misread Husseins of staff and Treasury secretary, he was the ultimate insid¬ intentions, a mistake that engulfed the United States in ers insider, but at the State Department, Baker quickly an unnecessary conflict that cost 244 lives, including acquired a reputation for ignoring Foreign Service exper¬ those of 146 Americans. tise. That bias permeated his distaste for States “institu¬ Hussein would bedevil President Bush for the balance tional rigidity” and fueled his mistrust of FSOs whom, he of his term. Throughout 1991 and 1992, he continued to said in his memoir, tended “to avoid creative thinking or defy tire United States and its allies by continuing research risk taking.” Observed Baker, “I headed to State assuming on nuclear and chemical weapons and by hiding Scud mis¬ that the president made foreign policy, not the Foreign siles, both in violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions. Service. That’s why in a Time magazine interview after my He also refused, with occasional backing down under appointment, I made a point of saying that I intended to

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 25 Focus

be die presidents man at the State Department, not die multilateral Arab-Israeli peace conference, which rejuve¬ State Departments man at die White House. It was a nated long-stalled peace negotiations. “By every reason¬ deliberate signal on my part. I wanted to send a message.” able barometer, Madrid was a resounding triumph,” Baker From die moment he stepped out as president on Jan. recalled in his memoir. “After 43 years of bloody conflict, 20, 1989, Bush had decided his presidential legacy would the ancient taboo against Arabs talking with Israelis had in focus on foreign affairs, and he would rely heavily on Baker the space of one carefully choreographed hour been dra¬ as his point man. In his first two years on the job, Bush took matically consigned to the back benches of history.” 10 overseas trips, visiting 28 countries for a total of 48 days, But within months the peace process was again in jeop¬ and paying close attention to die Middle East and Asia, ardy, as Bush struggled with one of his most difficult for¬ especially Japan, China and South Korea. eign policy dilemmas, deciding in late 1991 and early 1992 Germany’s reunification after the fall of the Berlin Wall to postpone, and later to put conditions on, Israel’s request in November 1989 was a central focus of the Bush admin¬ for $10 billion in loan guarantees to absorb Soviet Jewish istration. ‘“We need to move out ahead in a way tiiat estab¬ emigrants, unless Israel backed off its intent to settle them lishes a Western anchor for this process,’ I continued” in the Occupied Territories. This get-tough policy earned Baker recalled in his memoir. “‘I added tiiat we should call (lie Bush administration “credibility in many quarters and it ‘normalization,’ not reunification.’” It worked, and die opprobrium in others,” Baker observed in Iris book. “[But following July, Bush was given a piece of die wall during a it was] nevertheless crucial to the quest for peace and thus visit to Budapest. An accompanying plaque noted, “The to Israel’s strategic interests.” [wall’s] dismantling was made possible by die will of tile Rarely ideologically rigid, Bush’s practical foreign poli¬ Hungarian people and die recognition of peaceful co-exis¬ cy made him one of the most activist presidents in the tence and mutual interdependence. We believe tiiat the international arena in recent decades. Yet he remained artificial, physical and spiritual walls still existing in die acutely aware of the limits of American power. world some day shall collapse everywhere.” Maintaining his focus on tire need for a strong NATO, By the time Bush left office on Jan. 20, 1993, the Bush chose to play a more aggressive behind-the-scenes United States had made tentative inroads in dif¬ role in German reunification so as not to overshadow West fusing tiie conflict in the former Yugoslavia, a pol¬ German President Helmet Kohl or Gorbachev. “It is per¬ icy many analysts criticized as too littie, too late; had shift- haps characteristic of Bush tiiat he did so quietiy and ed its policy in Afghanistan, where civil war raged despite sometimes inarticulately, leaving littie public record of his tiie withdrawal of Soviet troops; had intervened in the impact,” autiiors Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice Haiti civil conflict and begun forcible repatriation of wrote in their new' book, Germany Unified and Europe refugees, which would cause an uproar in tiie United Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. “But in choosing to States; had sent its troops to tiie U.N. operation in Somalia play his role offstage, he made an inviting target for tiiose to aid in famine relief efforts; had declined to send its who wanted to believe tiiat he was just a bystander.” troops to help tiie Kurds gain independence from Iraq, Midway through his term, he w'as drawing praise for his but did agree to humanitarian relief; had granted favor¬ “foreign affairs acumen” from The New York Times’s edi¬ able trading status for China, despite misgivings about its torial writers, who called U.S. policy “forthcoming and pre¬ human rights record; and had lifted the five-year-old eco¬ cise on dramatic changes in the communist world” and for nomic ban on South Africa, a move Nelson Mandela crit¬ “setting tile right course in his surprise offer of new troop icized as premature since little progress had been made reductions in Europe.” yet in dismantling apartheid. The Bush administrations strained relationship with “George Bush collided with America’s festering Israel drew much bad press for the president and his advis¬ ambivalence about its role in the world,” authors Zelikow ers, though historians agree his tough-love approach with and Rice noted in their book. “[The United States] found Israel was critical. Few doubt Bush’s persistence in orga¬ little joy in the West’s Cold War victory, only questions nizing file Oct. 30, 1991, Madrid Conference, the fust about what the 45-year commitment had done to America

26 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/J UN E-J U LY 1997 Focus at home. For some, President Bush had become an object George Bush’s enonnous pride in his international¬ of ridicule, a man seen as out of touch with the aspirations ist legacy is evidenced by the primary paragraph and concerns of his own country.” of his official biography, which lists his key presi¬ Some of Bush’s foreign policy decisions were unde¬ dential achievements — all in foreign affairs. “During his niably lukewarm, half-hearted or simple failures, such tenn in office, freedom prevailed in the Cold War,” it says. as when the Democratic-led Congress, due to human ‘The tiireat of nuclear war was drastically reduced; the rights abuses there, voted to halve military aid Bush had Soviet Union imploded and was replaced by a democratic sought for El Salvador. Pie was also widely criticized for Russia; the Berlin Wall fell, and Germany reunified; and an delaying funds for reforms in the emerging 12 republics unprecedented international coalition force liberated of the former Soviet Union after die union began dis¬ Kuwait from Iraq — paving the way for Israel and her solving in 1991. Arab neighbors to begin anew tiieir quest for peace in the Still, observers say Bush did not begin neglecting for¬ Middle East.” He has been awarded high honors from eign policy issues until summer 1992, when reelection Kuwait, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of advisers urged him to refocus on domestic concerns. Germany, Nicaragua, Poland and Saudi Arabia.Since he Indeed, that season two-diirds of Americans in a New has left public life, Bush hasn’t been afraid to speak out York Times/CBS News poll said Bush was paying too publicly on U.S. foreign policy, most recendy last February, much attention to foreign policy. But while he stopped when he applauded Secretary of State Madeleine K. making foreign policy decisions, he never stopped think¬ Albright’s backing of die chemical arms ban, an issue close ing about international affairs. In his last major speech as to his heart since he unsuccessfully pushed for its passage president, Bush told students at Texas A&M University on dining his own administration. Dec. 15, 1992, diat he might have been mulling his own Pundits speak of “an age of Bush revivalism,” orchestrat¬ legacy as die last foreign policy president of his genera¬ ed by Barbara Bush and informally led by Bush’s fonner tion. “From the days after World War II, when fragile chief of staff, John Sununu. “It seeks to establish Bush’s European democracies were threatened by Stalins expan¬ place in history as a first-tier, or at least very high second-tier sionism, to the last days of the Cold War, as our foes president,” Stephen Glass wrote in the June 9 issue of The became fragile democracies diemselves, American lead¬ New Republic. A book coauthored by Bush and Scowcroft ership has been indispensable,” he said. “No one person has already been advertised in Knopf s catalog, Glass report¬ deserves credit for diis — America does. It has been ed, “altiiough friends say barely any of it is written.” Mrs. achieved because of what we as a people stand for — and Bush is presumably eager to dust off the family name not what we are made of.” only for die fonner president’s legacy, but for that of the But perhaps Bush’s approach to foreign policy can younger Bush, Texas Governor George W. Bush, rumored best be captured by his words in a 1987 speech to die to want the GOP nod for president in 2000. But, noted American Legion in San Antonio, Tex., where he Glass, who cites a recent Gallup poll tiiat names Bush die summed up his approach to foreign policy by comparing most popular modem president alter Kennedy, “The it to his stint as a Navy pilot in World War II. “One thing remaking of George is working.” I learned in the Navy was the importance of steadiness,” Maybe that’s why he was so eager to make his he said. “But if you’ve done the hard work of training, 12,500-foot jump last March into the Arizona desert, day after undramatic day, you’re ready for anything and armed witii a parachute and surrounded by a couple of all of that practice and self-discipline and dedication Anny skydivers, which supposedly replicated his first pays off. There’s a place for brilliant concepts and strate¬ jump as a young Navy pilot. The first jump so fright¬ gies and tactics. But bright ideas can fail if they aren’t ened him, since his chute ripped and his body slammed carried out by people who have clear goals and a steady against the plane, that he decided to try it again. And, hand — who know how to persevere and how to stand if the revisionists have their way, Bush may well be up under pressure. Steadiness, character and courage: remembered as the diplomat and internationalist pres¬ Those are the keys to success.” ident that he always wanted to be. ■

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 27 Focus ON GEORGE BUSH, DIPLOMAT

THE CHINA YEARS, 1974-1975

GREGARIOUS AND SAVVY, USLO CHIEF LEARNED To BEFRIEND CHINESE

BIJ John H. Hold ridge

rom the minute George and Barbara Bush arrived in Beijing (then Peking) in early October 1974, they displayed an insatiable curiosity about China and the Chinese. So, tak¬ ing advice from some of us who were there at the creation, so to speak — the opening of the U.S. Liaison Office in May 1973 — George and Barbara acquired two of the ungainly Chinese-made bicycles that swarmed Beijing’s streets and rode off into the unknown. One of my most vivid memories of the Bushes is the sight of them, both wearing white gauze face masks, peddling indomitably into the dust- and soot-laden northwest wind that always seemed to be blowing into Beijing from the Gobi desert.

28 FOREIGN SERVICE J O V RN A L/J UN E-J U EY 1997 Focus

Bushs reputation as a friend convinced the Chinese ofU.S. sin¬ cerity in concluding the 1982 Joint Communique on Arms Sales to Taiwan, a cornerstone of a stable U. S-China relationship.

This pushing onward into the wind could be said to him a consolation prize — any government position characterize George Bush’s approach to his job as he wanted. Bush chose USLO Beijing, believing it USLO chief: determination to learn all he could was a crucial moment in U.S.-Chinese relations, and about his duties, zeal to learn everything he could on Sept. 5, 1974, President Gerald Ford nominated about China from every possible source and unwill¬ him as the U.S. representative in Peking. ingness to let anything stand in his way. Though he Among those at USLO Beijing, there was an initial had acquired diplomatic experience as ambassador to reservation about George Bush, but that was soon the United Nations, he had no background in repre¬ dispelled by the vigor of his efforts to get to know his senting the United States abroad, and a country as staffers and to draw upon their knowledge. It turned large and complex as China was a special challenge. out, also, that quite a few of the African and Middle Thus, in addition to visiting both Beijing’s tourist Eastern chiefs of mission in Beijing had served in sites and hutungs, or back alleys, as a means to open their countries’ U.N. missions in New York and were another window into China, Bush began tutoring ses¬ already well-known to the Bushes. George Bush’s sions of Mandarin Chinese. He learned a few words, characteristically relaxed and friendly manner helped enough to show his interest in the culture. He, of him greatly in his dealings with the Chinese, and he course, asked as well for full briefings on every ele¬ thus made himself quickly at home in the diplomatic ment in the U.S.-China relationship from the USLO life of Beijing. staff, and exhibited an all-encompassing curiosity Shortly after the Bushes arrived, they began host¬ about everything happening in the country. ing a series of small luncheons for the 28-member In coming to Beijing, George Bush had replaced staff, to which two or three people at a time were one of the best-known elder statesmen of post-World invited; ultimately everyone at USLO had lunched War II American diplomacy, David K.E. Bruce Jr. with the couple. The Bushes also made their resi¬ The switch occurred after President Richard Nixon dence available for social activities with staff mem¬ chose Gerald Ford to replace Spiro Agnew, who bers and their families — the American community resigned as vice president in October 1973. George numbered about 50 — including Christmas and Bush, an avid and ambitious politician, had made no Halloween parties, which were particularly important secret about wanting Agnews job, and Nixon offered to staff morale and esprit de corps in a city closed to Americans in so many ways. John H. Holdridge was deputy chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing from 1973-1975, including On substantive matters, George Bush reached nine months under USLO chief George Bush. In his out quickly to the senior members of the 37-year career in the Foreign Service, Holdridge diplomatic corps. I particularly recall his served in a series of East Asian posts, including friendship with French Ambassador Etienne Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore, and as ambas¬ Manac’h, but he also had good rapport with the sador to Indonesia. His most recent book, Crossing ambassadors of such disparate countries as the USSR the Divide: An Insider’s Account of the and the U.K. These contacts, some of which were via Normalization of U.S.-China Relations, was pub¬ tennis — which he played vigorously — were very lished in March by Bowman l? Littlefield. valuable in gathering information on current events

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 29 Focus

gleaned by other missions, which we could add to our China, a point passed along to the Department of State own assessments. He had a similarly good rapport with in USLO’s reporting cable of diis episode. Typically, Chinese officials, where his friendly accessibility was a George Bush made no changes in this cable; indeed, he distinct asset. rarely changed any draft cables that went up the chain On one occasion he scored a distinct coup by wan¬ of command to him for approval and signature. ning the acceptance of Foreign Minister Qiao In fact, what became clear as George Bush moved Guanghua, Qiao s wife Zhang Hanzhi, and several other into Iris new responsibilities was his trust of staff mem¬ Foreign Ministry officials to his and Barbara’s invitation bers to do their jobs — he didn’t attempt to microman¬ for dinner. Qiao did not normally attend such functions. age. His basic requirement was, though, that he be kept I accompanied George Bush on most of his official informed about what they were doing, so he could calls on senior Chinese, and witnessed from the start intervene if he differed with them. One way he kept how well they responded to his relaxed style. On his abreast of what we were all doing was to attend daily first official call on Deng Xiaoping, which was die staff meetings and ask every section chief to comment equivalent of presenting his diplomatic credentials, the on his current concerns. two began a friendly chat about agriculture, and how, as His wise advice was always available, often sought, Deng put it, the farming technique in the still-existent and often given. He understood how the political “peoples communes” wars like “manicuring die soil.” wheels ground in the United States, particularly when it Deng declared that he favored “mechanization” of came to domestic politics. He could give advice about agriculture, which would raise questions about manag¬ how to best present a case to win the political side of the ing surplus manpower in an already oveqiopulated U.S. government over.

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30 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN Ah/] UN E-J U LY 1997 Focus

Inevitably, the Bushes were drawn into entertain¬ friends, usually repeatedly screaming, “Can you ing visiting U.S. dignitaries which, while time-con¬ hear me?,” into the instrument. In those days, suming, did provide opportunities to ask Chinese though satellite service was available, the land lines officials for favors — permission to visit various between the receiving station and USLO were prim¬ sites, for example. Since Bush pushed for stronger itive by today’s standards, and connections were U.S.-China trade ties, many of the visits were from often lost. My office was just down the hall from U.S. trade delegations, but also hosted were various George Bush’s, but his “Can you hear me?” appeals academic groups and VIPs, such as Secretary of resounded through the entire end of the chancery State Henry Kissinger, Pepsico Board Chairman building, both upstairs and down. Don Kendall and Daniel Moynihan, then enroute During the period in which we overlapped in home from a tour as ambassador to India. Beijing, October 1974 through June 1975, one Kissinger’s visit provided a lively round of contacts major issue occupied USLO and George Bush: with senior Chinese — but not with Mao Zedong, to Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk’s offer to Kissinger’s regret — and a visit to Suzhou was open contacts with America on the eve of the col¬ offered instead. lapse of Cambodian government resistance to the Khmer Rouge. Sihanouk sent a letter to USLO ask¬ Not everything George Bush did involved ing for America’s help in safely moving his collec¬ China. He remained a very political person, tion of Cambodian musical instruments from his and it seemed that every morning he was on palace in Phnom Penh to Thailand. Bush contacted the international telephone lines with political U.S. Ambassador John Gunther Dean in Phnom

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WITH CLINTON’S BLESSING, SECRETARY PLEDGES

To MAKE WOMEN’S RIGHTS A TOP POLICY PRIORITY

BY GEORGE GEDDA

M 1 ometimes Madeleine Albright has Albrights definition is broader, encompassing drugs an impish grin when she talks and the illicit trafficking of women. She takes a strong about how men tend to run things stand against both. ■ in this world — as when she men- On a diplomats to-do list, human rights issues, L m tions the 62 white males who pre- including womens issues, have never ranked very ceded her as secretary of State, or high. During the Cold War, virtually every foreign the 14 males who were her colleagues on the 15- policy decision flowed from the imperative of com¬ member U.N. Security Council or all those male munist containment. As national security adviser to prime ministers and cabinet officers with whom she President Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger pledged met during her nine-day tom* of Europe and Asia in early on to “purge our foreign policy of all sentimen¬ February. “If you put us all in one room, we would be tality.” He derided as “missionaries” those aides who 26 suits and my skirt,” she says. pleaded for a more robust human rights component But die kidding around stops when Albright talks to American foreign policy. He believed tire alterna¬ about die plight of women around die world — and tive to supporting friends and opposing foes was the her determination to make a difference as America’s worst human rights abuse of all: international chaos. top diplomat. While giving priority to such issues as Nowadays, with die nation seemingly safe from keeping Americas enemies at bay and odier security military threat, at least in the short term, tiiere is far du*eats, Albright has made it clear diese traditional more room for an idealist bent, and Albright is deter¬ concerns were too confining; her global agenda has mined to take advantage on behalf of womens rights, to include womens rights. Warren Christopher, hard¬ which she considers to be inseparable from human ly a male chauvinist, gave his support and sympathy rights. And she believes that such an approach is to women’s issues, but for outright oomph, lies no defensible not only on moral grounds, but also serves match for Albright. She combines not only a deep to strengthen democracy abroad. Her basic point is understanding of what hundreds of millions of diat democracy around die world cannot flourish if women have to endure, but also a womans apprecia¬ women suffer discrimination. tion of dieir plight. Having diree daughters only adds It was not surprising that, not long after taking to her credentials. When men talk about combatting office, Albright directed all U.S. embassies abroad to cross-border smuggling, they usually mean chugs. “consider the advancement of women s human rights as an integral objective of U.S. foreign policy.” George Gedda is the diplomatic correspondent for Since then, she rarely has passed up an opportu¬ the Associated Press. nity to make her case. “I diink it is very important for

34 FOREIGN SERVICE J O URN AL/J UN E-J V LY 1997 the American people as well as [people] throughout three callers asked about womens issues. No other tire world to understand that we are losing a major subject received as much attention. resource when over half of the population of the Another asset for Albright is diat on traditional world is not respected or integrated into political and foreign policy issues, her record to date is such that economic positions that allow us to have an influ¬ she has had no need to prove her toughness. If she ence,” she says. And, "There is no problem about had come to die job without a strong background on women finding work. Women are basically the back¬ national security issues, she would have had to spend bone of work, especially in Third World countries. Its her days proving tiiat she could be trusted to stand up more a matter of making sure that women art1 prop¬ to the nations adversaries. erly respected and have an ability to exercise eco¬ Obviously, she has no such liability. nomic and political power. And, “Despite recent She has strongly-held and well- Not long after taking gains, women remain an undervalued and underde¬ known views about die need to veloped resource. ... Often, women are barred from rein in totalitarians. She has a suc¬ office, Albright owning land, excluded from schools, provided less cinct way of letting people know nourishment and permitted little or no voice in gov¬ where she conies down on the directed all U.S. ernment. It is no accident that most of those in the hawk-dove divide: “Mv mind-set is world who are abjectly poor are women.” She Munich; most of my generations is embassies abroad believes her message about discrimination against Vietnam.” She was die staunchest women is being well received by Americans. She was advocate in Clintons first term of a to “consider the struck by the positive response when she carried that tougher stance against Bosnian message in March to Union Comity, N.C., a hotbed Serbs. And she had diat celebrated advancement of of support for Republican Sen. Jesse Helms. exchange several years ago widi women s human Colin Powell in which, according Till Merrick, of the International Center for to Powell, she chided him for advo¬ rights as an integral I Research on Women, says Albright took up cating a strong military but always womens causes during die first Clinton administra¬ finding excuses not to use it. objective of U.S. tion when she was U.S. ambassador to the United Seldom have die stars been in Nations. As Albright saw it, the 1995 U.S.-brokered better alignment than they are now foreign policy. ” Dayton agreement that ended the Bosnia conflict for the promotion of women’s had a serious shortcoming: It made no reference to issues abroad. The end of the Cold abuses against women even though die combatants, War means that U.S. energies and resources can be particularly die Bosnian Serbs, used rape as an inte¬ concentrated to a degree on altruistic pursuits. Also, gral part of dieir military strategy. Merrick says die political underpinnings for a pro-active approach Albright helped ensure that rape was a prosecutable were reinforced by die U.N.-sponsored Fourth offense by die U.N. War Crimes Tribunal for Bosnia World Conference on Women in 1995. and that new police and judges in Bosnia had train¬ Just as important, advocates of womens issues have ing for dealing widi sex-related crimes such as rape. an unabashed ally in President Clinton. As an example, Even if Albright were not inclined to espouse the president devoted practically his entire message on women s rights, it’s hard to see how she could avoid it, Human Rights Day last December to womens issues. given die expectations raised among womens groups Six women human rights activists from around die when she was nominated. While hardly oblivious to world were united to share a platform with him at die womens issues, Warren Christopher rarely was asked White House to mark the occasion. about die subject during his four years as secretary of A sister-in-arms for Albright is Milkin' Rodham State. In contrast, during an Albright guest spot in Clinton. The duo cut a broad swath at die Beijing con¬ March on die “Diane Rehm Show” on WAMU-FM, ference as leaders of die U.S. delegation. In terms of

JUNE-JVLY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 35 rhetoric, Mrs. Clinton lias been more in school and have much better strategy of Mrs. Clinton on her two- impassioned than Albright. At an prospects of paid employment. week swing through Africa in March. International Womens Day program in Womens programs are more the She chose to visit projects where March, the First Lady said, with rule now tiian the exception. Theresa progress was being made rather than Albright at her side, women around the Loar, who coordinates international focus on die continent’s well-docu¬ world are “underpaid, under-educated, womens issues at the State mented humanitarian debacles. It was under-represented, fed less, fed worse, Department, says gender issues are no a goodwill tom and Mrs. Clinton made not heard [and] put down.” Three days longer only dealt with on International sure it stayed diat way. She shied away later, Clinton set out on a goodwill tour Womens Day, tiien ignored. from the controversial issue of female of Africa, where, not surprisingly, “Women’s issues are being integrat¬ circumcision, a practice widely con¬ womens issues were a major focus. In ed into daily diplomatic practice,” she demned in the West as barbaric. On Eritrea, she met with women war veter¬ says. She cites the support the U.S. the one occasion when she wits asked ans who were receiving job training. embassy in Kuwait is giving to groups about it, in Eritrea, she declined to She visited a health clinic in Zimbabwe which seek the right to vote for criticize the custom, calling it a conflic- that focuses on contraception and other women, and the use by the U.S. tive cultural issue difficult to reconcile. family planning issues. In South Africa, embassy in Namibia of its discre¬ she visited a U.S.-backed project where tionary funds to combat violence The administration almost never poor women build each other homes. against women and other women’s confronts a foreign government The administrations efforts to make projects. In Bosnia, a $5 million U.S. publicly on women’s issues. At the concrete gains on womens issues are contribution helps the U.N. High Beijing conference in 1995, Mrs. hampered by a scarcity of resources and Commissioner for Refugees cany out Clinton catalogued abuses against a skeptical Congress. One cost-free pri¬ a loan program to help die country’s women in China and India without ority of Albrights is ratification of a U.N. most vulnerable women, regardless of mentioning eitiier country by name. treaty designed to bar discrimination ethnic origin. Under one such pro¬ Albright has been equally circumspect, against women. It has been languishing gram, a women’s group was provided preferring to speak in generalities in tire Senate since 1979 and Jesse 40 cows for milk and cheese produc¬ rather than name names. This reflects Helms, the Senate Foreign Relations tion. U.S. programs in South Asia are the administration’s perception drat Committee chairman, and his allies, encouraging women’s participation in countries will pay more attention if seem content to allow it to gather dust politics. Embassies worldwide are they me spmed public rebuke. indefinitely. asked to monitor and report on Some human rights groups me not But there is nothing stopping women’s issues. A number of countries convinced die administration’s pro¬ Albright from giving womens issues in Latin America, as a follow-up to active women’s agenda will make visibility in other ways. One option is Beijing, are talcing steps, with U.S. much of a difference. “There has been to meet with women’s groups on for¬ encouragement, to criminalize rape a sea change in the rhetoric,” says eign trips — as she did in Guatemala and domestic violence. The adminis¬ Regan Ralph, of the Washington- and Mexico in May. And when tration also wants to increase the based Human Rights Watch. But, she President Clinton met with Central $100,000 budget for small loans — the says, “die institutions tiiat me sup¬ American presidents in Costa Rica so-called microcredit program — for posed to back up the rhetoric me way that same month, the final commu¬ poor people around the world, mostly behind.” To the extent that tiiere are nique included a plank calling for die women, who me trying to start busi¬ programs, she says, “diey me small and empowerment of women. nesses. The program, witii its self-help, the approach is ad hex.'.” Womens issues were part of die non-bureaucratic approach, is popular Ralph also detects a too-littie-too- foreign policy mix well before among Republicans and could well be late quality on women’s issues. An Albrights arrival at Foggy Bottom. expanded this year. example she cites was the $650,000 Examples of programs designed to Loar says top down programs are allocated by the administration last benefit women abound, and some date out and bottom up programs me in. year for use by Rwanda wm crimes tri¬ back many years. Thanks in part to “It’s not that we go to countries and say, bunal prosecutors to look into abuses U.S.-backed programs in Bangladesh, This is bad and you should change it,”’ against women. “If this were a priority, women have far fewer children today she says. “It’s supporting and empow- they would have done something at compared with a generation ago, are ering groups in those countries which the outset. It came two years after the more tiian twice as likely to be enrolled me becoming involved.” This was die genocide,” Ralph says.

36 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RNAL/J U N E-J V LY 1997 From the right, there is criticism combatting gender discrimination and about Albrights campaign for Senate odier types of abuses against women ratification of the Convention on the Even if Albright were not abroad. The condition of many Elimination of Discrimination women, as a direct result of their gen¬ Against Women. Countering inclined to espouse women s der, is appalling. Women and chil¬ Albrights contention that it is “long dren, as an example, comprise about past time” for die United States to rat¬ rights, it 's hard to see how 80 percent of die worlds 23 million ify it, Republican critics say that “cre¬ refugees. And many of these women, ating another set of unenforceable she could avoid it given the already traumatized by displacement international standards will further from their homelands, often endure dilute respect for international human expectations that were raised sexual violence. According to the rights norms.” among many women when United Nations, female refugees from The convention obligates signato¬ Bosnia, Rwanda, Somalia and ries to condemn discrimination she was nominated. Vietnam have told “harrowing stories against women and to take measures of abuse and suffering.” The Geneva- to combat it. Opponents contend that based International Labor governments often undertake interna¬ Organization says thousands of girls tional commitments they have no that the country was modernizing too from Bangladesh and Nepal are sold intention of enforcing, citing Libya’s quickly, they toppled the pro-Western into brothels in India every year. In ratification of the womens convention monarchy and the result was perhaps Kuwait, employers routinely assault as an example. But to die Clinton die worst strategic disaster for die Asian women domestic workers, chi¬ administration, such commitments United States of the past 50 years. ving hundreds to flee to their provide womens advocacy groups Albright does not want to go down embassies each year, but prosecutions added leverage when making as the secretary of State who made are rare. Women in China are subject demands for equal treatment. Saudi Arabia safe for Iran-style to forced abortions and forced steril¬ The administration recognizes that extremists. She is expected to be ization. In India, thousands of women it must be highly selective in pursuing downright Kissingerian in her pursuit each year are doused with gasoline, womens issues. It has no problem of policy toward Saudi Arabia, purg¬ set on fire and burned to death criticizing the policy of the Taliban ing it of “all sentimentality.” An addi¬ because dieir dowries are considered regime in noil-strategic Afghanistan to tional argument for not pushing die too small. bar girls from school. At the risk of Saudis and other Muslim countries Physical abuse is only part of the being accused of hypocrisy, the too hard is that social change, as Arab story. Nearly 54 percent of girls in administration soft-peddles abuses scholar Peter Mansfield has observed, sub-Saharan Africa never enter pri¬ against women in more strategic “is likely to be more pervasive and mary school. In some African coun¬ countries, such as Saudi Arabia, long-lasting if it takes place through tries, women by law are denied the where women remain highly secluded the inner momentum of die whole right to own land or to obtain custody and segregated outside their immedi¬ society rather than by government of their children. Nearly three-quar¬ ate family circles. But the Saudis have fiat.” ters of all income worldwide is earned taken long strides since the period a Some analysts believe there is by men. Women hold only 1.3 per generation ago when boys had die another reason the United States cent of administrative and managerial right to an education but not girls — a should not be too judgmental about jobs in East Asia and only 1 per cent practice tiiat has since been abolished. other countries’ shortcomings on of Cabinet posts in Arab states. Indeed, virtually every Arab govern¬ womens issues: Female emancipation But the picture is not all bleak. A ment has established the principle is a relatively recent U.S. phenome¬ report on women’s human rights by that girls have a right to be taught. non and, in fact, has yet to be fully Human Rights Watch acknowledges Beyond that, there are compelling achieved. Indeed, evidence is perva¬ that such issues are gaining far more geopolitical reasons for not pushing sive of sexual abuse of women in the attention now than they did a decade the Saudis too hard on the gender U.S. military and in state prisons ago even though “the gap between issue. The example of Iran is instruc¬ around the country. government rhetoric and reality is tive. When traditional elements of Women’s rights activists, of course, vast.” With Albright’s help, perhaps Iranian society felt during the 1970s reject rationales advocating delay in it can be closed somewhat. ■

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 MOBUTU AND ME

Ex-FSO RECALLS 3 YEARS OF AIDING ZAIRIANS

UNDER CORRUPT, ABUSIVE LONGTIME DICTATOR

BY ARTHUR S. LEZIN

fter 32 years as Africa’s longest- What my consoling friends could not have pre¬ reigning dictator, Gen. Mobutu dicted was that a change in the political climate at Sese Seko now finds himself an home — the ensuing Cold War, that is — did exile looking for a home and wondrous things for U.S. economic assistance to rebel leader Laurent Kabila is Zaire. The Carter administration saw this pivotal poised to take over as leader of African country quite negatively, in view of the renamed Republic of Congo. Although a new Mobutu’s long history of human rights abuses. But chapter is about to open for this country’s 46 million for the incoming Reagan administration, Zaire citizens, its unlikely their suffering will end soon. was strategically placed to support U.S. interests When tlie euphoria over Mobutu’s May 17 depar¬ on the continent. As Africa’s second-largest coun¬ ture wanes, Kabila will be faced with enormous prob¬ try, Zaire borders nine other nations, and a U.S. lems: high inflation, a stagnating economy, a decaying base in the center of the continent was seen as infrastructure, and tire potential for renewed ethnic useful in observing rebel movements and civil violence among Zaire’s 250 ethnic groups if Mobutu unrest in neighboring Angola and Mozambique. opponents are not allowed to share power. To show its appreciation for this base, the United I could not have foreseen this latest chapter in States increased economic aid manyfold during Zaire's history in 1982, when I was assigned to fire the Reagan administration, increasing funds to country as deputy director of fire U.S. Agency for $80 million annually, up from $20 million a year International Development. When I learned of this under Jimmy Carter. assignment, the reaction of my Africa-wise colleagues Still, even the most highly-paid Reagan-era PR was, “Better luck next time!” The government of firm couldn’t have painted Zaire as an enlightened Zaire had a deserved reputation for corruption, devi¬ bastion of the free world. USAID had undertak¬ ousness and indifference to tire plight of its people en various projects that could have made a lasting that was unsurpassed, even by African standards. impact on the lives of Zairian citizens, but sadly, much of what was accomplished has been obliter¬ Arthur S. Lezin is a retired FSO who served as USAID deputy mission director in Zaire from 1982- ated in the recent breakdown of civil order. Given 1987. In his 25-year Foreign Service career, he also the way the country was governed — Mobutu and served in Guatemala, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, his ministers funneled valuable licenses for goods, Pakistan and Mauritania. He now lives in Oregon. export permits and monopolies for basic com¬ This piece is excerpted from From Afghanistan to modities to family members and cronies — Zaire: Reflections on a Foreign Service Life, to be USAID was unable to help make fundamental, published this summer by Karakoram Press. policy refonns in Zaire.

38 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/1 UN E-] V LY 1997 American Foreign Service Association AFSA Award Winners Announced

OFSA has announced the winners of its the "new management system" (designed to 1997 annual awards, which will be automate USAID's word-wide development Governing Board President: F.A. "Tex" Harris conferred at a noon ceremony on functions) in the face of statements by some State Vice President: Alphonse F. La Porta Thursday, June 26 in the Benjamin Franklin high-ranking officials which exaggerated the USAID Vice President: Frank Miller USIA Vice President: Jess L. Baily Diplomatic Reception Room of the Department system's readiness. As a result of her leader¬ CS Vice President Tom Kelsey of State. Former President George Bush will ship, actions were taken to apply the system FAS Vice President: William W. Westman Retiree Vice President: Edward M. Rowell receive the award for Lifetime Contributions to on a more realistic schedule. Secretary: Aurelius Fernandez American Diplomacy. The William R. Rivkin Award, for mid-level Treasurer: Thomas Boyatt State Representatives: Greg Fukutomi, Clark The AFSA awards for officers recognize officers, will be conferred on Peter Whaley, Price, Raymond Dillon, Katherine Millard, individuals who speak out for what they think Acting in Kigali, Mary Tarnowka USAID Representatives: Gregg Baker, is right, regardless of any possible personal Rwanda. He is being honored for the under¬ Janina Jaruzelski consequences. standing, intellectual USIA Representative: Brooks Robinson Retiree Representatives: Garber Davidson, The Christian A. honesty and tenacity Willard DePree, William Harrop, Herter Award, for he demonstrated in Clyde Taylor FAS Representative: Tom Hamby senior officers, goes arguing - against con¬ CS Representative: Keith Curtis this year to Margaret ventional wisdom - that Staff Executive Director: Susan Reardon P. Bonner, USAID Rwandan refugees Business Department Mission Director in were pawns being held Controller: Kara Harmon Ebert Accounting Assistant: Marguerite Madland Addis Ababa. She is by ex-government Labor Management honored for express¬ forces against their will General Counsel: Sharon Papp Staff Attorney: Colleen Fallon ing frankly and con¬ rather than potential Coordinators: Richard C. Scissors, structively to senior victims who feared per¬ Jack Bryant USIA Labor Relations Specialist: Carol Lutz management the prob- Christian A. Herter William R. Rivkin secution if they returned Grievance Attorneys: Audrey F. Chynn, lems raised by prema- Award Winner Award Winner to Rwanda. Henry Sizer Representative: Karen Carrington ture implementation of Margaret P. Bonner Peter Whaley Member Services Continued on Page 5 Director: Janet Hedrick Representative: Yolanda Odunsi Administrative Assistant: Jean Hanford Retiree Liaison: Ward Thompson • AFSA Dateline * Professional Programs Professional Issues: Richard S. Thompson Congressional Affairs Director Ken Nakamura • With the assistance of the AFSA chapter and/or after the birth of the child. State Congressional Liaison: Rick Weiss Corporate Relations: Robert F. Krill in Managua, the State Department has also detailed the complex leave options Communications Coordinator. Kristina Kreamer for the first time issued comprehensive available to the pregnant employee, Scholarship Administrator: Lori Dec information on pregnancy-related issues in which should facilitate planning. While Internet Addresses: a how-to guide for bringing baby into the the leave and work provisions are applic¬ [email protected] (Association) bureaucracy. The guidance, contained in able only to American citizen State FS [email protected] (President) a joint State/AFSA telegram (State72349), employees, the provisions relating to {[email protected] (FSJ) consolidates provisions relating to appli¬ medevacs are applicable to all family AFSA Headquarters: (202) 338-4045 FAX: (202) 338-6820 cable leave policies, medical travel, per members and other agency employees diem, health insurance, birth certificates, covered under the State medical pro¬ Labor Management: (202)647-8160 FAX: (202) 647-0265 passports, travel order amendments, gram. Employees and covered family layette shipments, medical clearances and members of other foreign affairs agencies USIA Headquarters: (202)401-6405 FAX: (202)401-6410 return travel. At AFSA's urging, State must check with their authorities for assis¬ affirmed the possibility of a pregnant tance with passport, health insurance, AFSA News Editor: Polly Gilbert employee's working on detail for a por¬ tion of the time spent Stateside before Continued on page 7

AFSA NEWS "JUNE - JULY 1 997 1 LIFETIME CONTRIBUTIONS TO AVIS BOHLEN DIPLOMACY AWARD AWARD Anne Kauzlarich is the winner of the Avis Bohlen Award, given to the member of a Former President George Bush Foreign Service family " ... whose relations with will receive the award for the American and foreign communities at a Lifetime Contributions to Foreign Service post have done the most to American Diplomacy for his out¬ advance American interests, in the tradition of the late Avis Bohlen." Anne Kauzlarich is the standing achievements in a spouse of the American ambassador to series of high-level posts dealing with foreign affairs. These includ¬ Azerbaijan. Her activities in the humanitarian, ed service as Ambassador to the cultural, social and interpersonal areas have greatly advanced the interests of the United United Nations, Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in China, Director States, benefitting the American community and many groups of Azeris, ranging from the of Central Intelligence and Vice National Ballet Company to refugees. President. His service culminated in his brilliant diplomacy as Born and raised in Illinois, Mrs. Kauzlarich has served in Lome, Addis Ababa and Tel President which created an Aviv, where she was CLO, as well as Baku. In unprecedented international addition to community projects at her overseas coalition to liberate Kuwait from posts, she has been active during Washington Iraq. The Foreign Service George Bush esteems George Bush for his pro¬ tours in church and school affairs. She was guished service to the United president of the Association of American fessional approach to foreign States, former President George Foreign Service Women from 1988 to 1991. policy challenges and to foreign Bush is the focus of this issue of affairs professionals. Co-runners-up for the award are Tanya the Foreign Service Journal. In recognition of his distin- Bodde, Kathmandu, and Marilyn Sanders, Phnom Penh.

AFSA ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS

AFSA annually bestows two Achievement Awards for aniel O. Newberry, retired Department of State Foreign contributions to the goals of AFSA - one to an active Service Officer, also receives the Achievement Award. His duty member and one to a retired member. The active most recent dedicated and time-consuming service was as duty 1 997 winner is Thomas Allen, an engineer with USIA. editor of The Foreign Service Reader, a well-received anthology Mr. Allen was a pillar of strength for AFSA/USIA in negotia¬ of articles from the Foreign Service Journal from 1 91 9 to 1 996. tions with the International Broadcasting Bureau to implement His involvement with AFSA began in 1 967, when he participated an announced reduction in force. During six months of negoti¬ in the "Group of 1 8" which brought about a major change in the ations he provided essential input and technical knowledge structure and outlook of AFSA. He served as chairman of the edi¬ which, in the end, permitted AFSA to save the careers of most torial board of the Journal 1 967-68, and in recent years has Foreign Service employees slated for separation. served as a member. Mr. Newberry was twice elected to the Mr. Allen entered the Foreign Service in 1972 and served AFSA Governing Board and has served as chairman of the AFSA three years in the Area elections committee. Telecommunications Office in Mr. Newberry's active duty career Athens. Other foreign assignments spanned the years 1949 to 1985. Most took him to VOA stations in the of his assignments were in the Middle Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. East or in the Near East and South Asian Domestic assignments have included Bureau in Washington. His last post Delano, California, and before retirement was Istanbul, where he Washington, D.C. Prior to entering was Consul General from 1981 to the Foreign Service, Mr. Allen was 1985. Since then he has been active in a field engineer for the Department the U.S.-Turkish Council, where he is of the Army. He is a graduate of the chairman of the advisory board. University of Texas at Arlington. Thomas Allen

2 AFSA NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 DELAVAN AWARD M. JUANITA GUESS AWARD

The Delavan Award, which recognizes a Foreign Service The M. Juanita Guess Award, for a Community Liaison Officer 1 Secretary "... who has made an extraordinary contribution * (CLO) "... who has demonstrated outstanding dedication, to effectiveness, professionalism and morale" is being con¬ energy and imagination in assisting the families of Americans ferred on Diann M. Bimmerle, Ambassador's secretary, Bissau. serving at an overseas post" is bestowed on Maria Eulalia In addition to ably performing her duties as secretary, Ms. Bakken, CLO at the American Embassy in Lima. She reached out Bimmerle was public affairs officer, chief interlocutor with the with exceptional energy, creativity and human warmth to new¬ Foreign Ministry's Office of , comers, singles, teens, children, foreign born spouses, churches, mentor for junior officers and Foreign schools, Foreign Service nationals, profes¬ Service nationals, de facto community sional groups and charities. She worked liaison officer and acting security assis¬ successfully to fund a dependent hire pro¬ tance officer. She was known for innu¬ gram, set up a summer vacation program merable acts of kindness toward offi¬ for younger children and organized cial and unofficial Americans in the Americans to come into contact with Peru's local community, as well as for her culture and history, as well as local charities support of local charitable activities. which assisted slum children, the elderly Ms. Bimmerle was born in Illinois and rural civic action projects. At the time of and attended DePaul University. After the hostage crisis at the Japanese . _ . . „ ., Ambassador's residence, she organized an six years as secretary to the President Maria Eulalia Bakken rr • • • , of the Chicago Bar Association, she effective crisis support network. joined the State Department in 1 973. She has served in Ms. Bakken was bom in Cuenca, Ecuador, and studied phi¬ Vientiane, Bangkok, New Delhi, Seoul, Belgrade, Rangoon, losophy at the National University of Ecuador in Cuenca and lin¬ Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and the Department of Commerce. guistics at the Catholic University in Quito. She worked for several Ms. Bimmerle has been accorded the Meritorious Honor years with the Ecuadoran National Directorate of Tourism, and Award on two occasions. Her son Joseph graduated from the also with the Commercial Section of the U.S. Embassy in Quito. University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering in May. She is married to Jeffrey N. Bakken, a career FSO assigned to Runner-up for the Delavan Award was Estelle Aubin, USAID/Peru, and they have three children. Ambassador's Secretary, Tirana. The runner-up for the Guess Award was Norma Robertson of Embassy Accra.

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A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 3 = STATE DEPARTMENT FOREIGN SERVICE V.P. VOICE DAY CELEBRATED he 32nd annual Foreign Service • BY ALPHONSE F. LA PORTA • T Day on May 9 was highlighted by Under Secretary Timothy Reorganization Worries Wirth's lucid description of the grow¬ ing importance of global issues and Cynicism. Reinvention fatigue. No functions and improved policy manage¬ Director General Anthony Quainton's vision. SMI all over again. Six ment must guide the multiple layers of lunchtime presentation on the chal¬ months of turmoil. These are the the reorganization team. Only the lenges and trends which will shape reorganization anxieties, coupled with Secretary, with the best advice from the future Foreign Service. whispers of RIFs, more staff cuts, within and outside the Department, can DACOR's Foreign Service Cup greater assignment competition and no articulate how an enlarged and recon¬ was bestowed on Charles Stuart promotions, which have stituted State Department Kennedy Jr. in recognition of his out¬ accompanied the White will work and relate to over¬ standing efforts as Director of the House announcement of the " ... reformed all foreign policy manage¬ Foreign Affairs Oral History Program first overhaul of the foreign and ment. to transcribe and make available to affairs agencies since their Constancy. Deputy historians and others an archive of founding. reinvigorated Secretary Talbott and individual Foreign Service experi¬ Reorganization talk has structures Under Secretary Pickering ences. Retired Career Ambassador also centered on several must provide the resolve Terence A. Todman received the issues: The negative features are needed... necessary to keep the reor¬ Director General's Cup for his lifetime of State's culture; the positive ganizers on task and on of dedicated service, leadership and values of USAID and USIA; schedule. By virtue of their vision, including a number of public- the need for "integrity and positions, they are the inter¬ spirited activities carried on since cohesion" of the non-State face between the bureau¬ retirement. functions; and an ostensible resources cracy and the political leadership. A series of afternoon seminars on grab by State designed to squander Resources. The battle to secure key foreign policy issues was capped the smaller agencies' program funds on greater resources for diplomacy in all by a final plenary addressed by short-term political expediency. of its manifestations, including public Spokesman and Acting Assistant Our best advice is: Don't believe a diplomacy and development assis¬ Secretary of State for Public Affairs word of it - or at least most of it. tance, cannot be lost in the breach. Nicholas Burns on the importance of AFSA unequivocally supports the Short-sighted congressional affairs man¬ . Burns urged retirees objectives of the President and agement (i.e., sellouts for the sake of to participate in public outreach Secretary Albright in pursuing foreign expediency) cannot be substituted for efforts. affairs rationalization and streamlining. the principled defense of needed per¬ The AFSA reception in the Foreign There is no dispute that reformed and sonnel and program resources. Service Club was marked by reinvigorated structures are needed to Humanity. Our profession is peo¬ increased attendance over the previ¬ meet future challenges. There is also no ple- and knowledge-intensive. State's ous year. Those attending the AFSA dispute that resources must be con¬ personnel resources, skills and expertise Brunch Saturday morning heard served and effectively channelled. were dangerously attrited under the ill- reports from Retiree Vice President Ed We do not see the self-serving inter¬ advised budget-cutting of the past four Rowell, Legislative Director Ken ests of which State has been accused, years. AFSA fears that the Secretary Nakamura and Legislative Liaison Rick least of all a predatory impulse to con¬ will not have a robust, talented and Weiss on issues before Congress trol public diplomacy and development motivated Foreign Service to support affecting retirees. AFSA members from assistance program funds. her policy initiatives and priorities. around the country then discussed cur¬ Yet caution and vigilance are war¬ If we have a plea, it is this: The rent public attitudes toward foreign ranted. State's leadership must rise to human factor must have preeminence affairs. the occasion, as there is no room for in the turbulence of reorganization. The President Clinton sent a message failure. Several important prerequisites time is past for empty rhetoric about on Foreign Service Day saluting active for success must be met, not only to get empowerment, labor-management part¬ and retired Foreign Service profession¬ through the six-month planning period, nership, the quality of life or employee- als 11 ... for your dedication to America but also to see reorganization to friendliness. Management must put the and to promoting our vital interests fruition. The essential elements include: lie to cynicism. Put people first! around the world." Vision. A clear vision of the reorganization outcome in terms of

4 AFSA NEWS -JUNE - JULY 1997 Winners Announced COMMERCIAL SERVICE Continued from page 1

Margaret Bonner is a career Foreign V.P. VOICE Service officer with more than 26 years of experience in international development, • BY TOM KELSEY • primarily in Africa. She received a bache¬ lor's degree in mathematics from Rutgers University and a master's and doctorate in economics from the University of Illinois. Team Work Required She and her husband went to Ethiopia in 1967 as Peace Corps volunteers. She side of the house, the Market Access //\ A /e have met the enemy and then taught in Uganda for two years \ / he is us," sums up our situ- Compliance (MAC) unit (which tradi¬ before returning to the United States for Y Y ation today. With the sec¬ tionalists will recognize as International graduate study. Ms. Bonner joined USAID ond term of the Clinton Administration Economic Policy), for whom merger and in 1 975 and has served in Ethiopia, well under way and with consolidation are ever pre¬ Tanzania and Indonesia, as well as in Secretary Daley at the sent concerns. There are Washington. She headed the task force helm, we are seeing numer¬ // ... in those in our Service who, at for Eastern Europe during the formative ous management changes the cost of our reputation period for USAID's program in Eastern within our parent organiza¬ comparison, as trade professionals, Europe before returning to the Africa tion, the International Trade we have an would close ranks against Bureau in 1 990 to head the Development Administration, as the politi¬ the new DG and deny her Planning Office. She has been USAID cals push off. Director opportunity, the support she deserves. director in Ethiopia since 1993. She is General (DG) Lauri Fitz- not a problem." This would be a battle we married and has a son and a daughter. Pegado just departed and, could not win. Besides, The runner-up for the Christian A. like her or not, she boldly what better opportunity Herter Award was James R. Hooper, led us down the path could we ask for than to State, recently retired. toward integrating our for¬ have a senior MAC official Mr. Whaley joined the Foreign Service eign and domestic opera¬ get to know us? in 1982, and was vice consul in London tions, a goal shared by several past Have we become so myopic that we before going to Kinshasa on an econom¬ administrators. Do we now abandon this cannot recognize the rapid change the ic/ political rotation in 1 984. After tours initiative or do we continue on course? federal government service is experienc¬ as political officer in Port-au-Prince and Sure, it's tough, and it holds uncertain ing? We're concerned about accommo¬ consul in Lyons, he returned to rewards for those of us who heed the dating experienced Civil Service coun¬ Washington to work on African political- call early. But isn't the American try desk and policy employees in our military affairs. A second stint in Kinshasa exporter better served by a workforce international business/trade promotion was followed by assignment to Accra, that can bring the lessons of the interna¬ unit. How do you think NOAA officers which was cut short by a temporary reas¬ tional marketplace back to main street feel as they face losing their uniformed signment to Kigali in 1995 which became and the industrial parks of America? Did service status? One need only read else¬ permanent. He is married to USAID officer the Foreign Service component believe where in this issue or talk to a colleague Katherine Crawford and they have one that the Civil Service component would from State or USIA to realize that in daughter. jump on board? Did the domestic side comparison, we have an opportunity, The runner-up for the Rivkin Award was think that we would snag all the plum not a problem. The business community Sarah W. Wines, Assistant Director, stateside jobs? Truth is, with a few does not particularly care about the Strategy, Office of Environment and exceptions, we all seem to be relatively acronym or initials for the Commerce Urban Programs, USAID. happy with our initial choice, especially team that provides the services they at the senior levels of the Service. need. Let's rise above our parochial Please donate your foreign stamps Whatever the case, we will work with problems and focus on making the and coins to the Stamp Corner. Sales of management to make integration an Commercial Service the lead agency to these items during the BookFair will sup¬ incentive, not a penalty. work commercial diplomacy. In the past port AAFSW's charitable and scholar¬ With the DG's departure, many of us our strength has been as individuals ship programs and provide you with a were very disappointed that Secretary working in our various postings. We must tax benefit. Daley did not choose an acting DG now refocus as a team and lay the ground¬ from our ranks. We do have officers of work for the new Commercial Service. To AAFSW BookFair the necessary caliber, including those merely rearrange the boxes and lines in the Stamp Corner who have held that designation in the organizational chart is not enough. Let's Room 1524 recent past. Instead, we have as our use this interregnum to emerge as a Department of State head a senior official from the "policy" stronger, unified organization. Washington, DC 20520 Telephone: (202) 223-5796

AFSA NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 5 V.P. VOICE EeaVe your • BY JESS BAILY • most Bridging the Divide important Foreign Service officers are trained to has placed - and shows every intention recognize cultural differences and of keeping - rules preventing USIA pro¬ factor them into our interactions with grams from targeting Americans. When investment host country audiences. Too often, howev¬ public diplomacy refers to building a er, we focus our skills on for¬ domestic constituency, USIA eign cultures, not those cul¬ folks detect, at best, a poor tures within our own bound¬ appreciation or, at worst, an With the aries. The reorganization of "... deal up front outright ignorance of our the foreign affairs agencies role overseas. offers a historic opportunity to with the cultural Example #2: The term management improve the United States' differences "FSIO" or "Foreign Service conduct of its foreign relations. Information Officer" died But to succeed, reorganization among the with the 1980 Foreign projessionals will have to deal up front with agencies." Service Act or thereabouts. the cultural differences among But State colleagues still slip the agencies. it innocently into many con¬ you trust. Let's be frank. Many USIA versations. It strikes a raw officers suspect that State nerve at USIA. It implies that “Rental and Management doesn't know much about public diplo¬ an FSIO is not a "real" Foreign Service macy, doesn't consider it as important as officer or does only press work. While of Tine “Properties in traditional diplomacy and will divert this seems overly defensive, consider how Northwest “DC, CheVg Chase, USIA resources to other activities. After USIA officers felt when Nick Burns said “Bethesda and Potomac all, State's strategic plan barely mentions he looked forward to "bringing [USIA public diplomacy and leaves USIA out of officers] into the Foreign Service." USIA its glossary of 70 organizations and officers enter through the same examina¬ agencies. "Nonsense," reply friends at tion and receive the same commissions. State. "We may not understand every¬ Example #3: "USIA is so much more thing USIA does, but such omissions do fun than State." Such statements, particu¬ not diminish its importance." larly about arts programs, sound conde¬ Why do reassuring comments not scending. Cultural programs showcase overcome the suspicions? Part of the U.S. values, establish dialogues and problem is semantic. Innocent comments advance subtly U.S. policies when more convey unintended messages. Here are direct methods do not work. They are no three examples. less serious than other aspects of our Example #1: Public diplomacy at diplomacy. USIA cut most of its perform¬ State "is earning the support of American ing arts programs in fiscal year 1997 - a Executive Housing people for what the United States is trying gut wrenching and controversial decision. Consultants, Inc. to do overseas." For USIA officers, public Today's cultural affairs officers are more 7315 Wisconsin Avenue diplomacy involves the United States' likely to develop seminars on protection relationships with foreign opinion leaders of intellectual property rights than to Suite 603 East and publics, just as traditional diplomacy schedule jazz band tours. Bethesda, Maryland 20814 refers to our conduct of relations with for¬ USIA officers, of course, have their 301/951-4111 eign governments. Moreover, public share of inaccurate perceptions about Fax: 301-907-7329 diplomacy involves an integrated set of State. AFSA's challenge in the next few email: [email protected] activities designed to advocate U.S. poli¬ months is to foster honest discussions of cies, build understanding of U.S. values these differences and ways to bridge “We care Jor your home and establish relationships between key gaps in understanding. Only our critics foreigners and their American counter¬ will benefit from our inability to deal as if it Were our oWn. ” parts. It's not just media work that can be diplomatically with multiple Foreign folded neatly into the Bureau of Public Service cultures. Affairs. Moreover, since 1948, Congress

6 A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 Dateline

Continued from page 1 RETIREE ===== travel orders, travel vouchers and return travel. V.P. VOICE •BY ED ROWELL* • In their April 19 letter to Senator Slade Gorton, the Foreign Service Retirees of the State of Washington expressed their con¬ cern about the serious erosion of Foreign Challenges Remain Service establishments during the past three years. The letter, with 53 signatories, For this last news from the 1995-97 Medicare spending will decline. emphasized the critical importance of the AFSA Board, we have excitement Although a proposal to increase foreign affairs agencies in increasing U.S. and some stocktaking. Federal Employees Health Benefits exports, noting that in 1 995 Washington Program premiums was dropped in this received an aggregate of $22 billion from announced reorganization deal, it could resurface in the exports and, further, that for the 1994-95 of the foreign affairs agen¬ future. school year $208 million was spent by cies. Pending issues include: "The pressure on The President's out-year foreign students studying in the state. • How deeply or radically ... retirees to foreign affairs ("150" to reorganize State. account) budget numbers •THE CHARLES DELMAR FOUNDATION • What strategies to use make a are, presumably, also part of has provided a $2,000 grant to support for merging USIA and Arms difference will the balancing act. Though an intern in the Office of Deputy Secretary Control and Disarmament State Department manage¬ of State Strobe Talbott. This internship is into State. continue." ment argues that the out-year cosponsored by AFSA and the State • How to make the "new" numbers are not binding, Department Thursday Luncheon Group. State and AID closer in they are scary. Except for fis¬ operations. cal year 1998 ($19.0 bil¬ • On May 8, the Public Member • How to wring maximum lion), the figures plummet in Association of the Foreign Service (PMA) efficiencies out of the new constant dollar terms: $ 1 8.3 renewed its annual scholarship, increasing structure while shaping it to be effective billion in 1999 (not counting the one¬ the amount to $3,000 in honor of its 30th in the next century, especially in view of time arrearages payment of $.9 billion), anniversary. This scholarship is awarded ever growing domestic agency action $ 1 7.8 in 2000, $ 1 7.0 billion in 2001 each year to a needy Foreign Service col¬ overseas. and $ 1 6.4 billion in 2002. The pres¬ lege junior or senior majoring in foreign At least eight full-time task forces will sure on AFSA and retirees to make a affairs. work on these issues and others. AFSA difference will continue. representatives will sit on those task Last, some stocktaking based on •The Association of American Foreign forces. We are recruiting retirees to needs that I cited in my first Vice Service Women (AAFSW) is now collect¬ help us, in part because it is hard to President's column in the September ing books, artwork, collectibles, stamps find enough active duty people who 1995 AFSA News: Public outreach by and foreign coins to be sold at the 1 997 can be released for 60 days. retirees has soared. Bravo! We have BookFair to be held Oct. 1 6 (Family We also have the balanced budget broader and more frequent communica¬ Night) through Oct. 26. BookFair will be deal between the President and the tion with retirees, especially those who open to the general public on the week¬ Congress. The deal drops the proposed hook into the Internet. The retiree stand¬ ends, Oct. 1 8-19 and Oct. 25-26, but will 3-month delay in annual cost-of-living ing committee has met more frequently be open during the week to anyone with adjustments (COLAs) for non-military this past year and has real input into access to the State Department. This is a federal retirees, an issue AFSA worked Governing Board actions. The great time of year to weed out all those on. The Bureau of Labor Statistics will Elderhostel program is booming. excess books and collectors items. All adjust its methods to reduce the annual Unfortunately, new member recruitment donations to AAFSW are tax deductible. increase in the consumer price index, remains a challenge and we have to The proceeds from BookFair benefit a probably by three-tenths of a percent¬ increase our efforts on this front. scholarship program and local charities. age point. Your COLAs will be smaller, I wish I could tell you we can coast Donations will be accepted through Aug. but at least the reduction will be based on our oars for a while. No such luck. 3 1. For more information or to arrange for on serious methodology, not on arbi¬ Foreign affairs agency reorganization, pickup of items, call Robin Jones at (202) trary legislation. Your health care will the budget and challenges to the identi¬ 223-5796. cost more. Medicare "B" premiums, ty of the Foreign Service and our retire¬ already due to rise sharply over the ment system make retiree solidarity and • Free copies of the 1989-90 yearbook of next five years, could see a total activism and recruitment of new AFSA the American Cooperative School in increase of over 50 percent based on members ever more vital. Monrovia are available for former students the latest budget deal, while projected

Continued on page 12 \

AFSA NEWS JUNE - JULY 1 997 7 1997 AFSA/AAFSW Academic M

The American Foreign Service Association Academic Merit winners and Art Merit win¬ and the Association of American Foreign ner Brian Bensky received awards of $1,000; Service Women (AAFSW) are pleased to those winning honorable mention were award¬ announce the winners of the AFSA/AAFSW ed $200, as was the Best Essay winner. In Academic Merit and Art Merit Scholarships for honor of their volunteer work, Community 1997. The scholarship program recognizes the Service Award winners received $100. academic and artistic achievements of Foreign Judges were volunteers from the Service high school seniors at home and Department of State, USAID, USIA, the abroad. Commercial Service (CS), AAFSW and the Over 80 students competed in this year's retired Foreign Service community. program and were judged on grade point The 1997 awards were given in honor of average, Scholastic Assessment Test scores, a the AAFSW and its many members who con¬ two-page essay, extracurricular activities and tribute time and energy to the annual BOOK- BRIAN BENSKY Graduate of American Embassy two letters of recommendation. In the Art Merit FAIR. A portion of the proceeds from this fund¬ School, New Delhi, India; National Honor Award category, in addition to the above crite¬ raiser supports the AFSA/AAFSW Merit Society; Tri-M Music Honor Society; Art Merit ria, students submitted entries under one of the Award Program. Winner; son of Jonathan (CS) and Sandra following categories: visual art, musical art, Bensky; attending University of Washington. drama, dance or creative writing.

MARGARET BLABEY Graduate of the International JEFF BROWN Graduate of Colegio Maya CATHERINE CHRISTIAN Graduate of Jakarta AMY DONAHUE Graduate of Singapore

School Nido de Aguilas, Santiago, Chile; semi¬ American International School, Guatemala City, International School, Indonesia; National Merit American School; Smith College Book Award; finalist 1997 Presidential Scholar Program; Guatemala; National Honor Society; son of Commended Student; daughter of Gary and Most Valuable Swimmer Award; daughter of daughter of Richard (FAS) and Anne Blabey; Clifford (USAID) and Ellen Brown; attending Carolyn (State) Christian; attending Smith David (State) and Shelia (State) Donahue; attending William and Mary as a Monroe Hampshire College in Massachusetts. College in Massachusetts. attending .

Scholar.

MADELINE FARBMAN Graduate of Rabat SARAH FRASURE Graduate of George Mason SAMUEL GOLDMAN Graduate of American ERIN HAMILTON Graduate of West Potomac

American School, Morocco; National Merit High School, Falls Church, Va.; French Honor Embassy School, New Delhi, India; National High School, Alexandria, Va.; editor of school

Scholarship Qualifier; daughter of Michael Society; daughter of the late Robert (State) and Honor Society member; son of Richard (USAID) newspaper and literary magazine; daughter of

(USAID) and Susan Farbman; attending Cornell Katharina Frasure; attending Wellesley College. and Heather (USAID) Goldman; attending John (State) and Donna (State) Hamilton;

University. University of Victoria or Pomona College. attending Rice University.

8 A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 rit and Art Merit Award Winners

JEFFREY HUTCHENS Graduate of McLean High MICHAEL KRUG Graduate of Westfield High MEAGHAN LEONNIG Graduate of American MATTHEW PEARSON Graduate of the

School, McLean, Va.; scholar athlete in tennis School, Westfield, NJ; New Jersey Presidential College, Sofia, Bulgaria; National Honor International School of Brussels, Belgium; Merit

and lacrosse; son of Daniel (State) and Martha Scholar; AFSA/AAFSW Best Essay Honorable Society member; daughter of Douglas (State) Scholarship Commended Scholar; son of Robert

Hutchens; attending Asbury College in Mention winner; son of Frederic (State) and and Rosemary Leonnig; attending William and (State) and Margaret (USIA) Pearson; attending

Wilmore, Ky. Michele Krug; attending Columbia University. Mary. Amherst College in Massachusetts.

GEORGE REASONOVER III Graduate of Langley JENNIFER ROBINSON Graduate of International ARTHUR ROSENBERG Graduate of James DAVID ROTH Graduate of W.B. American

High School, McLean, Va; National Hispanic Community School of Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Madison High School, Vienna, Va.; National International School, Kfar Shmaryahu, Israel;

Scholar; Thespian Honor Society member; son National Merit Commended Student; daughter Honor Society member; son of Richard (USAID) Maryland Distinguished Scholar Honorable

of George (State) and Deborah Reasonover; of David (USAID) and Mary Robinson; attend¬ and Linda Rosenberg; attending William and Mention; son of Richard (State) and Carol Roth;

attending Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa. ing the University of Virginia. Mary. attending University of Michigan.

CLAIRE SHINKMAN Graduate of James Madison ALEXANDRA SPERLING Graduate of Langley DIRK VAN DEN Bos Graduate of H-B WELLS WULSIN Graduate of Indian Hill High

High School, Vienna, Va.; AFSA/AAFSW Art High School, McLean, Va.; French Honor Woodlawn Program, Arlington, Va.; National School, Cincinnati, Ohio; National Merit

Merit Honorable Mention; National Honor Society and Slavic Honor Society member; Honor Society member; Eagle Scout; son of Scholar; son of Lawson Wulsin and Victoria

Society member; daughter of Bernard (USIA) daughter of Jonathan Sperling (Ret. USAID) James (USAID) and Eva Van Den Bos; Wells-Wulsin (USAID); attending Harvard

and Gillian Shinkman; attending Wellesley and Nancy Tumavick (Ret. USAID); attending attending Yale University. University.

College. Middlebury College.

A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 9 Academic Merit = BEST ESSAY = Honorable • BY KAMILAH HOUSE • Mentions

What the Foreign Service Has Done for Me j DAVID BRIMS Graduate of Washington International School, Washington, D.C.; f if had not been for the Foreign Service, understand and I fought with him for I son of John (State) and Elizabeth Brims. I do not think I would be as whole as I months. I could see his heart breaking. In am now. I have grown up knowing what the end, he did not allow me to get a JESSICA BUCALO Graduate of Carol Algerians eat on a normal day and what relaxer but he did allow me to get short Morgan School, Santo Domingo, the Nigerian adolescents joke about at parties. extensions. | Dominican Republic; daughter of I have lived with people from all over the By the time the New Year came along, Robert (Commercial Service) and world and am more relaxed with them my parents began to search frantically for Geraldine Bucalo. than some people ever dream. I found an open position in FAS in West Africa. I myself a part of them in a way no history overheard them saying on many occasions ELENA DIFFILY Graduate of Acalantes book or short visit could have provided. I that "Kamilah needs to learn who she is. High School, Lafayette, Ca.; daughter did not need to observe them from the out¬ She needs to learn from the roots up." I felt of J.A. Diffily (State) and Linda de Sola. side because, though I was American- betrayed by them, but mostly I did not Bohemian by blood, I was also Algerian- want to go to Africa. I had lived in Algeria, ANDREW HUFF Graduate of Gonzaga Nigerian by experience. The Foreign but it was not Sub-Saharan Africa. It was College High School, Washington, Service has given me the tools to appreciate the Black Zone with the savage monkey D.C.; son of Rodney (State) and Sarah ideas and cultures that the average people and the giant killer insects. When Huff. American would have thought of as inferior. Daddy announced "We are moving to The post I will most cherish is Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, next year," my whole REGINALD KING Graduate of Thomas Nigeria, because of the great love, respect world exploded. I was leaving civilization. Jefferson High School for Science and and pride I gained from the people and It did not take me long to realize that | Technology, Alexandria, Va.; son of cultures I found. I will admit that when my Nigeria was not the way people in the Thomas (State) and Ruth Lopez. family moved to Lagos in 1992,1 was United States saw it. It was a different way extremely upset by the decision. I was sure of life, but it was not disgusting. It was won¬ JACOB KURTZER Graduate of Hebrew that I had finally established myself in my derful. I saw women walking naturally with Academy of Greater Washington, predominately white Catholic school in the posture models are trained to have Silver Spring, Md.; son of Daniel Piscataway, Md., after months of difficult and with the beauty to match. Their high | (State) and Shelia Kurtzer. adjustments from my comfortable suburban heads and sing-song languages rang like black elementary school. I did not feel like music in my ears. Little girls and elderly MEGHAN NOLAN Graduate of South moving would solve any of the problems I women walked about sporting braids in Lakes High School, Reston, Va.; daugh¬ had been having at school. their hair and head ties on their heads. I ter of Robert (State) and Nancy Nolan. I thought I was ugly and I was very was immediately in love. I sunk into the confused. Most of the girls in my seventh aura of Lagos and joined smoothly in its FELICIA WILLIAMS Graduate of Charlotte grade class were white and thin with long rhythm. I made a rainbow coalition of friends | Latin School, Charlotte, N.C.; daughter straight hair. I was the odd ball. I was a bit that I will take with me forever in my heart. of Wylie (State) and Sandra Williams. overweight, had medium length "kinky" The Foreign Service made the greatest hair, and although I was relatively light¬ joys in my life possible. It allowed my COMMUNITY SERVICE skinned for someone whose parents were father to teach me pride and self-love in a AWARD WINNERS both black, I was still dark compared to way that a small community like Temple most of the black people at that school. Hills, Md., could not. It gave me the CLAIRE JANSEN Graduate of Rabat Frankly, not many of my classmates were chance to meet people in places far from American School, Morocco; daughter of nice to me. They used to tell me, "Ooooh, the shores of the United States. I have a William (USAID) and Kathy Jansen. your hair is nappy. Go get a relaxer," or view of the world and its people that can¬ "Your nose is so BIG!" Their words stung not be contained in a book. I have learned ! ANDREA VAUGHN Graduate of Jakarta me and for a long time my only real friends through the Foreign Service that I want to International School, Indonesia; daughter were two black girls, Tammy and Nicole, be the best person, the best black female of Arthur (USIA) and Jo-Anne Vaughn. and two black boys, Nate and Jon. and the best Kamilah that I can be. I want Eventually I decided that I had to suc¬ to do something in my life that is neither cumb to my classmates' nagging in order expected of me as a black person nor as to be accepted. I had to get a relaxer. My a female. I am truly grateful to the Foreign KAMILAH HOUSE, BEST ESSAY WINNER father was totally against it. He told me Service for allowing me to have a child¬ Graduate of The Madeira School, that I should be proud of myself and the hood filled with exploration and know¬ McLean, Va.; daughter of Maurice beautiful race of people I come from. I ledge of the world outside the United States. House (FAS) and Gilda Weech- was not mature or experienced enough to House; attending Emory University.

lO A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 FOREIGN SERVICE We concentrate on DZZLEI only ONE thing ... YOUTH Managing your property. ABOUT ) PROFESSIONAL RECOGNIZED PROPERTY The Family Liaison Office recently RENTAL/ MANAGEMENT announced the 1 997 Foreign OF NORTHERN Service Youth Award Winners. With the support of the Association of MANAGEMENT VIRGINIA INC. American Foreign Service Women, this Join our growing number of award is given by the Foreign Service => owners from Athens to Zaire Youth Foundation to recognize Foreign who trust the management of Service youth who demonstrate out¬ their properties to PPM. Pro¬ standing leadership in community ser¬ fessional service with a per¬ vice or in service to their peers. This sonal touch. year's top honors go to Tamar _ Discounts on appliances Losleben, Kristofer Stice and Patrick and more! Monthly comput- White. □1 erized statements. Tamar Losleben, 15, is the daughter 5105K Backlick Rd. of USAID Population Officer Connie Annandale, VA 22003 703/642-3010 Tel. Johnson and George Losleben. Tamar 703/642-3619 Fax I [email protected] E-mail received the award for her commitment to, and creativity in, working with disad¬ vantaged youths at the Evangelical Boys' Orphanage in Cairo. Mention this ad and receive 2 months FREE management. Otter expires 12/31/96. Kristofer Stice, 1 8, son of Peace Corps Country Director Edwin Stice and Deborah Stice, was nominated for his outstanding leadership in encourag¬ ing volunteer work by his peers at the READ THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL International School in Suva. AND GET AN INSIDER’S VIEW ON HOW Patrick White, 1 8, son of USAID U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IS MADE! employee Pamela White, won the award for his commitment to community Don’t miss an issue of the Journal as it looks at global issues service and his involvement in the from an insiders view, covering international, political, founding of the Culture Club, an orga¬ economic, social and development issues with articles written nization which celebrates the diversity by Foreign Service officers, foreign affairs professionals, and of the students at the American Washington-based diplomatic correspondents. International School of Johannesburg. We invite you to visit us at our home page: www.afsa.org Cynthia Bruno, Edwin Finn, Jacob Subscribe to the Foreign Service Journal today Kurtzer and Liz Ruedy, received by sending your check and this coupon. awards of High Commendation. Cassandra Beltz, Patrick Kelly and Name Shandon Quinn were chosen for Address Honorable Mention recognition. City State Zip Other nominees for the Youth Subscription Rates: One year - $40 for 12 issues Service Award were Antonio Aguilar, * For overseas subscriptions, add $18 per year for surface mail or Lindsey Carr, Thomas Coby, Natalia $36.00 per year for airmail. Goldberg, Brandi Haydon, Michael * Special 50 percent student rate with a photocopy of a valid student ID Jaworski, Jennifer Oki, Meghan Rubio, Patrick Spears, Thomas Stachowifz and If you need further assistance call (202) 944-5507 or send Anthony Von Plinsky. an e-mail to: [email protected], fax: (202) 338-6820. Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20037

AFSA NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 1 1 Dateline AFSA Releases Statement on Ambassadors Continued from page 7 and alumni. Contact Carol Sutherland at The success of America's diplomacy in the field depends in large measure on the qualities of its leaders. the Office of Overseas Schools at (703) Diplomatic battles are won or lost today based on the experience, knowledge and leadership of the 875-7939; fax (703) 875-7979; or e- American ambassadors. Because of that central fact, AFSA's Professionalism Committee and Governing mail [email protected] Board have worked diligently to prepare a set of criteria for the selection of America's ambassadors. The statement below has been forwarded to President Clinton, Vice President Gore, Secretary Albright and mem¬ • AFSA welcomes new staff members. bers of the House Committee on International Relations and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Eva-Lotta Jansson joins the Foreign Service American ambassadors today and for the ment necessary to manage personally the Journal as Assistant Editor. A native of foreseeable future must contend successful¬ key issues and agencies involved in the mis¬ Sweden, she is a graduate of the ly with a heavy and constantly broadening sion for which the ambassador has been University of Missouri School of array of challenges. Their basic mission is selected, plus knowledge of the language, Journalism and was editor at a local pub¬ demanding: They must promote American pros¬ history and background of the country or lishing house before coming to the FSJ. perity, advance American values and enhance international organization where the ambas¬ Jean Hanford joins AFSA as Adminis¬ American security, including care for Americans sador will be posted and, ideally, experi¬ trative Assistant at headquarters. Jean was abroad and security from crime and disasters. ence in working with people in the country previously with a law firm. Before moving American ambassadors operate in a of assignment. to the Washington area, she and her complex and disorderly world. The number •The leadership, strength of character and three children lived in Germany with her of foreign governments has grown and these executive skills necessary to guide and coordi¬ husband, a member of the U.S. Air Force. nations are more assertive. Types and num¬ nate the activities of diverse U.S. agencies and bers of non-governmental international their respective purposes abroad. • Summer interns at AFSA will be assisting actors also have increased. The new actors AFSA believes the American public will in legislative and public affairs, editorial include non-profit associations and global strongly support a diplomatic force led work and marketing, corporate relations, corporations that organize their own interna¬ by persons of such quality. The Association COLEAD and ambassadorial research. tional institutions and activities. They also is convinced, as well, that the President's They include Ryan Cheung, Emory participate directly and indirectly in the con¬ chief foreign affairs advisor, the Secretary of University; Christine Evans, Yale ferences and international organizations that State, must have the support of an outstand¬ University; Julie Ginocchio, Mount used to be the exclusive domain of govern¬ ing cadre of ambassadors. The Association Holyoke College; Kristin Holmes, Duke ments. Major issues involve not just classic therefore urges each President to establish a University; Jackie Landells, Colgate problems of trade, investment, arms, peace special advisory board that would review University; Kenneth Thomson, the and competition; today they also include non-career candidates being considered for University of Colorado; Burrill Wells, environmental conservation, organized nomination as a United States ambassador Syracuse University; and Margaretha crime, mass population flows and human and that would report to the President Wiant, Earlam College. calamities - all compounded by explosive whether it regards each candidate to be expansion of communications and trans¬ Highly Qualified, Qualified or Unqualified. • AFSA Post Representatives are needed portation. And within almost all countries it is The American Foreign Service in Adana, Algiers, Ashgabat, Asmara, necessary to speak effectively with the pub¬ Association also believes the President Baku, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangui, lic as well as with leaders in and out of gov¬ should have on the White House staff an Barcelona, Beirut, Belfast, Berlin, Bogota, ernment. effective means to obtain independent evalu¬ Brazzaville, Bucharest, Budapest, These challenges demand that the United ation of an ambassador's performance Bujumbura, Calgary, Cape Town, States send only its best people as ambas¬ when considering whether to appoint that Chengdu, Chisinau, Cotonou, Curacao, sadors. What qualities define such ambas¬ ambassador to a new post or to leave the Doha, Durban, Edinburgh, Florence, sadors? AFSA suggests the following: ambassador in the current mission for an Freetown, Guangzhou, Halifax, Hamburg, •Absolute integrity and a clear public repu¬ extended period of time. Hamilton, Hanoi, Hermosillo, Jakarta, tation for such integrity. Finally, the American Foreign Service Jeddah, Kiev, Koror, Leipzig, Ljubljana, • Personal discretion and strong self-disci¬ Association recalls that Vice President Gore Madras, Maseru, Merida, Minsk, pline. emphatically expressed his firm belief in Montreal, Moscow, Niamey, Nouakchott, •Solid understanding of U.S. interests eco¬ 1 989 that the criteria for selecting ambas¬ Nuevo Laredo, Paramaribo, Perth, nomic, commercial, environmental, security sadors be stringent so that all of our Peshawar, Ponta Delgada, Port Louis, Port- and political. embassies would have the strong, highly au-Prince, Port-of-Spain, Praia, Pusan, •Well-honed skills in cross-cultural communi¬ qualified leadership our country needs. Quebec, Reykjavik, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, cation, both for explaining U.S. values and Then-Senator Gore fought hard for a resolu¬ St. George's, Sapporo, Shanghai, views to foreign publics and authorities and tion that would have urged the President to Shenyang, Skopje, Surayaba, Suva, for explaining foreign events to the United halve the number of non-career ambassadori¬ Tbilisi, Thessaloniki, Tirana, Vatican City, States Government and public. al nominees from 30 percent to 15 percent Vilnius, Warrenton Training Center, •The intellect and perception needed to of the total. The American Foreign Service Yaounde, Yekaterinburg and Yerevan. interpret and report accurately what is hap¬ Association agrees and notes that the largest AFSA members interested in serving as pening abroad and to recommend appropri¬ pool of candidates with the potential for satis¬ representatives should contact Yolanda ate policies to pursue. fying the criteria for ambassador outlined Odunsi, Membership Representative, at •The knowledge, experience and commit- above is the United States Foreign Service. (202) 338-4045 ext. 525 or by e-mail at [email protected] 12 AFSA NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 AAFSW Book Fair State Library Dedicated to Ralph J. Bunche

1997 Acting Under The Association of American Secretary of State for Foreign Service Women Management Patrick F. Kennedy, Joan (AAFSW) Bunche and retired is collecting books, Career Ambassador Terence A. Todman artwork, collectibles, stamps are pictured just after and foreign coins for its cutting the ribbon to dedicate the BookFair Department of State October 16 through 26. Library to Ralph J. Bunche. If you would like to donate items, please call Robin Jones In a May 5 ceremony the Department United Nations; Sir Brian Urquhart, for¬ at (202) 223-5796. of State Library was dedicated to Ralph mer Under Secretary General for All donations to AAFSW are J. Bunche, the distinguished scholar, Special Political Affairs of the United diplomat and statesman. Guests were Nations; Ambassador Joseph E. Lake, tax deductible. Proceeds welcomed by Chief Librarian Dan Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for benefit a scholarship program Clemmer, Thursday Luncheon Group Information Management; and Under Chair Ambassador Ruth Davis and AFSA Secretary Patrick F. Kennedy. The cere¬ and local charities. President Tex Harris on behalf of their mony and following reception were Donations will be accepted sponsoring organizations. Brief remarks marked especially by the presence of were made by Dr. Benjamin Rivlin, Joan Bunche, daughter of the late Ralph through August 31. Director, Ralph Bunche Institute on the J. Bunche, and other relatives.

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AFSA NEWS JUNE - JULY 1 997 13 Classifieds

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14 AFSA NEWS • JUNE-JULY 1997 Classifieds

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AFSA NEWS • JUNE-JULY 1997 1 5 Classifieds

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16 A F S A NEWS • JUNE - JULY 1997 However, armed with two decades of former col¬ eidier unwilling or unable to provide basic health leagues’ experience in that mission, USAID did learn care, education and infrastructure. some successful strategies, such as keeping its projects simple. To reduce opportunities for local officials to The difficulty of doing business in a country like enrich themselves, USAID worked outside the Zaire Zaire, where the entire population appears to government, channeling U.S. assistance directly to the be on the make, cannot be overestimated. As in missionary, volunteer and private organizations that many Second and Third World countries, the pre¬ provided the bulk of basic medical and educational vailing philosophy is best expressed this way: “You needs for Zairians. Providing technical and training (die foreigner) are wealthy and anything I can do to assistance, USAID helped Zairians dramatically separate you from some of your money is OK.” This increase com production in the Shaba province, has been the dominant guiding principle of Zairians where the basics of growing and marketing were in dealing widi foreign donors taught to fanners. The mission also sponsored a pro¬ since independence. gram that trained Zairian economists in agricultural Even the traffic police fit the Mobutu's government planning and production. In addition, through the mold. Any foreign driver without '80s, Zaire had the best-funded U.S. health project in diplomatic license plates is subject hud a deserved repu¬ Africa, effectively combatting common childhood dis¬ to being waved over to die curb to eases with immunizations and education programs. present documents. Invariably, the tation for deviousness documents are found insufficient Until 1960, Zaire was known as the Belgian and a bribe of 10 cents is extracted and indifference to its Congo. In 1885, after several years of exploiting before die drive can proceed. die region, King Leopold II of Belgium claimed it as To make an overseas call, an people that was die Congo Free State. The Belgian Parliament took “arranger” from the Ministry of unsurpassed, even by over in 1908 and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Communication had to get the Belgians ruled the country for 75 years with a combi¬ line. If the call is successful, he’d African standards. nation of paternalism, rigidity and force until the show up at your office later to col¬ country’s independence on June 30,1960, when Gen. lect his “commission.” Telex lines Mobutu Sese Seko Nkoku wa za Banga, whose name were important to communication to die United means, “All conquering warrior who goes from con¬ States and Europe, but these required someone on quest to conquest,” vanquished his rivals and installed permanent “retainer” at the ministry to make sure himself as die country’s first president. the lines worked. Life in Kinshasa, a European enclave, was redolent And there were other scams. Enterprising widi die country’s former status as a Belgian colony. A Zairians could parlay lake injuries to servants and mind-boggling array of European delicacies, such as employees into extra income. It was well-known that French cheeses and charcuterie, were flown in daily serious bus accidents were common in Kinshasa and from Europe, as were newspapers from most the major hospital would not treat anyone, no matter European capitals. The Golf and Tennis Club, a rem¬ how seriously injured, without advance payment. nant of Belgium colonialism, served as a land of On die official level, die need to make a payoff European oasis in die center of town. The majority of was ubiquitous. For any Zairians lucky enough to be members were Belgians, most of whom had lived in employed, customs was an excellent spot to improve Zaire since before independence. Over tables of one’s standard of living. The number of required per¬ imported wine, diese former colonists spent dieir days mits, licenses and stamps, even for the simplest and reliving the past in the paradise diat had been die most straightforward transaction, was designed to Belgian Congo and complaining about events in mod¬ spread the wealth. Since independence, the Belgian em Zaire. Many of diem had stayed in Zaire because government and, later, die European Economic diey could not duplicate hi Europe the languid Community stationed large teams in the customs lif estyle and readily available servants of Kinshasa. office. These expensive, long-term employees tem¬ Outside these rarified enclaves, life for the aver¬ porarily reduced the bribes, but they never achieved age Zairian was much tougher. In 1982 Zaire was a the long-sought basic reform. country of 30 million people whose per-capita annu¬ But will change come under Laurent Kabila? al income averaged $200 and whose government was Only time will tell. ■

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 FRENCH TWISTS OF FATE

19TH-CENTURY MINISTER TO PARIS GRAPPLED WITH

U.S. LUST FOR CUBA, NAPOLEONIC COURT ETIQUETTE

BY EDWARD W. AND NANCY R. SCHAEFER

oarding the U.S. mail steam¬ Jfohn Y. Mason’s path to France began in February B er Atlantic in New York 1819, when, after graduating from the University Harbor on a cold and blus¬ f North Carolina mid Judge Tapping Reeves I .aw tery Christmas Eve in 1853, School in Litchfield, Conn., he became a lawyer in the stout, white-haired John Greensville County, Va. He launched his political Young Mason eagerly antici¬ career in 1823, elected first to the Virginia House of pated assuming a diplomatic assignment that Delegates and later to the state senate. In 1831, as a would cap his distinguished political career. Jacksonian Democrat, he was elected to Congress, The ruddy 54-year-old Virginia Democrat, a where as chairman of die House Foreign Affairs former congressman, federal judge, secretaiy of Committee, he would make his mark in foreign the Navy and attorney general, had been affairs. In 1836, he introduced a bill recognizing appointed minister to France by President Texas’ independence from Mexico. He also called for Franklin Pierce. increased naval preparedness in die face of France’s An astute and seasoned politician, Mason continued failure to meet long-standing American preferred conciliation to confrontation and claims for damage to ships in the Atlantic during die seemed blessed with what the Richmond Whig Napoleonic wars. After tiiree terms in Congress, described as “the habit of success.” These skills Mason became a Virginia state judge in 1837, and would be tested in France, where Mason four years later he was appointed a federal judge, his became embroiled in two controversies. One proudest achievement. After that appointment, he involved the question of proper diplomatic liked to be addressed as "Judge Mason.” dress, and is an almost-forgotten footnote in President John Tyler brought Mason into his ; the other involved U.S. Cabinet in 1844 as secretary of the Navy. When intentions toward Cuba, a question that is as James K. Polk became president in 1845, Mason was alive today as when Mason and his colleagues named attorney general. Polk and Mason had been grappled with it more than a century ago. friends since their college days at the University of North Carolina and had served together in Congress. Edward W. Schaefer is a retired FSO who served in As Polk noted in his diary for April 30,1846, “He was Lebanon, Morocco, Algeria and Somalia. Nancy R. my college associate and personal friend, and ... on Sclmefer, his wife, is the great-great-granddaughter these accounts I desired to have him near me.” At the of John Y. Mason, whose diplomatic uniform is dis¬ president’s request in September 1846, Mason again played at the State Department permanent exhibit, took charge of the Navy Department. Four months “Celebration of American Diplomacy.” earlier the U.S. had declared war on Mexico, and

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/JVNE-JULY 1 997 consequently Mason played a key role in coordinat¬ American charge d’affaires Henry L. Sanford, who ing U.S. naval operations, notably the seige of Vera had been charge of tire embassy for eight months Cruz in 1847 and die blockade of California, until die before Mason’s arrival, had worn “simple dress” to end of the war early in 1848. court functions since August 1853, with no objection When the Whigs returned to power in 1849, from the French Foreign Ministry. And Mason, short¬ Mason returned to Richmond to become president ly after his arrival, at a meeting with French Foreign of die Janies River & Kanawha Canal Co. The fol¬ Minister Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys, cited Iris inten¬ lowing year, he was unanimously elected president of tion of doing the same. He intended to present his die Virginia Constitutional Convention. During die credentials to the emperor "in a suit presidential campaign of 1852, Mason, a member of of plain black clothes,” he reported die Virginia Democratic State Central Committee, in his diary, and “desired to be strongly supported die candidacy of Franklin Pierce, informed whether it would be An astute and sea¬ a northerner, who was acceptable to Southern regarded as wanting in respect to soned politician, Democrats because of diis support of states’ rights the Imperial Government.” and his strong advocacy of expansion which they Drouyn de Lhuys immediately Mason preferred con¬ hoped might result in die establishment of new slave informed Mason that he must con¬ states in the Caribbean. In October 1853, the now- sult the emperor on this point and ciliation to confronta¬ President Pierce recognized the claims of Virginias two days later told Mason that his party faithful for rewards in helping his presidential Imperial Majesty had agreed to tion and seemed bid by appointing Mason minister to France. Mason receive him in the proposed cos¬ would be reporting to Secretary of State William L. tume. But when he explained why blessed with what Marcy, with whom he had served in Polk’s Cabinet costumes were worn in the imperi¬ when Marcy was secretary of War. al court and the regulations gov¬ was termed “the habit erning diem, Mason understood it of success.’' These The Masons’ new life in Paris would be radically would be politic to adopt court different from die one they had in Richmond. dress for court functions. It was skills would be well¬ Accompanied by his wife, Mary Ann, and two of customary to wear uniforms their 10 children, Mason anived in Paris on Jan. 8, because it was a means of marking ies ted in France. 1854. He was greeted with his first diplomatic one’s station or importance and was dilemma: What should he wear when presenting also considered a sign of respect to his diplomatic credentials to Emperor Napoleon III the court. Without the proper uniform, Mason would so as not to offend the government? risk offending Emperor Napoleon, and, particularly, In 1854 most European powers were monar¬ the Empress Eugenie, a stickler for protocol. chies with elaborate, formal courts and strict rules Consequently, while Mason was indeed received on court dress. The U.S. accepted this situation cordially by Napoleon on Jan. 22, when he presented and even provided guidance on court dress to his credentials wealing “plain black clothes,” he had diplomats in a series of instructions. The most already decided that henceforth he would appeal- at recent of these, issued by Secretary Marcy on June court in diplomatic uniform. He detailed his reasons 1, 1853 was known as the “Dress Circular.” It in a despatch and in a personal letter to - instructed diplomats to appeal in court in “the Marcy. Sanford, humiliated by his minister’s decision simple dress of an American citizen,” which in the on dress, immediately sent his resignation to Marcy, parlance of the time meant formal evening clothes. who promptly accepted it. Marcy also approved At the same time, the circular gave diplomats a Masons interpretation of the dress circular. loophole, instructing them to use independent Despite excited accounts of “die uniform con¬ judgement in whether to conform to established troversy” in the American press wfth one side con¬ rules for court dress. tending tiiat Americans, as democrats, should not

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41 give in to the demands of an effete, trymen and the ladies of their fami¬ trations responsible for enforcing the imperial court, and the other camp lies. ... On such occasions I expect to Neutrality Act of 1818. Many factions contending that donning a uniform continue to conform to usage.” in the United States encouraged seemed practical, the uniform in armed revolt in Cuba against Spain, question was scarcely flamboyant. Its The other diplomatic controversy but these bands were freelancers, witii design seemed to be based on a facing Mason in France was not so no official government sanction. Department of State Instruction on easily or quickly resolved. In die early In 1852 France and Britain, hoping “The Dress of an American Minister,” months of 1854, U.S.-Spanish relations to block any future American attempt issued in 1817, which called for a were escalating to a crisis. All during to acquire Cuba, proposed diat die gold-embroidered black coat, white the 1850s, Cuba, then a Spanish pos¬ United States join them in a diree-way breeches and a chapeau-bras, a session, had been steadily attracting agreement guaranteeing Spains right three-cornered hat that could be U.S. attention, with many national to Cuba. Whig Secretary of State tucked under ones arm. Masons leaders casting a lusty eye toward the Edward Everett declined the offer, in brass-buttoned black coat was Caribbean island. The dream of essence saying diat although Cuba was embroidered with gold acorns and acquiring Cuba was not a new one; a Spanish possession, its future was a oak leaves on its stand-up collar, cuffs both Thomas Jefferson and John primary concern of the United States, and center back; his white trousers Quincy Adams had favored annexa¬ not of Britain and France. were gold-striped. tion. In 1848, the high-water mark of The Pierce administration was After his first appearance at a court “Manifest Destiny,” Spain rejected openly expansionist and one of Pierces function requiring court dress. Judge President Polk s offer to buy the island early diplomatic appointments was Mason reported to Marcy in a Jan. 28, for $100 million. Attempted filibuster¬ that of Sen. Pierre Soule of Louisiana, 1854, despatch, “I attended at the ing expeditions, plotted in die United a French-bom naturalized citizen and Tuileries in a simple uniform dress States and aimed at prompting a outspoken advocate of Cuban annexa¬ and presented to the Emperor and Cuban revolt against Spain, challenged tion, to be Americas minister to Spain. Empress a large number of my coun¬ botii Whig and Democratic adminis¬ He arrived at his post in October 1853

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE J OV RN AL/J U N E-] U LY 1997 at a time when U.S. relations with protest and ask for an indemnity from president that because of Soules flam¬ Spain were troubled by a variety of the Spanish government. But before boyant and erratic behavior and star¬ problems affecting American residents learning tire results of this approach, tling ineptitude as a diplomatist, he in Cuba, such as a hostile and rigid and having in mind Soules report that could not be permitted to handle this bureaucracy, that made it difficult to continuing political turmoil in Spain important matter alone. However, his conduct business there. Although might open the way to purchasing political connections with tiie fervently Soules instructions at that time had Cuba, on April 3 Marcy authorized pro-expansionist “Young America” fac¬ cautioned him not to propose negotia¬ him, “when circumstances were favor¬ tion of the Democratic Part)' made it tions for the purchase of Cuba, Pierce able, to enter into a convention or awkward to remove him. Initially, administration policy changed abruptly treaty for the purchase of Cuba” and, if Marcy considered sending a two-per¬ in early 1854. The immediate catalyst Spain refused to sell, “to direct your son commission to assist Soule, but this was the so-called “Black Warrior efforts to the next most desirable fell through when Congress failed to Affair.” In February 1854 the object, which is to detach that island appropriate sufficient funds. Finally, American steamer, Black Warrior, was from tiie Spanish dominion and from Marcy decided to have Soule confer confiscated during a routine call at all dependence on any European somewhere in Europe with his col¬ Havana. Spanish authorities cited die power.” Marcy was playing it safe, leagues Mason and James Buchanan, steamers failure to comply with a port using language that has puzzled histo¬ tiie future American president then regulation never enforced in its many rians ever since, but he clearly meant serving as minister in London. previous calls at port. This incident to take over Cuba from Spain. Marcys Mason was appalled at the caused “an unusual degree of excite¬ inclusion of this “next most desirable prospect. He did not consider himself ment throughout the Union,” as Marcy object” would come back to haunt him qualified to pronounce on Spanish wrote Mason in Paris, an observation before the year was out. affairs and saw no useful purpose in which reflected American outrage at In tiie following months, as dis¬ the meeting. Buchanan also thought it such treatment by Spanish officials. In cussed in recorded Cabinet meetings, pointless, since although he strongly March 1854, Soule was instructed to it became apparent to Marcy and the favored the acquisition of Cuba, he

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 believed its purchase could be Although, as a Southerner, he favored might not have been “sufficiently arranged through pressure on Spain by the acquisition of Cuba, he very likely explicit” in its language, but that he European holders of Spanish bonds. joined with Buchanan in insisting on believed there could be no doubt in Despite their misgivings, both men moderating some of the language pre¬ Washington as to its “true meaning.” agreed they had no choice but to com¬ ferred by the militant Soule. He wanted to seize Cuba under ply with Marcy s instructions. And so, In essence, the joint despatch pro¬ any pretext. with Soule, they finally decided to posed first, that negotiations for the Then, giving an aggressive inter¬ meet at Ostend in Belgium. By hap¬ purchase of Cuba begin immediately pretation to the joint despatch, he penstance, several American diplomats mid second, that if these failed and if urged the desirability of seizing had arrived in Pairs during September, Cuba “in the possession of Spain, seri¬ Cuba by force “now” while France arousing press and diplomatic specula¬ ously endanger our internal peace mid and Britain were engaged in the tion that a secret meeting was afoot the existence of our cherished Union,” Crimean War with Russia, if Spain about Cuba. With this din of publicity then “by every law, human and divine, refused to sell. in tile background, the three ministers we shall be justified in wresting it from The president and cabinet dis¬ met on Oct. 9, but after a few days Spain if we possess the power.” cussed the joint despatch, and pre¬ moved to Aix-la-Chapelle in Prussia, The three ministers signed the doc¬ sumably Soules letter, for several probably to escape the press. ument on Oct. 18, 1854; Consul days; diere is no written record of Within a week they had completed Duncan McRae from the Paris lega¬ what was said. By this time die whole their confidential despatch to Marcy, a tion delivered it to Marcy on Nov. 4. “Ostend” affair had become a politi¬ document that came to be known as Unbeknownst to Mason and cal embarrassment for the adminis¬ the “Ostend Manifesto.” Historians Buchanan, Soule had hastily written a tration. On Nov. 13, Marcy replied to disagree as to whether Soule or covering letter to Marcy on Oct. 20, the recommendations of the three Buchanan played the dominant role in which he gave to McRae just before ministers in a despatch addressed to drafting it, but it’s fairly certain Mason the latter left for New York. In it Soule Soule, with copies to Buchanan mid had little to do with its composition. suggested that the joint despatch Mason. In it, he agreed that, while it

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44 FOREIGN SERVICE J OURN AL/J UN E-J U LY 1997 would be highly desirable to buy On Dec. 23, Mason learned for the tion to Soule of April 3, 1854. But Cuba, the administration should not first time of Soules covering letter to excised from this document was the press the issue if the Spanish were Marcy and its contents. Furiously now acutely embarrassing passage tiiat strongly opposed to selling die island. indignant, he now understood die rea¬ instructed Soule, if Spain would not It is clear from what he wrote that he son for the heretofore inexplicable pas¬ sell Cuba to the United States, to was replying to both the joint sages in Marcys reply to die joint “direct your efforts to the next most despatch and to Soules covering let¬ despatch. Three days later he suffered desirable object, which is to detach ter, although he did not mention the a crippling stroke that incapacitated tiiat island from the Spanish domin¬ latter. A failure to buy Cuba, Marcy him for nearly diree months. ion.” In May 1855, the United States continued, would not, “without a Meanwhile, the American press — and Spain reached an amicable settle¬ material change in die condition of in particular, The New York Herakl, ment of the Black Warrior affair, and the island, involve imminent peril to owned by James Gordon Bennett, no the furor died a natural death. Cuba the existence of our government.” friend of the Pierce administration — remained the property of Spain until On receipt of this despatch, Soule kept the “Ostend Manifesto,” as jour¬ gaining its independence in 1898. was stunned, scarcely able to credit nalists delighted in calling it, in the Mason served as minister to France what he considered his repudiation public eye. In January 1855 the Herald for nearly five more years, but none by Marcy, and widiin a few days he called for publication of official corre¬ matched the pace and drama of 1854, submitted his resignation. For their spondence concerning die affair. his first year in Paris. The Crimean part, both Mason and Buchanan were Finally, in response to a House of War ended in 1856 and that same year, mystified by Marcy’s disavowal of ces¬ Representatives resolution, the presi¬ his London colleague, James sion or seizure, a proposition that had dent released to Congress an edited set Buchanan, was elected president. not been made in die joint despatch, of documents concerning the Black Early in 1857 Buchanan renewed in which “wresting” Cuba from Spain Warrior affair, relations with Spain, Masons appointment as minister to was recommended only under a spe¬ and die conference of the diree minis¬ France. Mason di ed of a second stroke cific set of extreme circumstances. ters. Among diem was Marcys instruc¬ in Paris on Oct. 3, 1859. ■

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 45 MY OVERSEAS EDUCATION

BY SUZANNE GUADAGNO PRZYGODA

T X Tliat is the ideal background for tional schools in Venezuela, where we Mrs. Pena wove the music, folklore V V an effective communicator and were from 1965-1970; in Peru from and cultural history of Venezuela into decision-maker in the international 1970-1973; in the Philippines from our daily Spanish classes. Mr. Henson’s arena of business or government? And 1973-1976; in Colombia from 1976- stimulating world history class provid¬ how can one develop a cultural sensi¬ 1979 and in Italy from 1984-1988. My ed country-specific details that tivity, strengthen the facility for lan¬ three younger brothers and I are bilin¬ enriched my family’s visits to guages and nurture a resourcefulness gual in Spanish and English. I added Venezuela’s beautiful beaches, moun¬ to get things done in another culture? fluency in Italian, French and tains and plains. In my opinion, the answer for my Portuguese. I was midway through 7th grade family and me: Get an international My earliest memories of school when my father told us we had to leave education. abroad were of studying at Colegio because he was being transferred to I was educated in five countries dur¬ Campo Alegre in Caracas, the bina¬ Peru. It was the first of the many diffi¬ ing 11 of my most impressionable tional school of choice in the U.S. cult lessons of life, but I learned early years, from age 7 to 18, and each school community in the mid-60s. It was to make a choice: Leaving a country provided an enriching and unique there I studied Venezuela’s precolonial could eitiier be a horrible battle or a experience. My father recently retired history and rich literary tradition. I joyful adventure, one that I could from a 25-year Foreign Service career, also learned about the country’s unsur¬ embrace with a sense of discovery. I largely in the consular sections of U.S. passed variety of flora an fauna, and chose the latter, deciding that there was embassies in Europe, Latin America was introduced to my first game of something called friendship and some¬ and Southeast Asia. I attended interna¬ football — soccer, that is. thing called communications that could

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/J UN E-J U LY 1997 SCHOOLS transcend time and distance. And there how Iris ait expressed his fife experience. was always hope, hope that I would see When we moved halfway around BOARDING SCHOOL my friends, somewhere, somehow, the world, in the middle of my junior RESOURCES again. To this day, I still am in contact year in high school, to the Philippines, with my best friend since third grade, it was even more difficult to leave who splits her time between behind friends, other student govern¬ Boarding Schools Directory Association of Boarding Schools Manhattan and Caracas. ment leaders and my varsity cheerlead¬ 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1100 In Peru, I learned about anthropology ing squad. I remember feeling like it Washington, D.C. 20036 first hand, by visits to tire seat of the Inca was tire worst timing ever. But move we (202)-973-9753 or (800) 541-5908 empire, Macchu Picchu, and other must, and move we did. archeological sites. I’m still intrigued as At the International School in ECIS Directory of Schools to what would have happened had diis Manila, we really learned about current European Council of Independent advanced civilization continued its devel¬ world events, often before they Schools opment without Spanish intervention in appeared in the press. My classmates 21 Lavant Street the 16th century. Mrs. Quick, our unfor¬ were the sons and daughters of many of Petersfield, GU32 3 EL, UK gettable, enthusiastic hands-on biology the officials and diplomats mentioned (44) 1730-268-244 teacher, made the Peruvian coastline our in the newspapers. IS’s language Family Liaison Office fixing marine biology lab. Mr. Snyders department offered nearly a dozen lan¬ Department of State lively anecdotes made U.S. history come guages, International Day celebrations M/DGP/FLO Room 1212A alive, even though we were thousands of second only to the U.N. festival itself, Washington, D.C. 20037 miles away from our native land. Mrs. and unique physical education classes (202) 647-1076 Monroy taught us how to discover the that featured Filipino, Hawaiian and Continued on page 49 inspiration behind an authors work, and Tahitian folk dances. Being educated in EDUCATION You Can Believe In Spring Term Begins January 25

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 SCHOOLS

the Philippines redefined the mean¬ ing of “creative” for me. Mrs. Butlers THE PUTNEY SCHOOL musical theater and Mrs. Rigala’s choral and acapella groups were the foundation for many of my classmates’ careers in music and theater. And once again, when it was time to leave, it was not easy to say goodbye. In Colombia, my brothers attended Colegio Nueva Granada in Bogota, while I studied political science, histo¬ ry and literature at the nearby Centro de Estudios Universitarios Colombo- "I came to Putney because of the art program. I didn't know how much I Americano. It was incredible to hear would like the other parts of the school. In my English class the teacher from a survivor about the bogotazo really makes us think; we sit around in a circle and everyone talks. He period in 1945, one of the single said my uniting could be lots better, and now it is. In the work program, largest spontaneous uprisings in Latin it's really satisfying to work with other students and get a job done. And American history in which hundreds my advisor is great. He and my parents can e-mail to each other whenever of people died. Our professor would often take us for walks past the build¬ they want." —JEREMY POVOLNY, DAKAR, SENEGAL ings that had been scarred by the unrest, the cause of which historians ELM LEA FARM * PUTNEY, VERMONT 05346 are still debating. 802-387-6219 [email protected] After the semester, I returned to WWW.PUTNEY.COM the United States to continue my edu¬ cation in a place where I could leam first-hand what it means to be an American. Aptly, perhaps, I chose the Washington International School historic college of Mary Washington College, the centuries-old university w „ Colegio Internacional de Washington in Fredericksburg, Va., that is named Ecole Internationale de Washington for George Washington s mother. The following summer, I studied at the Universita Per Stranieri in World-class education Perugia, Italy, where I had the unpar¬ alleled experience of interacting with with a global perspective a community of students, whose com¬ mon-denominator language was ■ Nursery to Grade 12 day school Italian — not English. They came ■ Bilingual and second language programs from every comer of the globe: Africa, in English/French and English/Spanish the Middle East, Latin America, ■ Rigorous science and math preparation Eastern Europe and Asia. During ■ Graduates consistently qualify for those three months, I learned as advanced standing in U.S. colleges much about the cultures and current events of my classmates’ home coun¬ ■ International Baccalaureate Diploma program tries as I did about Italy itself. I then Selective, competitive admissions ■ returned to Mary Washington to con¬ tinue my studies, receiving my B.A. in 3100 Macomb Street, NW, Washington, DC 20008 international affairs in May 1979. Knowing that I wanted a career Admissions: (202) 364-1815 fax:(202)364-0080 www.wis.edu

48 FOREIGN SERVICE J OV RN AL/J UN E-J V LY 1997 SCHOOLS in international affairs, I applied to Students from 34 states and 15 countries Georgetown University’s School of meet at Shattuck-St. Mary’s School Foreign Service, where I graduated for an outstanding academic experience in 1982 with a master’s degree, with a in a secure, midwest campus community. specialization in Latin American The student-faculty ratio is 7-1 studies and economic and social and all teachers live on campus. development. Other features include: In retrospect, I am grateful for the ♦ Grades 6-12 ♦Coed opportunity to have been educated in ♦ Boarding and Day various schools and universities ♦ Separate Middle School and abroad. This rich, diverse education Upper School programs prepared me for a career in an infor¬ ♦ Outstanding coaching in drama, mation-intensive economy and a music and athletics global workplace with shrinking bar¬ ♦ 45 minutes from riers of time, distance and language. Minneapolis/St. Paul airport If I had a choice, which I did not, I CaE 507-332-5618 would have chosen no other kind of Fax 507-332-5661 education. I became a global E-mail: [email protected] citizen. ■

Suzanne Guadagno Przygoda, cor¬ porate marketing communications iidlhSri manager for Information SHATTUCK-ST MARYS SCHOOL Management Consultants, Inc., in FARIBAULT, MINNESOTA, U.S.A. McLean, Va., is a Foreign Service daughter. She accompanied her moth¬ er and FSO father, Gloria E. and Peter D. Guadagno, to postings in Caracas, Lima, Manila, Bogota, Rome and Washington, D C. iv Browne * & A , Continued from page 46 Academy

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JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 SCHOOLS

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YOUR CLASSES, YOUR TEACHERS, Service YOUR FUTURE. Journal. College is getting close and the competition is tough. Small classes, quality teachers, high standards, traditional values, secure environment, full athletics, discipline and responsibility. All to guide you successfully through Christchurch, on to college and beyond. Come visit. Call 1-800-296-2306. Ask for Admissions. ■ The journal is read by 27,000 readers who live in more than 135 countries and SCHOOL1VIRGINI A~~-' Christchurch offers a college preparatory curriculum and stimulating summer programs. include active and retired We are located on the Rappahannock River 10 miles from the diplomats, members of and are nondiscriminatory in our admission and financial aid practices. Congress, the media and other foreign affairs professionals.

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50 FOREIGN SERVICE J O U RN AL/J U N E-J U LY 1997 SCHOOLS - ■■■ ■ . r.-s ; -v ; FRYEBURG ACADEMY

A Unique New England Co-educational Boarding and Day School

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Fryeburg Academy MMA is currently accepting applications for both its academic and summer camp programs. For more information, a free catalog or 152 Main Street a personal campus tour, please call (210) 423-6006. Fryeburg, ME 04037-1329 E-mail: [email protected] MARINE MILITARY ACADEMY http://www.nxi.com/WWW/fryeburg 320 Iwo Jima Blvd., Harlingen, Texas 78550, (210) 423-6006 MMA does not discriminate on the basis ot race, creed, color or national or ethnic origin.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 SCHOOLS

It's March. You've just DANA HALL SCHOOL come back from two weeks In 1881, Dana Hall's founding was based on a commitment in New Hampshire's to educating young women for college and beyond... White Mountains. And you've never felt so warm in your life.

. ..And The Tradition Continues. Dana Hall School is an independent, boarding and day school for girls in grades 6-12, located 12 miles west of Boston. To receive a catalogue, contact the Admission Office. Dana Hall School 45 Dana Road • Wellesley, MA 02181 (617) 235-3010 x200 • Fax: (617) 235-0577 Each year the students in the junior class at the Holderness School spend ten days hiking and climbing in the White Mountains in a program known as Out Back. Students bring back to the class¬ room a new appreciation of the depth of their own resources and the value of personal support, both given and received.

Brandon Hall School Out Back is at once challenging Turning Potential Into Reality and intensely rewarding. Holderness alumni recall it as one A UNIQUE COLLEGE PREPARATORY SCHOOL of their lives' richest and most ANNOUNCES LIMITED OPENINGS FOR 1996-97 defining experiences. But Out Back is only one facet of an One-to-One and Small Group Classes For Bright Students Who adventure in education, leadership, / academically underachieve and the human spirit that has come / need to develop study skills to be known as the Holderness Experience. / have attention deficit disorders (ADD), learning disabilities, or dyslexia Grades 4-12 Boy's Boarding • (5 & 7 Day) • Coeducational Day The Holderness School Post Graduate Year • Summer Session Plymouth NH 03264 100% College Acceptance • National School of Excellence For Information Call: Peter B. Barnum 770-394-8177 Director of Admission Director of Admissions 1701 Brandon Hall Drive • Atlanta, GA 30350 Call 011-603-536-1747 Fax: 770-804-8821

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JO VRNAL/J UNE-] VLY 1997 SCHOOLS

Hawaii Preparatory Academy

We offer our students: • A challenging course of study at every grade level, K-12. • An accomplished, caring staff of professional educators. • A safe environment that promotes lifelong learning. • Excellent boarding facilities from grades 6-12.

For more information, please call or write John H. Reddan, Director of Admission Daena K. Craven, Associate Director of Admission

Hawaii Preparatory Academy P.O. Box 428 Kamuela, Hawaii 96743-0428 Telephone (808) 885-8207 Fax (808) 885-8203

Hawaii Preparatory Academy does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, or national origin in the administration of its educational policies, financial aid programs, and athletic and other school administered programs.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 SCHOOLS Have You Considered American University in Washington, DC? School of International Service Now Offering Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral Programs in International Service, Government, School of Communications, Law, Liberal Arts, Business, and Special Programs. Communication

School of A Few Reasons Why AU Is A Great Choice! Public Affairs ■ The connections with distinguished faculty, adjunct professors, and staff

Kogod College ■ The cooperative education and internship opportunities of Business ■ The 84 acre campus is one of the most beautiful in the Washington, DC area Administration To Learn More About What AU Has To Offer Washington Call: 202-885-6000 College of Law Fax: 202-885-1025 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY College of Arts E-mail: [email protected] WASHINGTON. DC and Sciences

Your Foxcroft experience will take you to a variety of places—English class, the chemistry lab, the hockey field, the dance studio, the stables, the art studio, cultural events, mixers with other schools and the internet.

Girls benefit from a rigorous curriculum, small classes, and intelligent, caring faculty. Foxcroft enables each student to discover and enhance her best academic and personal strengths. By promoting self-esteem and responsibility, Foxcroft provides young women with the necessary tools to learn, to grow, and to lead. A Foxcroft education will prepare you for a world of opportunity. FOXCKQFT ■SCHOOL-

Foreign Service Scholarships Available

Foxcoft is a college-preparatory boarding and day school for girls in grades 9-12. For more information, please contact: Mary E. Guest, Director of Admission, Foxcroft School. P.O. Box 5555, Middleburg. VA 20118; 540-687-4340; [email protected]

Foxcroft School admits qualified students regardless of race, religion, and national and ethnic origin. Determine Your Destination

54 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O U RN A L/J U N E-] U LY 1997 SCHOOLS A boarding and day school close to home Located in Colora, Maryland less than 2 hours from Washington, D.C.

*9-12 Grade and Post-graduate Competitive Athletics *Enrollment: 135 *AP Courses *Multi-Cultural Community * Average Class Size: 10 individual College Counseling *6/1 Student/Faculty Ratio

We have an open house everyday of the week! To visit our campus, or for more information about our school, please call... Kenneth W. Michelsen, Director of Admissions 1079 Firetower Road Colora, Maryland 21917-1599 (410)658-5556 ext. 209 r Aff Each fresh start AT THE PHELPS SCHOOL is followed by a 51 YEARS OF CARING STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT great finish. • Boys boarding / day • Grades 7-12 (Post Graduate) • Emphasis on underachiever • Significant achievements with low self-esteem • Success with learning differences (A.D.D.) • College preparatory • Average class size: 7 • Student body from 17 states & 10 countries • Safe, 110 acre suburban campus • Sports and activities programs THE PHELPS SCHOOL • Equestrian programs, outdoor & indoor arenas • Five week summer school program • Tuition reduction for Defence & State Dept. Employees

P.O. Box 476, Malvern PA 19355 610-644-1754 Fax 610-644-6679

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 55 Short - Intensive - International

International Education Programs* at UCR Extension offers a

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56 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O U RN A L/J U N E-] U LY 1997 SCHOOLS Look what’s happened to the Renaissance man* When students' dreams and talents are nurtured, it's quite amazing what can happen. St. Catherine's provides a challenging and varied academic environment where students are given opportunities to find and test the talents and aspirations they might never have known. And they do, with astounding regularity Will your daughter excel in advanced physics or statistics, play with the Virginia Symphony Youth Orchestra, study Mandarin Chinese, or become a field hockey forward? She'll find out here. Call 804-288-2804 or 1-800-648-4982 ore-mail [email protected] to learn more about St Catherine's. And experience the renaissance of your daughter's education. St. Catherines SCHOOL

6001 GROVE AVENUE, RICHMOND. VIRGINIA 23226

ACADEMIC YEAR PROGRAMS SUMMER PROGRAMS (Residential and Day) (6 Weeks, Residential and Day) • Elementary (Day Only, 7-9 year-olds) • 1:1 Tutorials • Standard Academic (Includes 1:1 Tutorials) • Small Classes • Expressive Language • Prep/Study Skills • College Preparatory (Grades 9-12) • Marine Science (Ages 14+) • Pre-College (High School Graduates) • Seamanship

All programs are coeducational and designed to help emotionally-stable students of at least average intelligence to realize their full potential

Landmark School, Admissions Office PO. Box 227, Prides Crossing, MA 01965 508-927-4440 • FAX 508-927-7268

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 57 SCHOOLS

L OF HER OWN, St. Johnsbury Academy

A comprehensive coed boarding and day school(grades 9-PG) in a small, safe town in Vermont with superb facilities and diverse student body from 18 countries & 18 states. Full-spectrum curriculum offers instruction at several levels of difficulty in all academic subjects, 13 A. P. classes, 10 pre-engineering and technical programs. The school community develops globally aware Boarding and day school, grades 6-12 citizens with sound morals College preparatory curriculum and healthy lifestyles. Student/faculty ratio 4:1 St. Johnsbury Academy Admissions Office St. Johnsbury, VT 05819 802-751-2131; Fax 802-748-5463 LINDEN HALL

FOUNDED IN 1746 ‘91 U.S. Department of Education Exemplary School Award (800) 258-5778 Lititz, PA 17543 www.lindenhall.com

What did Albert Einstein, SALISBURY Thomas Edison and Walt Disney SCHOOL have in common? Salisbury, A. Each had a great influence on Connecticut culture and society B. Each was able to think in a different way to find solutions to problems Salisbury School offers college preparation for C. Each had learning differences young men in a boarding school tradition of D. All of the above excellence in grades 9 - 12. Superior faculty, The correct answer is “D.” What is least known is that outstanding facilities, strong academics, ath¬ all of these men had a learning difference. In fact, 15% of letics. and aits. Safe., beautiful, hilltop location the population have a learning difference. The Forman School, a college preparatory school for on 700 acres in rural Connecticut. Campus students who have learning differences, such as dyslexia, computer network, voice mail, e-mail, and recognizes the fact that these people are not inherently any Internet connectivity in all rooms. Salisbury less intelligent than other people. Through the use of values the diversity7 that international students researched teaching strategies and one-on-one language bring. Ample support allows them lo meet rig¬ tutorials, Forman offers these students the skills they need orous academic challenges and to participate to succeed in college and in life. fully in sports and activities. For more information on The Forman School, call For further information: phone: (860) 435-5700 the admissions office at The Forman School fax: (860) 435-5750 (860) 567-8712. LITCHFIELD, CONNECTICUT EMAIL: [email protected] • FAX: (860) 567-3501

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JO URNAL/J UNE-J ULY 1997 SCHOOLS ADMIRAL DOWNSIDE SCHOOL Stratton on the Fosse FARRAGUT Bath, BA3 4RJ, England ACADEMY Tel : (0)1761 232206 Fax : (0)1761 233575 —Since 1933 Britain’s Senior Benedictine Boarding School For Boys Aged 9-18 Set on top of the Mendip Hills near Bath, On Florida’s Gulf Coast we offer excellent educational • Coed, grades 5-12 opportunities, seven day week boarding, • 100% acceptance to four-year colleges small class sizes and unrivalled facilities • Fully-accredited • Competitive sports teams for personal development and • Riflery, scuba, flight, sailing, and more achievement. All our resources are • New 20-terminal multimedia computer center directed at fulfilling the individual’s For a brochure, call or write the potential. We seek to stimulate each Director of Admissions pupil’s intellectual curiosity, to foster his Admiral Farragut Academy desire to pursue knowledge and to 501 Park Street North, Box B convey the excitement that learning St. Petersburg, FL 33710 brings and we welcome everyone who Phone: (813) 384-5500 • Fax: (813) 347-5160 wishes to share this journey with us. email: [email protected] For further information and a prospectus please Check out our homepage atwww.naples.net/~nfn00794 contact The Registrar.

EDMUND BURKE SCHOOL Stoneleigh

• Rigorous, Flexible Curriculum Burnham • Complete Sports Program School # Arts and Drama Greenfield, MA # Diverse Student Population Stoneleigh-Burnham School provides 165 girls in grades 9 through 12 and PG, with an excellent college preparation in a supportive and encouraging family environment. A small independent school tracing its Open House founding to 1869, SBS sits on 100 picturesque acres. Course work in traditional, honors and Advanced Placement levels in all academic disciplines is offered, Tuesday, Nov. 11, 1997 as well as ESL and Academic Skills programs. 9:00-11:30 a.m. Students enjoy participating in notable programs such as our internationally recognized riding program, cham¬ pionship athletic teams, a competitive debate program and outstanding visual, communicative and performing Grades 6-12 College Preparatory arts, including dance. 2955 Upton Street NW Washington, DC 20008 202-362-8882 For more information please contact: Near Van Ness Metro Admissions Office Stoneleigh-Burnham School "All that need happen for evil to triumph 574 Bernards ton Road Greenfield, MA 01301 in the world is for good people to do nothing." 413 774-2711 EDMUND BURKE web site - http://www.sbschool.org

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 59 SCHOOLS

The Brush Ranch School

A Boarding School Specializing in the Academic Problems AN ACADEMIC of Children with ALTERNATIVE Learning Differences Kindergarten through 8th Grade Give your child the Calvert cluded in your initial ship¬ A structured Program of advantage. Calvert School ment. Advisory Teaching offers 90 years of experience Service optional. Our diverse Personal Achievement in home instruction curricu¬ student body includes mis¬ Developed for Each Student lum. Our courses are ideal sionary, sailing, farming, for first time or experienced traveling, performing, and Through: ■ Academic Instruction home schoolers. Our flexible, home schooling families. We ■ Recreational Activities step-by-step lesson manuals are a fully accredited, non¬ ■ A Broad Array of Electives provide a classic, compre¬ profit, equal opportunity in¬ hensive program that allows stitution. We are "the school ■ Social Development time for special interests. that comes to you." Discover French language and music what more than 350,000 oth¬ enrichment courses are of¬ ers have learned. For free in¬ Gary R. Emmons, Headmaster Accreditation: North Central fered. All materials are in¬ formation contact: P.O. Box 2450 Association, New Mexico Board Santa Fe, NM 87504-2450 of Education, California Dept, of CALVERT SCHOOL (505)757-6114; Education; Member: NAPSEC, (410)243-6030 fax(410)366-0674 http://www.calvertschool.org FAX: (505) 757-6118 ODS, LDA,CEC Dept. F67 • 105 Tuscany Road • Baltimore, MD • 21210 V;

SOUTH KENT SCHOOL

Howe Military School Simplicity of Life • Self-Reliance • Directness of Purpose

Offering Traditional ' 'Average 10 students per class Values and Character 1 'Co-educational Grades 5-8,9-12 Since 1923, a college preparatory Development < 'College Prep Curriculum program in an environment Summer Camp Program 1 'Campus-wide computer network of support, encouragement 'JROTC “Honor Unit with Distinction’ for Boys ages 8-16, ‘ and challenge 3 and 6 week programs for young men in Howe Military School Grades 9 through 12 P.O. Box 240FSJ i Howe, IN 46746 | 219-562-2131 ext. 221 or S Toll Free 888-G02-H0WE • boarding and day program • small classes • ESL

• diverse community

For information about the opportunities available at South Kent contact:

Robert MacLellan, Director of Admission 40 Bull’s Bridge Rd. South Kent, CT 06785 (860) 927-3530 • FAX (860) 927-0024 www.howemilitary.com • www.asgusa.com/howe

60 FOREIGN SERVICE ] O V RNAL/J U N E-] U LY 1997 SCHOOLS THE PEDDIE ONE STUDENT, ONE MASTER IN EACH CLASS For boys ages 14-20, of average to superior SCHOOL intelligence who have academic deficiencies; who Since 1864 have lost one or more years of school; who wish to accelerate; or international students wishing to Co-Ed Grades 8-12 improve their English in our ESL program and enter and Postgraduate American universities. Completely individual Boarding and Day instruction. Rolling Admissions. Summer School June 22-July 25,1997: $4,740.00 Admissions Interviews Offered Boarding and Tuition September 1997-June 1998: $35,740.00 Monday Through Friday EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM SOLVERS SINCE 1906 South Main Street Hightstown, NJ 08520 Dept. FSJ, P.O. Box P, Westbrook, CT 06498 Tel: (860)399-6247; Fax: (860)399-6805 609-490-7500 email: [email protected]

CARDIGAN COED UPPER SCHOOL (9-12) GIRLS MIDDLE Mountain School SCHOOL (5-8) BOYS MIDDLE SCHOOL (5-8) Founded in 1945 BOARDING (8-12) PAY (5-12) FJLL-TIME

Junior Boarding COUNTRYSIDE (96 ACRES) NYC (40 MINS.) School for Boys Grades 6-9 HARKNESS TABLES CARING, NURTURING, CHALLENGING Happening • a family atmosphere and devoted teachers ADULT COUNSEL • a structured daily life helps boys reach their potential • daily tutorials build learning strategies • emphasis on values, community service COMMUNITY SERVICE ICE RINK (‘97) THEATER for information, call or write: (450 SEATS) ART STUDIO TENNIS Admissions Office Academic year - Boys, grades 6-9 COURTS (8) COMPREHENSIVE CURRICULUM Summer Session - Co-ed, grades 4-9 Admissions Office, Room M INDEUL ACTIVITY FUN TIMES: 49 CLINTON AVENUE Canaan, NH 03741 • 603/523-4321

A quality education is a lasting investment parents 'OBBS FERRY, HY 10522 PHONE: 914-693-1400 can make for their children. Financial Aid available on basis of need. The Masters School Member: Junior Boarding Schools Association. National Association of Independent Schools

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 61 SCHOOLS

The Grier School Hebron Academy A boarding school for girls in grades 7 - PG Our school offers: A coeducational boarding and day school ■ A Rill seven-day located in the foothills of western Maine boarding program for 160 girls ■ Traditional secondary Challenging, Classical Curriculum school academic program Individual Attention in Small Classes ■ Small classes (2 to 14 Outdoor Skills Program students in each) Comprehensive Visual and Performing Arts Program ■ Very safe Central Pennsylvania location Championship Athletic Teams ■ Complete weekend activities program Boarding Program for Ninth Grade through Postgraduate ■ Excellent offerings in Day Program for Kindergarten through Postgraduate Foreign Service families the arts and athletics receive an annual $2000 ■ College counseling reduction of tuition fees. ■ Vacation travel planning Admissions Office Please contact: assistance PO Box 309 Andrew Wilson, ■ Airport transportation Director of Admissions Hebron ME 04238 Grier School 207-966-2100 Tyrone, PA 16686 tf: (814) 683-3000 FAX 207-966-1111 fax: (814) 684-2177 email: [email protected] RIVERSIDE reat things are hap m MILITARY ACADEMY ® at The Williston EXCELLENCE IN COLLEGE PREP SINCE 1907 Northampton School! • Safe, structured, all boys boarding environment. • Outstanding facilities in North Ga. mountains. • Grades 7-12, fully accredited, small classes, The Heed Campus Major dormitoi weekly report cards. Center with six enhancements • Honor school with distinction promotes leadership, self- art studios, photo lab, phones and confidence and manners. dance studio, music connections practice rooms, snack room. • Computer in every dorm room. - Full athletic program. bar and more! Theatre with computerized Challenging academic sound and light controls • Band, fine arts program with many AP is home to an award¬ and aviation. and Honors options. winning program. • Affordable tuition.

Visit our Web Site and see lor yourself at http://www. williston.com 1S00-G0-CADET Of course you can still call, write or send an email request for informa¬ Gainesville, Ga. tion to the Admission Office at: www.cadet.com 19 Payson Avenue, Easthampton, MA 01027 Ph. 413/527-1520 Fax. 413/527-9494 Email: [email protected] Coed, 420 students, grades 9-12/PG Founded 1841

ik

62 FOREIGN SERVICE ]O URNAL/JUNE-] ULY 1997 SCHOOLS

The Gow School in 1799, DYSLEXIA/LEARNING DIFFERENCES co-ed day and 600 students The nation’s oldest college preparatory school for young men with 17 countries locatei Chester County, Pennsylvania. Most (85%) of Dyslexia/Leaming Differences. Beautiful upstate NY campus. the faculty reside on the 600-acre campus, Grades 7 - PG. Coed Summer Programs, ages 8 -19. which includes a science center, art center, field house, and 24-meter swimming pool School Video 1-800-724-0138 OTOWN ROADin' WESTTOWN - oi0-399-7‘ 1

Liz Murphy is one of WASHINGTON, D.C. AREA the 350 students who chose The Pennington SANDY SPRING School because of its 158-year tradition of: FRIENDS • academic excellence SCHOOL • inspiring teachers • value-centered [MJ*4 education • AP & Honors courses in all disciplines 5 or 7 DAY BOARDING OPTIONS • opportunities for GRADES 9 - 12 leadership • Learning Center for Pre-K through 12 Day School talented students with learning differences • personalized choice of extracurricular offerings • co-ed day/boarding ■ AP COURSES ■ QUALITY FACULTY • grades 6-12 ■ SMALL CLASSES ■ QUAKER VALUES For information, call 609-737-1838 ■ STRONG ARTS, ATHLETICS The Pennington School ■ SUMMER FRIENDS CAMPS 112 West Delaware Avenue Pennington, N] 08534 16923 Norwood Road Sandy Spring, MD 20860 Phone: (301) 774-7455 Fax: (301) 924-1115

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 63 SCHOOLS Let ISS Keep International Education as®** Within Your Reach International Schools Services of Since 1955rTASIS has been the first ISS plans and manages schools of all sizes in choice in international education even the mosi remote locations. • Superb campuses near Lugano, London, Athens We purchase supplies for over 215 schools and • Co-ed, boarding and day programs for . t A "tuepiverMtief r across the globe.Us students aged 13-18 in Switzerland and aged 4-18 in England and Greece We place over 650 candidates in teach mg and • Challenging and diverse curricula: administrative positions each year. U.S. college-prep, A.P., I.B., G.C.S.E. We provide invaluable stateside support that • Extensive travel, sports, arts, and activities allows schools to concentrate on the most • Exciting summer programs offering foreign languages and academic credit courses important part of their educational programs— • Scholarships for foreign service children the children., TASIS U.S. Office, DepL FSJ 1640 Wisconsin Avenue, NW International Schools Services Washington, DC 20007 15 Roszel Road, PO Box 5910 Tel: (202) 965-5800 Princeton, NJ 08543-5910, USA Fax:+1 202 965 5816 609.452.0990 fax 609.452.2690 r [email protected] web http://www.iss.edu E-mail: [email protected]

INDEX TO SUPPLEMENT ADVERTISERS If you would like to receive further information on the advertisers who appeared in our School Supplement in the June-July 1997 issue, please complete this coupon. Fax or mail it to: FSJ/Advertising Dept., 2101 E St. NW, Washington, P.C. 20037; Fax: (202)338-8244

California Maryland Pennsylvania 1. University of California □ 16. Calvert School □ 32. The Grier School □ Connecticut 17. Sandy Spring Friends School □ 33. Linden Hall □ 2. The Forman School □ 18. West Nottingham Academy □ 34. The Phelps School □ 3. Salisbury □ Massachusetts 35. Westtown School □ 4. The Oxford Academy □ 19. Admiral Farragut Academy □ Rhode Island 5. South Kent School □ 20. Dana Hall School □ 36. St. Andrews School □ District of Columbia 21. Landmark School □ Texas 6. American University □ 22. Stoneleigh-Burnham School □ 37. The Hockaday School □ 7. Edmund Burke School □ 23. The Williston Northampton School □ 38. Marine Military Academy □ Minnesota 8. Washington Inti School □ Vermont 24. Shattuck-St. Marys School Florida □ 39. The Putney School □ □ New Hampshire 9. Florida Air Academy 40. St. Johnsbury Academy □ Georgia 25. Cardigan Mountain School □ Virginia 10. Brandon Hall School □ 26. Holdemess School □ 41. Browne Academy □ 11. Riverside Military Academy □ New Jersey 42. Christchurch □ Hawaii 27. Peddie School □ 43. Foxcroft □ 12. Hawaii Preparatory' School □ 28. Pennington School □ r 44. St. Catherines School a Indiana New Mexico International 13. Howe Military School □ 29. The Brush Ranch School □ Maine New York 45. Downside School □ 14. Fryeburg Academy □ 30. The Gow School □ 46. The Tasis Schools □ 15. Hebron Academv □ 31. The Masters School □ 47. International School Services □

Name Address E-mail:

64 FOREIGN SERVICE JO URNAL/J UNE-] ULY 1997 BOOKS

PICKING IDEALISM Alliance for Progress. Shriver con¬ FOREIGN POLICY tributed a moving foreword to OVER CAPITALISM Scanlons book, as did Rev. Hesburgh. AND POPULATION Later, he formed a consulting firm Waiting For The Snow: The that worked on Indian reservation pro¬ Juggernaut: Growth on a Finite Peace Corps Papers of a Charter jects with VISTA, trained Peace Corps Planet Volunteer volunteers and promoted Latin Lindsey Grant, Seven Locks Press, Thomas J. Scanlon, Posterity Press, American womens civic involvement 1996, hardcover, $24.95, 286 pages. 1997, softcover, $14.95, 253 pages. in theft communities. He became die youngest director, and later chairman, BY JOHN HAAGA BY NATHANIEL DAVIS of die Public Welfare Foundation that has supported, for example, the work This book is a powerful and clearly The title of the book comes from a of Mother Teresa. written reminder that population story recounted by President John F. In describing his Peace Corps expe¬ growth is still a problem and deserves a Kennedy in a 1962 speech that men¬ rience working on community devel¬ place high on die foreign policy agen¬ tions a Peace Corps volunteer in Chile, opment projects, he is frank in describ¬ da, a valuable service since many who Tom Scanlon, who worked 40 miles ing die hazards and frustrations of once promoted tiiis view - the interna¬ from a communist-led Indian village in making real progress. His “lessons tional family planning movement and the mountains. When Scanlon had vis¬ learned” are useful to those interested die environmentalists - have moved on ited the village, according to Kennedy, in development work. to otiier issues. the chief told him, ‘“In a few weeks the Scanlon captures a signal moment in Grants theme is consistent: “Show snow will come. Then you will have to Americas history: With Camelot in die me one of those problems that would ... come through five feet of snow on White House, Americans had a mar¬ not be more tractable if population foot. The Communists are willing to do velous faitii in tiieir ability to change die growtii were to slow, stop and, better that. Are you?’ When Rev. Theodore world. Witii tiieir poignant innocence yet, turn around.” He draws connec¬ Hesburgh saw Scanlon shortly there- and promise, Peace Corps volunteers tions that are often simple but after and asked him what he was doing, embody tiiose highest aspirations to neglected as, for example, pointing the volunteer said: ‘I am waiting for tire make a difference in the world. out how providing universal healtii snow.’” Some 17 months later, Scanlon Though die book begins somewhat care would be easier in a stable popu¬ was one of two fonner volunteers cho¬ slow, readers should be persistent lation. Unfortunately, tiiis interest in sen to represent the Peace Corps at enough not to fall away. multiple interconnections gives Grant Kennedy’s funeral. license to bring up all the world’s trou¬ A dedicated Christian and an incur¬ Nathaniel Davis, a retired FSO, is a bles. One gets the sensation of being able idealist, Scanlon was changed for professor of humanities at Harvey marched through die clipping file of a lifetime by his Peace Corps experi¬ Mudd College in Claremont, Calif He an industrious and agitated reader. ence. After majoring in philosophy at was Peace Corps director in Chile in The cameo appearances of endless college, he did the Peace Corps stint 1962 and U.S. ambassador to both subjects can be numbing. and began a career of public service, Chile and Guatemala. In his 36-year The book deals substantially with first working for Sargent Shriver in the career, he also served as director-gener¬ resource and environmental issues, the War on Poverty and later for the al of the Foreign Service. “finite planet” of the title.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 65 B 0 0 K s

By definition there are no markets accomplishments depended on key describes a White House meeting for resources that are nonappropriable aspects on American technology. Each soon after Reagans inauguration, in — clean air, groundwater and ozone depended on American willingness to which officials discuss whether to layer protection, for example. To spread the technology around — sell¬ impose sanctions against the Polish address problems, we can only work ing it whenever possible, but often giv¬ regime if it moves to suppress through the public sector and often ing it away. Too much “somber opti¬ Solidarity. However, what is not men¬ internationally. Stupid policies and mism” will negate America’s distinctive tioned is that six months before the subsidies worsen the problems. Rapid contribution to problem solving. regime turned repressive, Reagan cut population growth forces the pace. off Polands large, longstanding U.S. Grant briefly notes that population John Haaga, who has worked in program of agricultural credits on growth lias slowed since its peak in the Bangladesh, Malaysia and Kenya, is grounds that he could not justify aid to late 1960s and is expected to stop in staff director for the Committee on a communist government. What also the next century. The tone of his book, Population of the National Academy goes unobserved is that this was a though, is unremittingly bleak, which of Sciences and the National regime that allowed Solidarity to grow damages the authors credibility, partic¬ Research Council, into a mighty political force, and that ularly when he’s talking about rich Reagan continued to aid the Soviet countries. Unemployment, illiteracy Union by permitting large American and housing were all worse, not better, GOD AND AMERICA, grain sales to Moscow. State in the United States when the popula¬ Department officers warned at the tion was much smaller. CURBING COMMUNISM time that the cutoff of credits to By the time we reach die last chap¬ Poland, while not of fundamental ter, “A Somber Optimism,” we are His Holiness: John Paul II and importance to the Polish economy, ready for die good news. The accent, the Hidden History of Our Time would be seen by Polands leadership though, is on “somber.” While Grant Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi, that it had little to gain from the believes tire juggernaut can be tinned, it Doubleday, 1996, hardcover, Americans and, if repressive measures is a monumental task diat requires self- $27.50, 582 pages. were taken, little to lose. denial in tlie rich countries and emer¬ The book focuses on the pope but gency effort in die poor ones “more BY PETER BRIDGES also extensively recounts Reagan drastic and painful than the Chinese administration actions, including the effort and that seems unlikely as a mat¬ Two f amous journalists have written establishment of diplomatic relations ter of political wifi and organization.” a fascinating account of how a strong- with the Holy See. It mentions only A little more confidence is in order willed Polish priest became pope and briefly William Wilson, Reagans tuid could help mobilize political will for attacked communism in close coordi¬ financial adviser who became the actions to slow population growth. Four nation widi President Ronald Reagan. presidents personal envoy to the truly important tilings have happened The Washington Post’s Carl Bernstein Vatican and, later, the first full during die second half of the 20th cen¬ and Italian journalist Marco Politi call American ambassador there. Yet it tury: Mortality' rates have fallen rapidly their well-written book a history, but it was Wilson who pushed for the estab¬ everywhere for children, and every¬ is far from deserving of that tenn, lishment of full relations, despite where except the former Soviet Union although it does include first-hand strong signals from American church for adults. Fertility rates have fallen accounts by advisers to John Paul II leaders who feared they would be everywhere except in parts of Africa, in and Reagan, as well as internal Soviet more closely controlled by the Roman many places reaching replacement lev¬ documents and, notably, an interview Curia. Wilsons reasons, it seems clear, els in less than two decades. Food pro¬ widi Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who were personal; he wanted the trap¬ duction has more than kept pace widi put Poland under martial law in pings and prestige of a real embassy, population growth. The Cold War has December 1981. having lost out on becoming ambas¬ ended and democracy has no competi¬ But the authors’ reliance on sador to Mexico. ■ tion among political ideas. Reagan administration sources has Every solution is anotiier problem, produced a kind of apologia for the Peter Bridges, a retired FSO, was the to be sure, tuid none of these stories is president that he does not entirely deputy chief of mission at U.S. near finished. But each of these global deserve. Thus, for example, the book Embassy Rome from 1981-1984.

66 FOREIGN SERVICE ] OU RN AL/J U N E-J U LY 1997 IN MEMORY

Martin Ackerman, 90, a retired Eugenie Anderson, 87, the first marriage, Ann Harris and FSO who spent most of his career country’s first female ambassador, Richard P. Butrick Jr., both of overseas with the U.S. Information died March 31 in Red Wing, Minn. Athens, Ohio; eight grandchildren; Agency, died Jan. 24 in Paris, Ms. Anderson was an organizer and two great grandchildren. Born in New York City, Mr. of Minnesota’s Democratic Farmer Ackerman was a graduate of Labor Party and was named ambas¬ Columbia University, and earned sador to Denmark by President graduate degrees from Middlebury Harry S Truman, serving in Stephen James Campbell, 77, College, St. Johns University, the Copenhagen from 1949 to 1953. a retired FSO, died March 28 in University of Paris and Columbia Ms. Anderson became the first Newport Beach, Calif. University. In 1944 he joined the woman to serve as chief of mission A native of Pittsburgh, Pa., Mr. Office of War Information and after to an Eastern European country Campbell was educated at World War II, he served with the when President John F. Kennedy Pennsylvania State College and was U.S. Military Government and the appointed her ambassador to an AP reporter when World War II U.S. High Commission for Germany. Bulgaria in 1962. She also served as began. As an Army Air Corps pilot, Mr. Ackerman joined USIA at its the special assistant to Secretaiy of he was awarded the Distinguished inception, serving in Nuremberg State Dean Rusk and in 1975 Flying Cross, the Air Medal and until 1954. He was posted in Hanoi, became the U.S. representative to Four Oak Leaf Clusters. From 1945 Phnom Penh, Tehran, Leopoldville, the United Nations Trusteeship to 1948, he served as military air Rio de Janeiro and Washington, D.C. Council. attache in Paris. He then served Mr. Ackerman is survived by his with the Economic Cooperation wife of 50 years, Reine van Dyk Administration and the USIA, being Ackerman. continued as a career FSO in 1954. Richard P. Butrick, 102, a His career included postings to retired FSO, died of cardiac arrest France, Iran, Aden and Israel. April 13 at Sibley Memorial Following retirement, Mr. Edwin (Ted) F. Atkins, 67, died Hospital in Washington, D.C. Campbell pursued a career in visual Jan. 31 at his home in Ponte Vedra Mr. Butrick s Foreign Service arts and exhibited his marble sculp¬ Beach, Fla. career began in 1921 and included ture and wood carvings in galleries After graduation from Harvard postings to Chile, Ecuador, Iceland around the country. Survivors College, Mr. Atkins joined the and Canada. In the early years of include two sons from his first mar¬ Foreign Service. He served in Egypt, World War II, he served in China. riage, Sean Campbell of Corona del Iraq, Sudan, Italy and France, before Born in Lockport, N.Y., Mr. Mar, Calif., and Patrick Campbell of retiring in 1981. Butrick was a member of the first San Diego, Calif. Survivors include his wife, Elaine class to graduate from Georgetown P. Atkins, of Ponte Vedra, Fla.; three University’s School of Foreign sons, Edwin F. Atkins Jr., Robert G. Service. Atkins and William J. Atkins; a Survivors include his wife, Richard Marshall Cashin, 72, daughter, Katherine Atkins Banand; Rachel Davies Butrick, of died Feb. 13 from complications of and nine grandchildren. Washington; two children from his pulmonary fibrosis.

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 67 A native of Boston, Mass., Mr. Bonn and India. Mr. Hemsing you Cashin was a graduate of Harvard made films for the Marshall Plan College and Boston University. A and was nominated for an Academy ‘THO'UqjtT World War II army veteran, he Award for his 1981 documentary, began his Foreign Service career at “The Yellow Star.” the State Department and later WE moved to USAID, serving in Libya, ®im£T Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia and Pakistan. Ruth-Ercile L. Hodges, 24, an EXIST Survivors include his wife of 46 FSO, was killed March 21 in an auto years, Mary Walsh Cashin; four chil¬ accident near Washington, D.C. dren, Anne Goldenheim of Wilton, A magna cum laude graduate of ... EUTWE Conn., Richard M. Cashin Jr. of Spelman College, Ms. Hodges New York City, Jane Demers of received her master’s degree in E>OH North Andover, Mass., and Stephen international affairs from The Cashin of Washington, D.C.; and 12 George Washington University. Ms. No one does what grandchildren. Hodges interned in West Africa under former U.S. ambassador to we do quite the Benin, Ruth A. Davis. In September, she was assigned to the Dominican way we do it Sevmour H. Glazer, 77, a Republic. retired FSO, died at Iris home in Survivors include her parents, Vienna, Va., after a stroke. Vigil H. and Verna Hodges of Mr. Glazer studied at the Julliard Colonie, N.Y.; a brother, Vigil A.T., School in his native New York and also of Colonie; two uncles, David |. PIED-A-TERRE PROPERTIES, LTD. received a B.A. in journalism from of Brooklyn and George McNeil of EXCLUSIVE INTERIM RENTALS Louisiana State University. He Charleston, S.C.; and an aunt, Julia THE PERFECT HOTEL ALTERNATIVE served with the U.S. Navy in the McNeil, also of Charleston. COMMENTS FROM OUR Pacific during World War II and was SATISFIED FOREIGN a reporter for Newsweek. After join¬ SERVICE CUSTOMERS ing the State Department in 1948, he served in Vietnam, Cambodia, U. Alexis Johnson, 88, a retired “The furnishings, view and loca¬ the Philippines and Portugal. In FSO and three-time ambassador, tion are phenomenal. . . and the died of pneumonia March 24 in dog loves it too!” 1957 Mr. Glazer resigned from die Foreign Service and served as advis¬ Raleigh, N.C. “We love our little Georgetown er to the U.S. Air Force in Mr. Johnson was ambassador to home away from home. Beautiful Casablanca and Rabat. Japan, Czechoslovakia and Thailand. furniture and such great service.” Reentering the State Department He held the posts of deputy' under in 1967, Mr. Glazer served in Zaire secretary and under secretary of “How unique! Such a refreshing State for political affairs and ambas¬ alternative to the usual depressing and Washington and retired in 1973. options.” Survivors include his wife of 40 sador at large. years, Ann Shoemaker Glazer; a son, The grandson of Swedish immi¬ “My apartment here in Foggy Jonathan Glazer, of Centreville, Va.; grants and a native of Kansas, Mr. Bottom is fabulous. You have to and three grandchildren. Johnson graduated from Occidental advertise in the ‘FSJ.’ Everyone College and in 1931 entered the needs to know about you.” Georgetown School of Foreign Service. Joining the State “I had friends from the State Department over last night and Albert E. Hemsing, 76, a retired Department in 1935, he rose to they all wanted to know how I FSO, died of a heart attack March 18 prominence, becoming well-known had found such a wonderful West at his home in Brewster, Mass. for his patience and diplomacy. He End apartment.” Bom in Germany, Mr. Hemsing was instrumental in the peaceful received his bachelor’s degree at resolution of several international the City College of New York and incidents during his 42-year career 2823 Q Street, NW • Washington, D.C. 20007 in the Foreign Service. He retired (202) 338-3190 phone • (202) 965-3083 fax his masters at New York University. He served widi USIA in Berlin, in 1977.

68 FOREIGN SERVICE J OU RN AL/J U N E-J U LY 1997 Mr. Johnson was the husband of Production Board and the Civilian the late Patricia Ann Tillman and Production Administration before the late Dorothy Fee Johnson. serving in the Pacific as a U.S. Navy Survivors include four children officer during World War II. from his first marriage, Judith Ann During his 40-year career with Zerbe of Cary, N.C., Stephen State, Mr. Mace served as deputy Tillman Johnson of Arlington, Va., assistant secretary for Personnel, William T.K. Johnson of La Canada, deputy director of the Foreign Calif., and Jennifer Bishop of Santa Service and acting director-general. Monica, Calif.; a sister, Rella His overseas posts included Warner, of Washington, D.C.; six Germany, Japan and Turkey. grandchildren; and three great¬ Mr. Mace was preceded in grandchildren. death by his wife, Dorothy C. Mace. Survivors include two sons, Perry W. Mace of Hendersonville, Diplomacy N.C., and Stanley A. Mace of Alan Logan, 71, a retired FSO, Dallas, Tex.; one brother, John Has Its died on April 24 in Yale New Haven Mace, of Chillicothe, Ohio; five Hospital. grandchildren; and three great¬ Rewards. Born in Nantes, France, Mr. grandchildren. Logan was raised in Arizona and California. He received a masters At American Service degree in economics from Stanford Center, your Al, A2, University and served in the U.S. Edward Thomas Purcell, 86, a Navy from 1944 to 1946. retired FSO, died April 24 of con¬ NATO 1, NATO 2, or G4 Mr. Logan joined the Foreign gestive heart failure at Suburban visa, along with a diplomatic Operations Administration in 1951 Hospital in Bethesda, Md. and the State Department in 1957. A native of Rochester, N.Y., Mr. or official passport, allow His 31-year diplomatic career Purcell joined the Foreign Service you to purchase a new included assignments to Taiwan, after serving as an operations officer Mercedes-Benz at dramatic Turkey, Lebanon, the Soviet Union, in the U.S. Navy in World War II. Guinea, Zambia, Nigeria, Tunisia, He was posted in Argentina, where savings. Contact Erih Belgium and South Africa, where he he was the director of the Binational Granholm, our Diplomat was consul general. He retired in Cultural Center. He was also the 1982, but was recalled to serve as coordinator of the Fulbright and Tourist Sales Manager. charge d’affaires in The Gambia Program in Latin America. Mr. A native of Munich, from 1983 to 1984. Purcell retired from USIA in 1973. Germany, Erih has been Survivors include his wife, Survivors include his wife of 50 Nicole, of Essex; four children, years, Margaret Garvey Purcell; 10 with ASC for 29 years. Philip of New York, Sylvia of children, Edward Thomas Purcell Williamstown, Mass., and Diane and of Santa Monica, Calif., Thomas Karen, both of Paris, France; five Raphael Purcell of Tampa, Fla., brothers; and seven grandchildren. John Paul Purcell and Elizabeth Joan Purcell both of Bethesda, Md., Helen Purcell Montag of San Diego, Calif., Anne Purcell Howard Perry Mace, 80, a Anderson of Aspen, Colo., retired FSO, died of cancer Dec. 8 Margaret Purcell McCracken of at his home in Homosassa, Fla. San Francisco, Calif., Mary Purcell 585 North Glehe Road, Mr. Mace was born in Boyer of Wilmington, Del., Arlington, VA 22203

Chillicodie, Ohio, and graduated Martha Purcell Veldkamp of 703-525-2100 from The George Washington Denver, Colo., and Catherine Telefax: 703-525-1430 University. He worked for the Farm Purcell of Boston, Mass; a sister; Credit Administration, the War and nine grandchildren. Mobile: 703-795-1829

JUNE-JULY 1997/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 69 Amelie Johanna Sophie Otken charge d’affaires in the Philippines. Riddleberger, 91, widow of the He retired in 1979. late Ambassador James W. Survivors include his wife, Riddleberger, died on April 6 in Elizabeth Brooks Stull, of Paoli; Woodstock, Va. three children, Owen of Manila, Bom to Dutch parents and raised Suzanna of Delray, Fla., and Paul of in the Dutch East Indies, Mrs. Atlanta; and one grandchild. Riddleberger graduated from the University of Lausanne and worked • Furnished studios to for the American consulate in 3 bedroom residences Geneva until her marriage to Mr. Eric Zallman, 54, USAID’s mis¬ Riddleberger in 1931. sion director to Peru, died of a heart • Minimum 30 days She accompanied her husband to attack in Lima on April 26. • Rates within per diem Berlin, Paris, Washington, and to his Born in Philadelphia, Mr. ambassadorial postings in Belgrade, Zallman graduated from Antioch • Fully equipped kitchens Athens and Vienna. Ambassador College and received a master’s • Individual washers/dryers Riddleberger died in 1982. degree from the University of Pittsburgh. He did graduate work in • Cable T.V. & local phone Survivors include two sons, included Christopher of Far Hills, N.J., and economics at the University of Peter of Washington, D.C.; a daugh¬ Maryland. Mr. Zallman served as a • Utilities included ter, Antonia Stearns, of Peace Corps volunteer in Honduras. • Optional Maid service Framingham, Mass; nine grandchil¬ His USAID posts included Panama, dren; four great-grandchildren; and Nicaragua, Honduras and Kenya. • On site fitness center & a sister, Ulysse Vauthier, of Geneva, Survivors include his wife of 25 memberships to local health Switzerland. years, Marcia Bernbaum; two clubs daughters, Shana and Leah; his • Pet friendly locations mother, Sarah Zallman; and a sister, Carol Cherry. • Major credit cards accepted Lee Thomson Stull, 73, a • One statement billing retired FSO, died of cancer on April 20 in Paoli, Pa. • Locations in Virginia, Philip B. Taylor, 53, a retired FSO Maryland and D.C. close to Mr. Stull was bom at St. Davids, new NFATC Pa., and served as a flight officer and who held the personal rank of ambas¬ glider pilot during World War II. He sador, died of lung cancer at Sibley Virginia Locations took part in the Normandy invasion, Memorial Hospital in Washington, Annandale, Arlington, Ballston, was awarded the Air Medal and the D.C. on March 4. Courthouse, Crystal City, Purple Heart, and was a POW at the A native of Berkeley, Calif., Mr. Fairfax City, Falls Church Stalag Luft III camp. He graduated Taylor earned a B.A. at Williams Maryland Locations magna cum laude from Princeton College. Mr. Taylor joined the Bethesda, Gaithersburg, Rockville, University in 1948. Foreign Service in 1972 and was Silver Spring As an FSO, Mr. Stull served in assigned to Medellin, Colombia. He also served in Rome, Sao Paulo, District Locations Germany, the Dominican Republic, Dupont Circle, Foggy Bottom, Upper Poland, Pakistan and India. He was Brazil, and twice in Guatamala City, Northwest, Waterfront a foreign policy adviser to Vice where he was deputy chief of mis¬ President Lyndon Johnson and a sion during his last tour. In addition Inquiries (703) 506-3993 member of the Policy Planning to serving as special assistant to the (800) 776-5057 Council. In 1973, Mr. Stull received U.S. ambassador to the Organization FAX (703) 506-3997 the director general’s award for of American States, he was accorded reporting and, concurrently, ambassadorial rank as delegate to LET US SHOW YOU HOW appeared as the only FSO on the Inter-American Council for WE OPEN DOORS TO HOMES President Richard Nixons so-called Educational, Science and Culture AWAY FROM HOMES! “enemies list.” Mr. Stull held the and the Inter-American Economic post of director for U.N. political and Social Council. He leaves his 8230 Old Courthouse Road affairs, deputy assistant secretary for wife, Anna Maria, of Washington; Suite 450, Vienna, VA 22182 educational and cultural affairs and his parents and two sisters.■

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BY PATRICIA LINDERMAN

We are raising two American scarce imported supplies. The sign boys, aged 4 and 1, in an air- depicts a huge green lizard standing on conditioned, Spanish-style house “Hey, Mom, that's its hind legs, an Uncle Sam hat atop its topped by a satellite dish and sur¬ head and a bandage on its tail. A styl¬ rounded by a mesh-metal fence. The ized globe with arms and legs is shak¬ our flag! ” shouts boys can’t yet read die denunciations ing its finger at die lizard and saying about die United States in Granina, my 4-year-old. “No!” We know that this is a reference the local Communist newspaper. All to the Helms-Burton Act because sim¬ they see are outpourings of unpreju¬ He feels welcome ilar cartoons have appeared in many diced affection from Cubans. And newspapers’ criticism of die law. lately, the U.S. dag — an unheard-of here, at home. Even the Yankee dollar, the arch- heresy just a few years ago — has symbol of capitalism, is welcomed been appearing on T-shirts and caps widiout irony here. Since its 1992 on Cubans walking the streets of legalization, the U.S. dollar has gradu¬ Havana. “Hey, Mom, that’s our dag!” ally become the currency of choice. shouts my 4-year-old. He feels wel¬ Although the Cuban government come here, at home. Facing the Interests Section, a bill¬ issues colorful “convertible pesos” We have created everyday lives board features a machine gun-toting equalling a dollar each and tourist within the strange, marginal zone Cuban defying a growling Uncle Sam coins widi palm-tree logos, the green¬ we occupy as capitalist diplomats in standing on a partial map of die back still predominates. this struggling land, and never is United States, across die water from And enemies or not, as dollar- that clearer than when we celebrate an outline of Cuba. The Cuban is say¬ holding foreigners in today’s Cuba, the Fourth of July. That day, the 24 ing, “Go ahead and growl, you impe¬ we are automatically part of a privi¬ chddren in our community of 33 rialists, we're not afraid of you!” On leged elite. We can afford to patron¬ American households sing of amber the two Cuban-govemment television ize die increasing number of hard- waves of grain, light sparklers and channels, the nighdy news features currency beach resorts, stores and shoot off toy cannons on die dark endless denunciations of the “ ’elms- restaurants, which in their quest for lawn of the dagless U.S. residence. Burton” law, which punishes third- tourist dollars are beginning to flirt There is no dag dying over the U.S. country businesspeople who “traftic” openly with the consumer, as the Interests Section or the ambas¬ with the Cubans. country attempts an abrupt lurch sador’s residence, because the Ordinary Cubans do not complain from Brezhnev to Benetton. buildings are technically part of the to us about die U.S. embargo, referred Cuba has aimed for paradise and Swiss embassy. to here as “el bloqueo,” the blockade, achieved, finally, paradox. For us, the although Canadian tourists often do. unrelenting propaganda and petty Patricia Linderman is the spouse of As a local doctor once told me, “There inconveniences are balanced by die Philip Linderman, a consular officer is no anti-American here except the fierce beauty of die luminous sea, palm at the U.S. Interests Section in government.” trees silhouetted against summer Havana. Linderman has also served A new billboard has recently sprung storms, and, most of all, by the genuine in Santiago and Port of Spain. The up near the Diplosupennercado, that warmth of the Cubans. When we leave, stamp is courtesy of the AAFSW rather dismal dollar-only grocery store I will miss this island diat hates and Bookfair “Stamp Comer.” where Havanas foreigners forage for loves Americans with such fervor. ■

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