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The Velopharyngeal Mechanism: an Electromyographic Study City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 1973 The Velopharyngeal Mechanism: An Electromyographic Study Fredericka Bell-Berti The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2197 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.T he sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I 73-20,157 BELL-BERTI, Fredericks, 19M-5- THE VELOPHARYNGEAL MECHANISM: AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY. The City University of New York, Ph.D., 1973 Speech Pathology University Microfilms, A XERQKCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan © COPYRIGHT BY FREDERICKA BELL-BERTI 1973 THE VELOPHARYNGEAL MECHANISM: AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY by FREDERICKA BELL-BERTI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Speech and Hearing Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York. 1973 This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty of Speech and Hearing Sciences in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. [signature] date Katherine S. Harris Chairman of Examining Committee [signature] ^ ^ ) Y ) a a q L date Norma S. Rees Executive Officer [signature] Haj imp [signature] Norma S. Rees [signature] Michael Studdert-Kennedy ' Supervisory Committee [signature] " 1 Dennis Klatt Outside Examiner ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At the finish of his thesis a student finds that he is indebted to many people who were instrumental in its creation and execution. The following words are, then, but a meager public acknowledgment of a towering personal debt. First I must express my gratitude to Katherine Safford Harris, whose unceasing faith, patience, and gentle guidance were invaluable not only in this study but also in my intellectual development. Her belief in me made this work possible. A special thank you must go to Hajime Hirose, whose energies and skill were an integral part of this research and whose counsel in inter­ preting the data was immeasureable. I thank Michael Studdert-Kennedy for his very careful reading of this thesis. His challenging comments on the conclusions and his assistance in clarifying the texts of Chapters III and IV were invaluable. I am especially indebted to Norma S. Rees, who has been both a thought­ ful reader of this thesis and an inspiring teacher throughout my graduate education. Lawrence J. Raphael deserves an enormous "thank you," for his essen­ tial role in this study and for his warm encouragement. I am particularly indebted to the staff of Haskins Laboratories, and to Franklin S. Cooper, president of the laboratories. This study would not have been possible without the laboratories very sophisticated EMG data collection and processing system. Leigh Lisker and Arthur S. Abramson pro­ vided helpful comments on the implications of the data. Diane Kewley-Port provided both the programs for processing the EMG data and endless hours of assistance in their use as well as information on the reliability of the data. I must thank her, too, for her very helpful questions about the Import of the data. David Zeichner and Richard Sharkany operated the recording system and maintained the record and playback systems in a state of constant readiness. Agnes McKeon's suggestions for the preparation of the figures were invaluable. I am especially grateful to Sabina Koroluk for the careful preparation of this manuscript and for suggestions about figure preparation, and to Christina LaColla for the painstaking prepara­ tion of the tables. Finally, I am grateful to the National Institute of Dental Research, whose support made this study possible through grant NIDR DE 01774. I owe an incalculable debt to my mother, Helvi M. Bell, for a lifetime of unceasing encouragement. Her loving support, coupled with her insistance upon personal integrity and satisfaction have been a continuing source of inspiration. Without her, I could not have reached this point. Lastly, I must thank Ronald Berti, whose patience, encouragement, love, and understanding nurtured the strength with which this work was completed. Without him, I would not have reached this point. Fredericka Bell-Berti New York, New York April, 1973 TABLE OF CONTENTS page Acknowledgments i List of Tables vii List of Illustrations viii Chapter I. Introduction 1 Anatomy 2 The Muscles 3 levator veli palatini 3 palatoglossus 4 palatopharyngeus 4 superior pharyngeal constrictor 5 middle pharyngeal constrictor 6 sternohyoid 6 Research Techniques 6 Direct Viewing Techniques 7 Indirect Viewing Techniques 8 History 9 Oral-Nasal Articulation 11 The Passavant's Pad Question 11 Critical Velopharyngeal Port Size 12 Oral and Nasal Gesture Mechanisms 15 Nasal Coarticulation 18 Nonnasal Phonetic Variation 21 Vowels and Velopharyngeal Variation 21 Voicing and Velopharyngeal Variation: Phonological Theories 23 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) Page Voicing and Velopharyngeal Variation: Physiological Studies 26 The Problem 29 Footnotes 31 Chapter II. Methods and Instrumentation 37 The Electrodes 38 Electrode Preparation 38 Subject Preparation 39 Insertions and Placement Verification 39 levator palatini 39 superior constrictor 40 middle constrictor 40 palatoglossus 40 palatopharyngeus 40 sternohyoid 41 Oral and Nasal Articulation Stimuli 41 Data Collection and Processing 43 The Record - Playback System 43 The Programs 46 ESEL 46 ECHK 46 ERIT 47 E$MGSUMS 47 E$MGPAGE 47 E$MGPL0T 47 E$MGDISP 47 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) Page Chapter II. (cont'd) Subjects 47 Footnotes 49 Chapter III. Results 52 Preliminary 53 Oral-Nasal Articulation 55 levator palatini 55 superior constrictor 57 middle constrictor 58' palatoglossus 60 palatopharyngeus 60 sternohyoid 61 Nonnasal Phonetic Variations 61 levator palatini 61 superior constrictor 63 middle constrictor 63 palatoglossus 65 palatopharyngeus 66 sternohyoid 66 Footnotes 68 Chapter IV. Discussion 166 Oral and Nasal Articulation 167 Oral Articulation 167 Nasal Articulation 170 Nonnasal Phonetic Variation 172 Vowel Color 172 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd) Page Voicing Distinctions 174 Place of Articulation 178 Individual Differences 179 Footnote 181 Chapter V. Summary 185 Appendix 188 Bibliography 190 LIST OF TABLES i Page Table 1 Evaluation of Experimental Sessions 50 Table 2 Averaged Acoustic Segment Durations 69 Table 3 Levator Palatini Peaks : Stop-Nasal vs. Nasal--Stop Contrasts 71 Table 4 Levator Palatini: Stop Consonant Peaks 72 Table 5 Superior Constrictor: Vowel Values (FBB) 73 Table 6 Superior Constrictor: Vowel Values (KSH) 74 Table 7 Superior Constrictor: Vowel Values (LJR) 75 Table 8 Middle Constrictor: Vowel Values (FBB) 76 Table 9 Middle Constrictor: Vowel Values (KSH) 77 Table 10 Middle Constrictor: Vowel Values (LJR) 78 Table 11 Levator Palatini: Vowel Values (FBB) 79 Table 12 Levator Palatini: Vowel Values (KSH) 80 Table 13 Levator Palatini: Vowel Values (LJR) 81 Table 14 Superior Constrictor: Stop Consonant Values 82 Table 15 Middle Constrictor: Stop Consonant Values 83 Table 16 Palatoglossus: Vowel Values (FBB) 84 Table 17 Palatoglossus: Vowel Values (KSH) 85 Table 18 Palatoglossus: Vowel Values (LJR) 86 Table 19 Palatoglossus: Stop Consonant Values 87 Table 20 Palatopharyngeus: Vowel Values (FBB) 88 Table 21 Palatopharyngeus: Vowel Values (KSH) 89 Table 22 Palatopharyngeus: Vowel Values (LJR) 90
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