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Chapter 3 Contents CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 3 CONTENTS PAGE Physical Environment ....................................................................................................................................III-1 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................III-2 Social and Economic Environment ..............................................................................................................III-7 Resource Management Programs ................................................................................................................. III-9 Six Rivers National Forest PLAN III–i CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT SITUATION INTRODUCTION construction and some landscaping and decorative materials. This chapter summarizes the existing situation for each resource area of the Six Rivers National Forest SOILS (Forest). It also identifies projected demands and opportunities, where possible. Chapter 3, Affected Soils on the Forest are variable due to differences in Environment, of the accompanying Environmental parent material, topography, climate, biology, and age. Impact Statement describes each resource in detail. Older soils include some of the most productive lands on the Forest. About 84 percent of the Forest’s soils PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT are rated as capable of growing trees for industrial wood. GEOLOGY The deep red lateritic soils in the North Fork of Smith River watershed are very old and are unique to the The Forest lies within two physiographic provinces: continental United States. the Klamath Mountains and the Coast Range. The Forest contains landslide and earthquake hazards but Erosion Hazard: About 20 percent of the Forest’s no volcanic hazards. Geologic resources on the Forest soils have a very high erosion hazard rating if the include minerals (see Resource Management vegetation and duff are removed, particularly soils Programs: Minerals), construction materials, and areas derived from dioritic rock and South Fork Mountain of unique geological value (see Resource Management schist. High rates of surface erosion (rilling and Programs: Special Interest Areas). gullying) do not usually occur on this Forest because the surface soil structure is resistant to breakdown by Landslide Hazards: Landsliding is a natural process raindrop impact; water infiltration rates are high; duff, which is also influenced by routine forest management litter, slash, and surface rock fragments provide activities such as road construction and timber harvest. residual soil cover; and vegetation regrows rapidly Landslides constitute the most significant of the after disturbance. geologic hazards on the Forest. About 19 percent of the Forest is susceptible to high or extreme landslide Projected Demands and Opportunities hazards. Soil quality standards will be applied on a site specific Earthquake Hazards: Major active faults west of the basis to protect this non-renewable resource. Forest and one possible active fault in the southwestern section of the Forest generate WATER earthquakes that have minimal effects on the Forest. Groundwater: The potential for development of large The Forest generates high amounts of water, mostly in groundwater supplies on the Forest is low, although the form of rainfall. The water is used for municipal moderate groundwater supplies could probably be and domestic supply, fisheries, agriculture, industry, developed in some of the relatively thick, more recreation, hydropower, and maintaining riparian uniform sand and gravel deposits along parts of the ecosystems. There are 24 municipal-class watersheds Trinity and Mad rivers. on the Forest; there are no formal municipal watershed Earth Construction Materials: The Forest contains adequate materials to meet its needs for road Six Rivers National Forest PLAN III – 1 Affected Environment agreements. There are no major floodplains on the Monitoring air quality will provide insights into the air Forest and no flood control structures. quality situation and provide a basis for measuring trends. Maintaining air quality may require Past disturbances from management activities, on application of new techniques and prescriptions for public and private lands, have contributed to soil fuels treatment. erosion and stream sedimentation. The 1964 flood had a major influence on Forest streams. These effects BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT tend to be cumulative. Watershed analysis, as required by the FSEIS-ROD, will provide most of the data on BIODIVERSITY which to base cumulative effects analyses. Restoration work has been accomplished throughout Biological diversity is the variety of living things in an the Forest at a rate of about 150 acres per year. area and the ecological processes in which they function as a system. Most landscapes within the Projected Demands and Opportunities Forest contain complex vegetation patterns and an unusually rich and varied flora. To date, 163 plant associations and 52 sub-series have been identified Some additional restoration needs have been within 13 vegetation series. Some of the factors identified. There will be opportunities to identify contributing to this diversity are climate, underlying needs and accomplish more restoration work and to geology, and natural and human-caused disturbances. monitor the cumulative effects of restoration on water quality. Northwest California has the most predictable and wettest climate in California. The Forest climate AIR varies from cooler and wetter in the north to hotter and drier in the south. The Forest was divided into three Almost all of the Forest is within the State’s North zones for landscape analysis. The north zone includes Coast Air Basin. Air quality on the Forest is very the Smith River NRA and the portion of the Orleans good, with all Federal standards consistently achieved District northwest of the Klamath river. The central (including those for ozone, carbon monoxide, zone includes the southeast side of the Orleans District particulate matter, and nitrogen dioxide). The Forest and the Lower Trinity District. These two zones are Service is responsible for protecting values and within the Klamath Mountains Section. The south resources affected by air quality in Class I areas, zone, which comprises the Mad River District, is designated under the Clean Air Act. The Yolla Bolly- entirely within the North Coast Mountains Section. Middle Eel Wilderness is the only Class I area on the The closed canopy conifer stands in the Klamath Forest, although the Marble Mountain Wilderness Mountains Section give way to a mosaic of conifer could be affected by Forest activities. The rest of the forests and their seral stages, intermixed with oak Forest, including the other wildernesses, are Class II woodlands and grasslands, in the North Coast areas. Mountains Section. The Forest uses prescribed burning for fuels Parent rock differs between Sections. The Klamath management on about 2,000 acres per year. Effects of Mountains Section is generally composed of fine smoke from prescribed burning can be annoying, but textured metamorphics, while the North Coast tend to be of short duration and low intensity. Mountains Section is generally composed of coarse textured sandstones, which add to the drier conditions Projected Demands and Opportunities in the south zone and contribute to the higher frequency of stand replacing wildfires. Disturbance has had the greatest impact on vegetation patterns within the Forest. Natural disturbances such as fire, floods, landslides, windthrow, and insect epidemics tend to shape vegetation patterns on a short- term scale. Fire has resulted in the pattern of seral stages spread across the Forest. Burning by Native Americans prior to European settlement influenced the III – 2 Six Rivers National Forest CHAPTER 3 composition and patterns of vegetation. Large scale Mid mature: 26 percent; shrub and herb layers of stand-replacing wildfires which occurred between low cover; snags over 20" dbh occur; vertical and 1870 and 1920 are responsible for the dominance of horizontal diversity low. vegetation in the early and mid mature seral stages, much of which is found in the ridgetop and upper one- Late mature: 7 percent; shrub and herb layers third slope positions. Ridgetop and upper one-third begin to increase in cover; more snags, large snags a slopes burn with much higher frequency than lower standard component; vertical and horizontal structure one-third slopes. As recently as 1987, a fire in the diversity begin to appear; species diversity is upper one-third slope in the south zone converted over increasing. 5,000 acres of mid mature coniferous forest to the shrub/forb seral stage. Old-growth: 16 percent; shrub and herb layers apparent, vertical and horizontal diversity high; Other disturbances, including Forest management density of snags and logs high; species diversity activities such as prescribed fire, fire suppression, second to shrub/forb seral stage; many species logging, and road construction, have affected restricted to this stage. vegetation at the stand and landscape levels. Timber management was a selective agent of succession; late Forest vegetation is found in three major categories: seral and old growth stands were selected for the forest series, oak woodlands, and grasslands. All regeneration harvests, further emphasizing the seral stages found on the Forest are best represented in landscape dominance of younger seral stages. Cattle the conifer forest category. The
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