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Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) JHR 39: 1–15Studies (2014) on the Asian sawflies of Formosempria Takeuchi (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)... 1 doi: 10.3897/JHR.39.8096 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://jhr.pensoft.net/ Studies on the Asian sawflies of Formosempria Takeuchi (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), with notes on the suitability of F. varipes Takeuchi as a biological control agent for skunk vine, Paederia foetida L. (Rubiaceae) in Florida David R. Smith1, Paul D. Pratt2, Jeff Makinson3 1 Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, c/o Na- tional Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 168, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 2 Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agri- culture. Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314 3 USDA, ARS, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4001 Corresponding author: David R. Smith ([email protected]) Academic editor: S. Schmidt | Received 13 June 2014 | Accepted 25 August 2014 | Published 26 September 2014 http://zoobank.org/F44C9C52-572D-4436-8D0B-A6F47A0D2FE9 Citation: Smith DR, Pratt PD, Makinson J (2014) Studies on the Asian sawflies of Formosempria Takeuchi (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), with notes on the suitability of F. varipes Takeuchi as a biological control agent for skunk vine, Paederia foetida L. (Rubiaceae) in Florida. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 39: 1–15. doi: 10.3897/JHR.39.8096 Abstract Formosempria Takeuchi, 1929, is distributed in southeastern Asia from Taiwan and China to Vietnam, Myanmar, and possibly northern India. Three species are included: F. crassicornis Wei & Nie, 2002, F. shanensis Malaise, 1961, and F. varipes Takeuchi, 1929 (= F. annamensis Malaise, 1961, syn. n.; = F. me- tallica Wei, 2003, syn. n.). Formosempria varipes was reared from larvae feeding on Paederia foetida L. (Rubiaceae) in Hong Kong and was a potential biological agent for the invasive P. foetida in Florida. Larval feeding tests indicate more than one species of Paederia are suitable hosts for F. varipes and further study for use as a biological control agent in Florida is unwarranted. Descriptions and illustration of the species are given, and life history notes on F. varipes are presented. Keywords Symphyta, biological control, skunk vine Copyright David R. Smith et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2 David R. Smith et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 39: 1–15 (2014) Introduction Interest in the small and little-known genus Formosempria Takeuchi was prompted by discovery of larvae of a species in Hong Kong feeding on skunk vine, Paederia foetida L. (Rubiaceae), a target for a biological control program in Florida (Pember- ton and Pratt 2002). Adults reared from these larvae were identified as a species of Formosempria, an Asian genus in the subfamily Allantinae. Taeger et al. (2010) listed five described species in this genus, distributed from Taiwan and western and south- ern mainland China to Vietnam, Myanmar, and possibly northeastern India. Very few specimens of Formosempria were previously available for study, most of which are types of the described species, but additional specimens from Taiwan and those reared from Hong Kong have become available. The identity of the Hong Kong spe- cies, as outlined here, is Formosempria varipes Takeuchi, 1929, which was described from Taiwan. Formosempria was based on a single species, F. varipes, described from a single speci- men (Takeuchi 1929). Malaise (1961) added two species, F. annamensis from Vietnam and F. shanensis from Myanmar, and gave a key to the three species. Wei and Nie (2002) and Wei (in Wei and Nie 2003) added F. crassicornis and F. metallica from China. Saini and Deep (1994) and Saini (2006) reported F. shanensis Malaise, the species described from Myanmar, from India, but this is questionable. The genus probably does not oc- cur in India. Haris (2012) recorded F. crassicornis from Vietnam. Critical to the study of Formosempria is the identity of the type species of the genus, F. varipes Takeuchi. Unfortunately, the type could not be located. However, among some specimens from Taiwan we found a series identical to Takeuchi’s description of F. varipes. We use these specimens to characterize Formosempria and the included species. Discovery of F. varipes feeding on Paederia in Hong Kong initiated studies on the species as a possible biological control agent for P. foetida in Florida. However, host preference studies showed that several species of Paederia may serve as host plants, thus making it unsuitable for release as a biological control agent of P. foetida in Florida. Material and methods Figures 1-15 were obtained using an EntoVision Imaging Suite that included a fire- wire JVC KY-75 3CCD digital camera mounted to a Leica M16 zoom lens via a Leica z-step microscope stand. Multiple focal planes were merged using Cartograph 5.6.0 (Microvision Instruments, France) software. Figures 16–18 were prepared by PDP. Acronyms used are: CSCS (Collection of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China); FSCA (Florida State Collection of Ar- thropods, Gainesville, FL, USA); IPRL (Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Agricul- tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA); NHR (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden); UOP (University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Japan); SDEI (Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Studies on the Asian sawflies of Formosempria Takeuchi (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)... 3 Müncheberg, Germany); USNM (National Museum of Natural History, Smithso- nian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA). Recent surveys by JM resulted in the discovery of numerous F. varipes larvae feed- ing on the foliage of P. foetida in the Sham Tseng area (N 22.373, E114.064), Hong Kong. Taxonomic and biological assessments were based on F.varipes individuals that were shipped from Hong Kong in March 2013 and April 2014 to the quarantine fa- cility at IPRL, under permit #P526P-12-04814. In an effort to establish a laboratory colony of F. varipes, 25 males and 25 females from the 2013 shipment were added to each of three screen cages (33 × 33 × 61 cm) within the quarantine glasshouse (28 °C (±5), 85% (±10) relative humidity). Each cage contained a potted P. foetida plant as well as several cotton balls hydrated with dionized water, which were positioned on the top surface of each cage. Observations of these adults, the resulting eggs, and larvae were recorded. A subset of adults arising from the 2014 shipment were incorporated into no- choice host range tests, which were designed to quantify the propensity of F. varipes to oviposit and feed on select Paederia species. Among the Paederia, only Paederia ciliata (Bartl. ex DC) Standley is native to North America and has a geographic range limited to Mexico (Puff 1991). The release of F. varipes as a biological con- trol agent of P. foetida in Florida may pose significant risk to the Mexican endemic if female sawflies recognize P. ciliata as an ovipositional host and larvae complete development when feeding exclusively on the plant. To test these host use patterns, five replicate P. ciliata or P. foetida potted plants were placed in individual screen cages (33 × 33 × 61 cm) within a quarantine glasshouse as described above. Plants were pruned to ensure a uniform height and biomass among individuals. Five male- female pairs, each less than 24 hours old, were randomly assigned to each cage and held with the test plant until death. Each plant was reviewed for oviposition inci- dence 7 days following adult inoculation and larval densities per plant were noted 21 days after adult release. Additionally, no-choice larval tests were conducted to determine if P. ciliata is a developmental host. Other Paederia species were also included to provide insights into the generic specificity of the herbivore:Paederia bojeriana (Rich.) Drake, P. crud- dasiana Prain, P. pilifera Hook., and the target weed P. foetida. Tests were conducted in a single controlled environmental chamber set at 25 °C, 75% relative humidity and 14:10 light:dark. Neonate larvae (< 24 hrs old) were collected from the labora- tory colony and five individuals were transferred onto a slightly moistened filter paper within individual 90 × 15 mm petri dishes. Five replicate petri dishes with the ac- companying larvae were randomly assigned one of five replicated plants for each of the five host plant treatments. Leaves were excised from assigned test plant replicates and placed within the petri dish, which was sealed with parafilm and maintained at internal conditions of 25 °C and 90% relative humidity. A mixture of soft, newly developing and mature, fully expanded leaves in excess of the herbibore’s daily consumption were added to each petri dish every 24 hours. Survivorship was monitored daily and larval development time to the prepupal stage was noted. The influence of host plant species 4 David R. Smith et al. / Journal of Hymenoptera Research 39: 1–15 (2014) on oviposition, larval survival, and development rates were compared with ANOVA followed by Tukeys HSD post hoc analysis (PROC GLM; SAS 1999). Data are pre- sented as means (± standard error). Results Systematics Formosempria Takeuchi Formosempria Takeuchi 1929: 85.Type species: Formosempria varipes Takeuchi, origi- nal designation; Malaise 1961: 247 (diagnosis; key to 3 species); Malaise 1963: 159 (in world key); Togashi 1990: 184 (one species, Taiwan); Abe and Smith 1991: 34 (genus listed); Chou and Naito 1991: 89 (one species, Taiwan); Saini and Deep 1994: 48 (one species, India); Wei and Nie 1998: 28 (placed in Blenno- campidae, Belesesinae, Atelozini); Wei 2001: 678 (one species, Zhejiang, China); Lacourt 2003: 506 (in Allantinae, Atelozini); Wei et al. 2006: 527 (three species listed from China); Saini et al.
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