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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND, GALWAY European Master’s Degree in Human Rights and Democratisation A.Y. 2015/2016 „As long as we are visible“ Refugees, Rights and Political Community Author: Jana Loew Supervisor: Ekaterina Yahyaoui Krivenko 1 Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Yorgos for his help in finding interview partners, many coffees and the interesting discussions on the way, those who were kind enough to take the time to speak to me, and the many things I learned from them, Ekaterina for her guidance, Brian, Mandy, Dan and Brenton for proofreading and motivation. 1 „as long as we are visible“ Larry (see annex 12) 1 Abstract In the year of 2015, due mainly to unrest in the Middle East, more refugees arrived in Europe than ever before. They have been met with national and EU policies that emphasise border control and deterrence rather than human rights and dignity. I argue here that the human rights regime has proven to be insufficient to ensure refugees’ rights are protected, owing to the inherent contradictions of sovereignty, citizenship, and universal rights by referring in particular to Arendt’s description of the complete rightlessness of refugees. However, drawing on field research and interviews in Athens and Hamburg, this thesis counters the description of refugees as passive and essentially non-political, showing that refugees in fact constitute themselves as political subjects. They do this in small ways through place-making and inserting themselves into the social fabric of everyday life, as well as more through more overtly political acts. By insisting on being seen and heard, they disrupt the mainstream discourse and framing of social reality. This is done with the help of “communities of justice” such as the solidarity movement in Greece. Finally the thesis suggests a new form of disaggregated citizenship that can make a new guarantee of rights by involving refugees in political participation. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 6 A note on terminology and definitions ..................................................................................... 8 Structure .................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Europe’s ‘migrant crisis’ ...................................................................................................... 10 2. Literature ................................................................................................................................. 14 2.1 ‘The Scum of the Earth’, Human Rights and Refugees ...................................................... 14 2.1.2 Sovereignty, Borders and Human Rights........................................................................ 17 2.1.3 Man or citizens? ............................................................................................................ 20 2.1.4 The right to have rights .................................................................................................. 23 2.2 ‘A Place in the World’: Rights claiming, place making and everyday life ......................... 27 3. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 32 3.1 Solidarity: “you feel powerful when you can help someone else” ................................... 32 3.1.2 International Volunteers: the other arrivals .................................................................. 41 3.2 Squats “your home on the planet earth” .......................................................................... 43 3.3 Acts of citizenship .............................................................................................................. 50 3.4 Refugee Radio: Bridging the gap ....................................................................................... 53 Conclusion of Discussion ......................................................................................................... 64 4. A New Law on Earth ................................................................................................................ 66 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 72 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 74 Annexes ....................................................................................................................................... 89 Annex 1 .................................................................................................................................... 89 Annex 2 .................................................................................................................................... 91 Annex 3 .................................................................................................................................... 94 Annex 4 .................................................................................................................................... 99 Annex 5 .................................................................................................................................. 102 Annex 6 .................................................................................................................................. 108 Annex 7 .................................................................................................................................. 113 Annex 8 .................................................................................................................................. 114 Annex 9 .................................................................................................................................. 120 3 Annex 10 ................................................................................................................................ 122 Annex 11 ................................................................................................................................ 127 Annex 12 ................................................................................................................................ 131 Annex 13 ................................................................................................................................ 137 4 Introduction The past year has shown clearly, and in stark terms, how cheap human life and human dignity become in the face of securing borders. Refugees have long paid the price for Europe’s securitized border regime. Death at sea, detention, deportation and prolonged periods of destitution associated with asylum procedures have been an integral part of a policy of deterrence that is “punitive in intent and effect”2 for decades. The objective of such policy appears quite brazenly to be making migrating to Europe difficult and dangerous enough to forestall more arrivals. It is safe to say that this policy has failed its objective. The untenable and desperate situations throughout the globe have produced more refugees than ever before; civil war in Syria, Yemen, as well as instability and violence in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Nigeria have forced millions to flee. By the end of 2015, according to the UN, worldwide displacement was at the highest level ever recorded 3and Europe was in the midst of a “refugee crisis”. The surprise expressed by those who expected a more “humanitarian” response must mean that they were unaware of the increased securitization of the previous years driven by the construction of migration as a constant threat to sovereign statehood and national identity. What we see now is a continuation of a policy in which territorially defined (national) states compete to reassert their sovereignty via the bodies and the freedom of those they deem outsiders. 4 It is a continuation of the protection of privilege and prerogatives of the world‘s relatively affluent zones from the less fortunate5 and the proliferation of a logic that is based on historical racism as well as new fears relating to neoliberal globalization.6 The images we see on the news seem to belong to another era, when a Europe ravaged by war was awash with its own refugees. Now seventy years later, the countries of Europe are signatories of human rights charters, declarations, and bills, and have acceded to a 2 (Pickering & Weber, 2014, p. 1006) 3 (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2015) 4 (DeGenova, 2010, p. 2) 5 (ibid, p.3) 6 (Papastergiadis, 2006, p. 429) 5 universal Refugee Convention. Still, there are camps, there is barbed wire and teargas, there are freezing winters and scorching summers spent in tents on the concrete and there are desperate journeys at sea. Despite the many changes of the past seventy years, what has remained is the inherent vulnerability of existing outside of the aegis of a ‘good’ European (or equally, in those countries, of an Australian, American, Japanese or Canadian) citizenship– be it as an irregular migrant, an asylum seeker or a refugee. The