Descargar Archivo El Cine Del Aislamiento. El Discapacitado En La

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Descargar Archivo El Cine Del Aislamiento. El Discapacitado En La 6. CAMINO HACIA LA APATÍA En octubre de 1947, cuando la Guerra Fría se estaba haciendo más glacial por momentos, un puñado de con- gresistas norteamericanos constituyeron el Comité de Acti- vidades Anti-Americanas, un grupo más conocido por su acrónimo peyorativo «HUAC» (House Committee on Un- American Activities), abrió formalmente una investigación en la industria de Hollywood. Liderado por el republicano de New Yersey J. Parnell Thomas, el Comité decidió identi- ficar a los trabajadores del cine que podían haber estado asociados en algún momento al Partido Comunista y, en su opinión, habían tratado de subvertir el cine. Para conse- guirlo, el Comité siguió básicamente una estrategia de do- ble filo: «coquetearon» con un número de «testigos amis- tosos» de Hollywood, bastante deseosos de dar nombres por cualquier razón (para expresar sus propias creencias conservadoras, para preservar su sentido de la industria del cine, para saldar viejas cuentas o simplemente para salvar sus propios pellejos), y discutieron con aquellos que habían sido llamados los «testigos no amistosos». Como el presidente Thomas les ordenaba silencio con el martillo de juez a estos últimos, siempre y cuando ellos comenza- ran respondiendo creativamente a la pregunta «¿Eres o has sido alguna vez miembro del Partido Comunista?», es- taba claro que su destino había sido determinado antes de que comenzaran las audiencias. Nació entonces la era de las listas negras de Hollywood, un período colmado de ac- ciones políticas que tendría serias repercusiones en el Cine del Aislamiento. Como se señaló en el capítulo anterior, los ejecutivos de producción se habían dado cuenta hacia el final de la gue- rra de que existía un mercado real para las películas que trataban con las víctimas de las enfermedades de la socie- dad, pero habían llevado a los tribunales a guionistas y di- rectores conocidos por sus puntos de vista liberales. Por ejemplo, el guionista Alvah Bessie afirmó que Jerry Wald, 357 de la Warner Bros., había contratado progresistas «porque esos chicos sabían lo que significaban la sociedad en gene- ral y el fascismo y la guerra en particular, y podían crear personajes y situaciones que guardaban cierto parecido con la realidad» (1). Dedicados a combatir varios «ismos» —fascismo, racismo, antisemitismo, anticatolicismo y, más seguramente, validismo—, estos realizadores con concien- cia habían hecho considerables progresos para mejorar la imagen de los discapacitados físicos y sensoriales. Durante los últimos años de la década de 1940 y primeros de los cincuenta, sin embargo, muchos de esos mismos artistas se encontraron sitiados por sus opiniones progresistas. «¿Con qué frecuencia vas al cine? ¿Una vez por sema- na?», preguntaron al actor de Hollywood Joseph Cotten, en 1948. «Es probable que hayas visto Pride of the Mari- nes. ¿Y recuerdas Objetivo Birmania (Objective Burma), Espejismo de amor (Kitty Foyle) y Treinta segundos sobre Tokio? ¿Y grandes clásicos como Sin novedad en el frente? Actores, directores, escritores y productores que hicieron esas películas han sido atacados y difamados como anti- americanos por incluir propaganda subversiva en sus pelí- culas» (2). Entre ellos había gente que había dado al Cine del Aislamiento un giro generalmente positivo durante los cuarenta y principios de los cincuenta, pero estaban en la lista negra después de las audiencias de la HUAC de 1947 y de 1951 a 1952, y sus carreras en Hollywood se trunca- ron: John Garfield y Albert Maltz, estrella y guionista, res- pectivamente, de Pride of the Marines; Carl Foreman, guio- nista de Home of the Brave y Hombres-, Edward Dmytryk, director de Hasta el final del tiempo; Lillian Hellman, guionista del prototípico Ángel en tinieblas; Robert Rossen, guionista de The Sea Wolf; los guionistas de Song of Russia, Paul Jarrico y Richard Collins, el primero de los cuales había escrito también un brillante retrato de una jo- (1) Alvah Bessie, ¡nquisition in Edén (Nueva York: MacMilian, 1965), p. 65. (2) Citado en Kahn, Hollywood on Trial, p. 222. 358 ven ciega en The Face behind the Mask (1941); y Dalton Trumbo, guionista de Treinta segundos sobre Tokio y autor de la aclamada novela antibélica de 1939, sobre un vetera- no de la I Guerra Mundial gravemente discapacitado, titu- lada Johnny cogió su fusil (Johnny Got His Gun). Las audiencias del Comité tuvieron otros efectos evi- dentes. El testigo amistoso del Comité Adolphe Menjou identificó a John Cromwell, director de las apenas revolu- cionarias Desde que te fuiste, Su milagro de amor y Mi co- razón te guía, como uno de los diversos conocidos «que actuó muchísimo como los comunistas» y quien «en su propia casa, me dijo que el capitalismo en América estaba acabado». En parte como respuesta a este tratamiento, Cromwell volvió a su medio teatral en 1951 y no reanudó su carrera cinematográfica hasta 1958, a la edad de sesen- ta y nueve años. Robert Buckner y Mark Robson se fueron a Inglaterra a hacer varias películas a mediados de la déca- da de 1950, mientras Stanley Kramer, un demócrata roose- veltiano y pragmático convencido (según Carl Foreman, Kramer le suplicó que mantuviera su nombre fuera de las audiencias de la HUAC por miedo a que esto marcara el fi- nal de su carrera en Hollywood), desistió temporalmente de hacer películas con temas progresistas. En 1948, William Wyler observó que los miembros de la HUAC «estaban ha- ciendo que la gente decente tuviera miedo de expresar sus opiniones. Están sembrando el miedo en Hollywood. Y el miedo da como resultado la autocensura». Para disgusto de muchos, tales preocupaciones se hicieron realidad (3). La mayoría de los ejecutivos de los estudios coopera- ron totalmente con la HUAC. Quien personificó la paranoia de la época de forma más evidente fue, quizá, el director de producción de la Warner, Jack Warner, que simplemen- te dijo al Comité que «cualquiera que yo pensara que era (3) Menjou se cita en Kahn, Hollywood on Triol, p. 49; entrevista de Foreman, pp. 10-11; Wyler se cita en Kahn, Hollywood on Triol, p. 221. Para más detalles sobre la problemática relación de Foreman y Kramer, véase Víctor S. Navasky, Naming Names (Nueva York: Vi- king Press, 1980), pp. 156-165. 359 comunista, o leyera en los periódicos que lo fue, le despedí al término de su contrato». Después de que Warner identi- ficara a Albert Maltz como uno de los escritores a los que había hecho marcharse, el presidente del Comité le pre- guntó: «¿Incluyó Maltz mucho material subversivo en Pri- de of the Marines?» Warner respondió que lo intentó y fracasó, pero añadió: «algunas de esas líneas del diálogo tienen indirectas y dobles sentidos y cosas por el estilo y habría que hacer ocho o diez cursos de leyes en Harvard para saber lo que ellos querían decir» (4). Incluso el más comprensivo de los ejecutivos cinemato- gráficos hizo poco para apoyar a los que estaban en las listas negras. El director de producción de la RKO, Dore Schary, un liberal que, como Jerry Wald, había animado a escritores y directores a tratar temas sociales, ahora se encontró en la irónica posición de tener que informar a los sindicatos de guionistas que, por vía de la infame «Decla- ración Waldorf», de noviembre de 1947, habían accedido a apoyar al Comité en sus investigaciones. Tal cooperación, a la cual Schary se opuso, aunque poco pudo hacer al res- pecto, incluyó despidos de los menos amigables de los «testigos no amigables» —los llamados «Hollywood Ten», que poco después fueron a prisión por negarse a cooperar con el Comité— y de todos los de la lista negra, presuntos subversivos. Para mérito de Schary, él rehusó despedir a los empleados de la RKO Edward Dmytryk y Adrián Scott, dos de los Hollywood Ten (la tarea recayó en el presidente de la RKO, Peter Rathvon), pero tampoco pudo evitar sus despidos. Sam Goldwyn, el productor que había conmovi- do a innumerables aficionados al cine con Los mejores años de nuestra vida, también expresó su oposición a la lista negra, pero firmó la declaración Waldorf y rechazó, de modo significativo, la petición de William Wyler de con- tratar a uno de los Hollywood Ten (5). El Comité buscó material subversivo con un fanatismo sin límites. Incluso Los mejores años, un filme colmado de (4) Ver Kahn, Hollywood on Trial. pp. 10-18. (5) Navasky, Naming Names, p. 150. 360 honores, dirigido por un veterano discapacitado y escrito por un antiguo ejecutivo de la Oficina de Información de Guerra, no se consideró intachable. El 30 de abril de 1947, la edición del The Hollywood Repórter contenía un artículo de su editor, William Wilkerson, con un listado de películas «que contenían una considerable dosis de propaganda co- munista», con los mejores años y Pride of the Marines en- tre ellas, y la lista estimuló los fuegos reaccionarios. Según el guionista de la lista negra Gordon Kahn, la Asociación Cinematográfica para la Preservación de los Ideales Ameri- canos, un grupo de derechistas de Hollywood, subsidiados por el magnate de la prensa William Randolph Hearst, «pusieron el dedo de la subversión» en Los mejores años, por resentimiento hacia la HUAC. Como Kahn señaló des- pués, «en una ocasión, el Comité del Sr. Thomas pensó que habían detectado unos cuantos y forzados [filmes subversi- vos] mediante un calculado goteo de filtraciones. Llegaron hasta el extremo de señalar a Los mejores años de nuestra vida y Margie antes de que les quitaran de los titulares». Algunos de la industria, como Gene Kelly, estaban lívidos: «The House Un-American Committee ha echado la bronca a algunas de las personas que han estado haciendo tus pe- lículas favoritas. ¿Viste Los mejores años de nuestra vida, la película que ganó siete Oscars de la Academia? ¿Te gus- tó? ¿Fuiste subvertido por ella? ¿Te hizo un anti-americano? ¿Saliste de la película con el deseo de derrocar al Gobier- no?» El guionista Garrett Grahan lo explicó muy bien cuan- do escribió: «qué lástima que el veterano manco no le pue- da pegar un puñetazo para responder apropiadamente al insulto que hacen a su patriotismo».
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