The Condition of Britain Strategies for Social Renewal
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THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL RENEWAL Institute for Public Policy Research THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL RENEWAL Kayte Lawton Graeme Cooke Nick Pearce I THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN About IPPR IPPR, the Institute for Public Policy Research, is the UK’s leading progressive thinktank. We are an independent charitable organisation with more than 40 staff members, paid interns and visiting fellows. Our main office is in London, with IPPR North, IPPR’s dedicated thinktank for the North of England, operating out of offices in Newcastle and Manchester. The purpose of our work is to assist all those who want to create a society where every citizen lives a decent and fulfilled life, in reciprocal relationships with the people they care about. We believe that a society of this sort cannot be legislated for or guaranteed by the state. And it certainly won’t be achieved by markets alone. It requires people to act together and take responsibility for themselves and each other. Kayte Lawton is a senior research fellow at IPPR Graeme Cooke is research director of IPPR Nick Pearce is director of IPPR © 2014, Institute for Public Policy Research First published in June 2014 by IPPR 4th Floor 14 Buckingham Street London WC2N 6DF T: +44 (0)20 7470 6100 E: [email protected] www.ippr.org Cover illustration by Ifan Bates Printed by Colourview Print Solutions, Wiltshire SP4 6BU Available in alternative formats online at http://www.ippr.org/condition-of-britain ISBN: 978-1-8603-0341-8 The contents and opinions in this paper are the authors’ only and do not necessarily reflect the views of IPPR, its staff or trustees. References and links to third-party publications, resources and websites are provided in good faith and for information only. II CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................... 1 Introduction.................................................................... 3 PART 1: THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN 1. Our goals for society ................................................. 11 2. The condition of Britain ............................................ 19 The Commission on Social Justice and Beveridge’s ‘five giants’: where are we now? ......................................20 ‘Breakdown Britain’: what progress has the Coalition made towards tackling social breakdown? .......................29 PART 2: THE THREE PILLARS OF A STRONGER SOCIETY 3. Spreading power and responsibility ........................... 39 The persistent centralisation of power and responsibility ...40 The case for spreading power and responsibility ..............42 Principles for spreading power and responsibility ............47 4. Fostering contribution and reciprocity ...................... 53 The erosion of opportunities to contribute .....................54 The power of contribution and the ideal of reciprocity .....57 Principles for fostering contribution across society ..........60 III THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN 5. Strengthening shared institutions .............................. 65 The failure to tackle complex social problems .................66 The case for strengthening institutions ...........................69 Principles for strengthening institutions .........................71 PART 3: STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL RENEWAL 6. Families: Raising children and nurturing relationships .............................................................. 79 6.1 Expanding paternity entitlements for fathers ............82 6.2 Guaranteeing affordable childcare for all young children .........................................................................87 6.3 Raising the quality of early-years provision ...............94 6.4 Refocusing financial support for families towards young children ...............................................................98 6.5 Reforming universal credit to boost employment and tackle poverty ........................................................103 6.6 Backing commitment and strong relationships .......106 7. Young people: Enabling secure transitions into adulthood ........................................................ 111 7.1 Introducing a distinct work, training and benefits track for young people .................................................113 7.2 Guaranteeing earning or learning for young people ..119 7.3 More opportunities for young people to make a contribution ................................................................126 7.4 Preventing young people from entering into a life of crime .......................................................................131 8. Working life: Promoting work and rewarding contribution ............................................................ 139 8.1 Giving institutional independence to the national insurance system ..........................................................142 IV 8.2 Stronger income protections for people who have contributed to the system .............................................147 8.3 Refocusing the Work Programme where it can be effective .......................................................................151 8.4 Supported employment for those with a long-term health condition or disability .......................................159 8.5 Boosting the hiring and retention of people with a health condition or disability .......................................168 8.6 Establishing an Affordable Credit Trust to spread alternatives to high-cost lenders....................................172 9. Housing: Mobilising local leadership to build more homes ............................................................. 177 9.1 Extending powers for local areas to overcome land market dysfunctions ....................................................180 9.2 Strengthening incentives for local areas to shift from ‘benefits to bricks’ ................................................183 9.3 Increasing local control over rent subsidies to private landlords .........................................................186 9.4 Devolving housing capital budgets to city or county combined authorities ..................................................188 9.5 Putting local areas in control of housing spending to shift from ‘benefits to bricks’ ....................................190 10. Crime and exclusion: Putting people and places in control ................................................................ 195 10.1 Providing a distinct voice for victims in the criminal justice system .................................................198 10.2 Mobilising local people to resolve the causes of crime and antisocial behaviour .....................................203 10.3 Mobilising local areas to tackle deep social exclusion......................................................................208 V THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN 11. Older people: Living well together in an ageing society .......................................................... 217 11.1 Introducing a right to flexible working arrangements for family carers ......................................220 11.2 Extending support for older people with moderate care needs .....................................................224 11.3 Advancing social insurance to protect against uncertain care costs ......................................................228 11.4 Mobilising the time and energy of local people to tackle isolation and loneliness ..................................232 Conclusion .................................................................. 239 Summary of recommendations .................................... 245 –\\\ – References ................................................................... 250 Public engagement ...................................................... 263 Publications in the Condition of Britain series ............ 268 Erratum Page 123: figure ‘£380 million’ revised to ‘£310 million’, 19/06/2014. VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Producing this report has been a genuinely collaborative effort, and we want to thank everyone involved. First and foremost, we are indebted to Trevor Chinn for his financial support of the Condition of Britain programme, without which we could not have produced this report. Moreover, we are extremely grateful for his invaluable advice and guidance throughout the entire programme. The Condition of Britain programme draws on the findings of several IPPR research projects, and we are enormously grateful to the individuals and organisations who provided financial support and advice on each of these. They are: Bill Benjamin; Lord Myners of Truro; the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation; the City Bridge Trust; the Hadley Trust; the LankellyChase Foundation; the London Borough of Newham; the Metropolitan Migration Foundation; NCVO; the Oak Foundation; Orbit Group; the Paul Hamlyn Foundation; Relate; Shelter; the Sisters Trust. During the course of the Condition of Britain programme, we have drawn on the support and wisdom of many of our IPPR colleagues. We are particularly grateful to Jack Hunter and Mark Harrison for their excellent research support during their internships at IPPR. We are also very thankful to Spencer Thompson and Amna Silim for help with the statistical analysis in chapter 7. 1 THE CONDITION OF BRITAIN This report draws on several IPPR projects, and we would like to thank our colleagues Dalia Ben-Galim, Sarah Bickerstaffe, Ed Cox, Bill Davies, Phoebe Griffiths, Graeme Henderson, Mathew Lawrence, Clare McNeil, Rick Muir, Jenny Pennington and Alice Sachrajda for their contributions. We owe special thanks to Ross Fulton for expertly editing this report,