Environmental Scoping, Impact Assessment and Management Plan for Building Works to Alleviate Congestion at Hosea Kutako International Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia

ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING, IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BUILDING WORKS TO ALLEVIATE CONGESTION AT HOSEA KUTAKO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, KHOMAS REGION, NAMIBIA

06 December 2019

Prepared by: Prepared for: On behalf of:

CONTACT DETAILS

Mr Jan-Hendrik Engelbrecht Director Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 150 Outjo Namibia Tel: +264 67 313770 Fax: +264 67 313768 E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Scott Richards Project Manager Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd P.O. Box 40902 Ausspannplatz Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 250278 Fax: +264 61 250279 E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Bisey /Uirab Chief Executive Officer Namibia Airports Company P.O. Box 23061 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 2955001 Fax: +264 61 2955022 E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Lima Maartens LM Environmental Consulting P.O. Box 1284 Windhoek Namibia Tel: +264 61 255750 Fax: 088 61 9004 E-mail: [email protected]

Declaration: LM Environmental Consulting is an independent consulting firm with no interest in the project which is the subject matter hereof other than to fulfil the contract between the client and the consultant for delivery of specialised services as stipulated in the terms of reference.

Limitation of liability: LM Environmental Consulting accept no responsibility or liability in respect of losses, damages or costs suffered or incurred, directly or indirectly, under or in connection with this report to the extent that such losses, damages, and costs are due to information provided to LM Environmental Consulting for purposes of this report that is subsequently found to be inaccurate, misleading or incomplete, or due to the acts or omissions of any person other than ourselves. LM Environmental Consulting shall not be liable for any direct, incidental, special or consequential damages for loss of profit, revenue, data or use incurred by the Client or any third party, whether in contract or delict, regardless whether the Client or the other party has been advised of the possibility of such damages.

Copyright Warning: Unless otherwise noted, the copyright in all text and other matter (including the manner of presentation) is the exclusive property of LM Environmental Consulting and/or Dr Maartens. It is an offence to reproduce and/or use, without written consent, any substance, matter, technical procedure and/or technique or part thereof contained in this document.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007, Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd, on behalf of Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd and the Namibia Airports Company (NAC), appointed LM Environmental Consulting to conduct an Environmental Scoping and to prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the building works to alleviate congestion at Hosea Kutako International Airport (HKIA) (i.e. to double the handling capacity of HKIA to accommodate increased passenger numbers up until 2030).

Building works, i.e. the expansion and renovation of the Terminal 2 Check-In Area, Departure and Arrival Halls, and Retail Areas and the relocation and construction of Storage Facilities, will be done in five phases. It is foreseen that the building works will be completed within 12 months; the various phases can and will run concurrently to facilitate the fast track nature of the Project.

During peak times of the construction phase, there will be between 400 and 600 people on site. Two thirds of the staff will be sub-contractors/temporary staff; 10 to 15% of the work force will be female. Some 50% of the staff (~250 people) will be housed in a construction worker camp on NAC grounds for the duration of the construction phase.

As part of the Environmental Assessment process, physical, biophysical and socio-economic baselines were compiled. It should be noted that the building works, apart from the construction of the Storage Facilities, will take place in already built-up areas. Also, the construction worker camp is located in an area previously disturbed.

An overview of the most pertinent legislation pertaining to the construction phase of the Project is provided.

A Public Consultation Programme was also conducted. Only three persons registered as Interested and/or Affected Parties (I&APs) and no issues or concerns related to the Project have been raised.

The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix Software Package was used for the assessment of the potential impacts. Scoring takes place within a matrix, the latter that was designed to allow subjective judgements to be quantitatively recorded. The system thus provides an impact evaluation, as well as a record that can be re- assessed in the future (e.g. should more information become available).

The building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA, and including the operational construction worker camp, will have potential impacts on the environment and these will be of a positive, as well as a negative nature: the major negative, significant negative, negative, and slight negative impacts can be relatively easily mitigated through the implementation of certain management measures.

It is the opinion of LM Environmental Consulting that the Project, and apart from being in National interest, is feasible, given that: i) the use of semi-purified water (for the building works and dust suppression) is optimised; ii) the Namibia Airports Company (NAC) does not allow informal settlers on NAC-grounds, especially in the vicinity of the Puma Energy Millennium Service Station and the construction worker camp; and iii) Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd strictly enforces their construction worker camp rules.

It is advised that Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd (and their employees and sub-contractors) should implement and observe the Environmental Management Plan on an ongoing basis. Environmental performance should be regularly monitored (so that the lessons learnt can be incorporated into the improvement of the Environmental Management Plan over time) and corrective measures taken as or when required.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Introduction ...... 10 1.1 Background ...... 10 1.2 Activities Requiring Environmental Clearance ...... 11 1.3 Terms of Reference ...... 11 1.4 Environmental Assessment Practitioner and Specialist Team ...... 11 2 Description of the Project ...... 13 2.1 Project Location ...... 13 2.2 Land Use ...... 13 2.3 Access ...... 13 2.4 Project Rationale ...... 13 2.5 Project Activities ...... 14 2.5.1 Terminal 2 ...... 14 2.5.2 Terminal 1 ...... 18 2.5.3 Contractor’s Site Camp ...... 19 2.5.4 Construction Worker Camp ...... 19 2.5.5 Engineering Services ...... 21 2.5.6 Solid Waste Management ...... 21 2.5.7 Raw Materials ...... 22 2.6 Alternatives ...... 22 3 Natural Environment ...... 23 3.1 Physical Environment ...... 23 3.1.1 Regional Setting ...... 23 3.1.2 Climate ...... 23 3.1.3 Archaeology ...... 24 3.1.4 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology ...... 24 3.2 Biophysical Environment ...... 24 3.2.1 Fauna ...... 25 3.2.2 Flora ...... 25 3.2.3 Namibia Airports Company Grounds ...... 26 3.3 Socio-Economic Environment ...... 28 3.3.1 Population Characteristics ...... 28 3.3.2 Economic Profile ...... 29 3.3.3 Poverty Levels ...... 30 3.3.4 Housing ...... 30 3.3.5 Information Communication Technology ...... 30 3.3.6 Access to Services ...... 30 3.3.7 Human Immunodeficiency Virus ...... 31 3.3.8 Gender ...... 32 4 Regulatory Framework ...... 33 5 Stakeholder and Public Consultation...... 35 5.1 Objectives ...... 35 5.2 Consultation Process ...... 35 5.3 Summary of Issues and/or Concerns ...... 35 6 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 36 6.1 Introduction ...... 36 6.2 Methodology ...... 36 6.3 Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s Activities ...... 38 6.4 Conclusion ...... 42 7 Environmental Management Plan ...... 43 7.1 Goal, Aim and Structure of the Environmental Management Plan ...... 43 7.2 Permits and Approvals ...... 43

7.3 Roles and Responsibilities ...... 44 7.4 Environmental Management Plan ...... 44 7.5 Monitoring and Reporting ...... 52 8 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 53 9 References ...... 54

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Summary of the works per phase and area, including the surface areas, and duration in working days (Source: Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd)...... 15 Table 2: Selected census indicators (2011 figures) for the Windhoek Rural constituency (Source: Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA), 2014a; b)...... 29 Table 3: Regulatory framework for the Building Works to Alleviate Congestion at Hosea Kutako International Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia...... 33 Table 4: The range bands used for the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (Source: Pastakia, 1998)...... 38 Table 5: The potential impacts, and probability of occurrence, that certain aspects related to Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities may have on the environment (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational)...... 39 Table 6: Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities...... 40 Table 7: Summary of scores for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational)...... 41 Table 8: Environmental Management Plan for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities during the construction phase, Hosea Kutako International Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia...... 45

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Map showing the location of the Hosea Kutako International Airport, Windhoek Rural Constituency, Khomas Region, Namibia (Source: Miss Maike Prickett, November 2019)...... 13 Figure 2: Map showing the site layout (Source: Miss Maike Prickett, November 2019)...... 14 Figure 3: Artist’s impression of the new International Departure Hall and Plaza at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019)...... 16 Figure 4: Artist’s impression of the new International Departure Hall Interior, Restaurant Deck over the Departure Hall, Check-in Counters, Security Screening, Passport Control (Emigration), and Departure Concourse at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019)...... 17 Figure 5: Artist’s impression of the new Arrivals Hall and Transfer, Passport Control (Immigration), Baggage Reclaim, and Greeters Hall at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019)...... 18 Figure 6: Pictures showing Terminal 1, currently used as a VIP Arrivals/Departures Lounge (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 18 Figure 7: Pictures showing: a) Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s site camp; and b) two mobile chemical toilets for placement at the constrcution site (as needed) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 19 Figure 8: Pictures showing: a) entrance to the fenced construction worker camp; b) and c) accommodation units; d) and e) ablution blocks for male and female staff; and f) the cooking, washing, and recreation area (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 20 Figure 9: Pictures showing: a) material stockpiled for later use; and b) buidling rubble disposed of to date (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 22 Figure 10: Pictures showing: a) some of the already relocated Phoenix dactylifera (Phase 1.1-area; yellow rectangle); and b) the two Washingtonia robusta to be removed and relocated next (Phase 2.2-area) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 26 Figure 11: Pictures showing the approximate area (yellow rectangle) where the new storage facilities will be built (Phase 1.6-area) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 26 Figure 12: Pictures showing the area, covered in litter/dumped waste, surrounding the construction worker camp (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 27

Figure 13: Pictures showing: a) recently demolished houses; and b) a small group of people that subsequently put up a tent (under the tree in the foreground) as shelter (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019)...... 27 Figure 14: Impact assessment histogram for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational)...... 41

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure A: Application for Environmental Clearance Certificate (23 September 2019); Verification of Application (07 October 2019); Form 1: Application for Environmental Clearance Certificate; Annexure B: Site Layout Map (Miss Maike Prickett, 2019); Phasing Diagram; Contractor Site Layout and Access Point Phases 1, 2, 3 to 5, and 1.6 (Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, 2019); Annexure C: Certificate of Registration as an Approved Inspection Authority (Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Creation, 21 June 2019); Environmental Clearance Certificate for Sandworx CC (26 October 2018); and Annexure D: Documentation related to the Public Consultation Process.

ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY

The following is a list of the abbreviations, acronyms, technical terms, and definitions used in this Report:

AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ANC Antenatal Care ART Anti-retroviral Therapy AU African Union CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBR Crude Birth Rate CDR Crude Birth Rate CEO Chief Executive Officer CoM (Namibian) Chamber of Mines CoW City of Windhoek DEA Directorate of Environmental Affairs DWA Department of Water Affairs EA Environmental Assessment EAP Environmental Assessment Practitioner EAPAN Environmental Assessment Professionals of Namibia ECC Environmental Clearance Certificate EHS Environmental Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMA Environmental Management Act EMP Environmental Management Plan EPA Environmental Protection Agency/Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographic Information System GN General Notice / Government Notice GRN Government of the Republic of Namibia HCT HIV Counselling and Testing HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HKIA Hosea Kutako International Airport I&APs Interested and Affected Parties ICAO International Civil Aviation organisation IEMA Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment IFC International Finance Corporation

ISO International Organization for Standardization IWM Integrated Waste Management LAC Legal Assistance Centre LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism MFMR Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources MHSS Ministry of Health and Social Services MME Ministry of Mines and Energy MoEAC Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MTCT Mother-To-Child Transmission MWT Ministry of Works and Transport NAC Namibia Airports Company NAMPHIA Namibia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment NamPower Namibia Power Corporation NamWater Namibia Water Corporation NBRI National Botanical Research Institute NCAA Namibia Civil Aviation Authority NCE Namibia Chamber of Environment NDP5 National Development Plan 5 NEWS Namibian Environment and Wildlife Society NHIES Namibia Household Income and Expenditure Survey NHPF National Health Policy Framework NHSS National HIV Sentinel Survey NIDS Namibia Inter-censal Demographic Survey NLFS Namibia Labour Force Survey NPC National Planning Commission NQA Namibia Qualification Authority NSA Namibia Statistics Agency NSF National Strategic Framework OLS Obstruction Limitation Surface PAYE Pay As Your Earn PEA Potentially Economically Active PEPFAR U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief PM Particulate Matter PMTCT Prevention from Mother to Child Transmission PLHIV Person Living with HIV PPE Personal Protective Equipment PQs Protocol Questions RIAM Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix RSA Republic of South Africa SA South Africa SADC Southern African Development Community SANS South African National Standards SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SHE Safety, Health, Environment SOE State-Owned Enterprise STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TB Tuberculosis UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAM University of Namibia UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification US United States USA United States of America VAT Value Added Tax VLS Viral Load Suppression VOC Volatile Organic Compound

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°C degrees centigrade km kilometre km2 square kilometre km/h kilometre per hour l litre m metre m3 cubic metre m/s metre per second mm millimetre

Aspect Element of an organization's activities or products or services that can interact with the environment (International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 2004). Biodiversity Defined in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.” Disposal The discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid or hazardous waste on or in the land or water (United States (US), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). Environment Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation (ISO, 2004). Environmental The process of identifying, predicting and evaluating the effects of proposed activities on Assessment (EA) the environment. It should include information about the risks and consequences of activities, possible alternatives, and steps which can be taken to mitigate (minimise or offset) any negative impacts. It should also discuss steps to increase positive impacts and to promote compliance with the principles of environmental management. Both Government bodies and private persons or groups (such as private companies) can be required to carry out environmental assessments (Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), 2008). Environmental A certificate which allows a listed activity to go ahead. The certificate means that the Clearance Certificate Ministry of Environment and Tourism is satisfied that the activity in question will not have (ECC) an unduly negative impact on the environment. It may set conditions for the activity to prevent or to minimize harmful impacts on the environment (MET, 2008). Environmental A key document that should consist of the set of measures to be taken during Management Plan (EMP) implementation and operation to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. Also included in the plan are the actions needed to implement them (Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA), 2008). Erosion The breaking down and subsequent removal of either rock or surface material by wind, rain, wave action, freezing and thawing and other processes (The Northern Miner, 2007). Good International The exercise of professional skill, diligence, prudence, and foresight that would Industry Practice (GIIP) reasonably be expected from skilled and experienced professionals engaged in the same type of undertaking under the same or similar circumstances globally or regionally. The outcome of such an exercise should be that the project employs the most appropriate technologies in the project-specific circumstances (International Finance Corporation (IFC), 2007a). (Grouped) Hazardous Any substance, mixture of substances, product or material declared in terms of section 3 Substance (1) to be a hazardous substance of any kind (Hazardous Substances Ordinance No. 14 of 1974). Hazardous Waste Waste that poses substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. There are four factors that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous: i) ignitability (i.e. flammable); ii) reactivity; iii) corrosivity; and iv) toxicity (Wikipedia). Impact Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's environmental aspects (ISO, 2004). Integrated Waste Concept of employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source Management (IWM) reduction, recycling, reuse, incineration, and land filling, to minimise the environmental impact of commercial and industrial waste streams (Business Dictionary).

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Mitigation Any action intended to either reduce or avert exposure or the likelihood of exposure to sources that are not part of a controlled practice, or which are out of control as a consequence of an accident (DEA, 2008). Mitigation Hierarchy Adoption of a mitigation hierarchy to anticipate and avoid, or where avoidance is not possible, minimise, or compensate/offset for risks and impacts to workers, Affected Communities, and the environment is widely regarded as a Good International Industry Practice (GIIP) approach to managing environmental and social risks and impacts: Avoidance requires the client to identify and, where available and technically and financially feasible, make changes to the project’s design (or potential location) to avoid adverse risks and impacts on social and/or environmental features. Avoidance is considered to be the most acceptable form of mitigation. Minimisation: where avoidance is not possible, adverse impacts and risks can be minimised through environmental and social measures/treatments/design. Acceptable options to minimise will vary and include: abate, rectify, repair, and/or restore impacts, as appropriate. Compensation/Offset: where avoidance or minimisation measures are not available, it may be appropriate to design and implement measures that compensate/offset for residual risks and impacts. It should be noted that these measures do not eliminate the identified adverse risks and impacts, but they seek to offset it with an (at least) comparable positive one (IFC, 2012). Monitoring The repetitive and continued observation, measurement and evaluation of environmental data to follow changes over a period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures (DEA, 2008). Pollution The direct or indirect introduction of something which is harmful to people, property, or the environment into the air, land, or water. Pollution can be caused by substances, vibrations, heat, radiation or noise. One of the key ideas behind the law is that the polluter must pay the costs of pollution (MET, 2008). Polluter Pays Principle Principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment (DEA, 2008). Sewage The subset of wastewater that is contaminated with faeces and/or urine; it includes domestic, municipal, or industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer or similar structure (Wikipedia). Significant Effect Having, or likely to have, a consequential qualitative or quantitative impact on the environment, including changes in ecological, aesthetic, cultural, historic, economic and social factors, whether directly or indirectly, individually or collectively (Environmental Management Act (EMA) 7 of 2007). Stormwater Water that originates during precipitation (rainfall) events. Stormwater that does not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff. Stormwater is of concern for the following two reasons: one is related to the volume and timing of runoff water (for flood control and the supply of water) and the other is related to the potential contaminants that the water may be carrying and subsequent water pollution (Wikipedia). Sustainable Use Using natural resources in a way and at a rate that does not lead to a long-term decline, so that the environment will be able to meet the needs of future generations, i.e. the natural resources of the earth must be shared fairly between present and future generations (MET, 2008). Waste An unwanted or undesired material or substance. It is also referred to as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, or junk, depending on the type of material. Litter is waste that has been carelessly disposed of in plain sight. Waste is “dumped” in order to avoid paying waste disposal fees (Wikipedia). Waste Management The collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials (Wikipedia). Wastewater Any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic (human) influences, i.e. liquid waste discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry, and/or agriculture and can encompass a wide range of potential contaminants and concentrations (Wikipedia).

1 Introduction

1.1 Background The Hosea Kutako International Airport was opened in 1964. At the time, it was called J.G. Strijdom Airport, after the Prime Minister of the Republic of South Africa (RSA). The airport was renamed Hosea Kutako International Airport (HKIA) following Namibian Independence in 1990.

In 2013, and as per the Travel & Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Report, Namibia’s “Air Transport Infrastructure” rating declined (National Planning Commission (NPC), 2016; Emvula, 2018). The Air Transport Infrastructure pillar measures to what extent a country offers sufficient air connectivity for travellers’ access to and from countries, as well as movement within many countries and consists of the following: quality of air transport infrastructure; available seat kilometres, domestic (millions); available seat kilometres, international (millions); aircraft departures (per 1,000 population); airport density (airports/million population); and number of operating airlines (World Economic Forum, 2019). The NPC (2016), in the Tourism Competitiveness Policy Brief, noted that HKIA not meeting international standards (downgrading of HKIA from a Category 9 to a Category 5) may have contributed to the less competitive “Air Transport Infrastructure” rating. Also, it led to HKIA being temporary closed in 2014 (NPC, 2016).

In 2015, HKIA handled 800,000 passengers and 14,940 aircraft movements (see http://www.airports.com.na/airports/hosea-kutako-international-airport/12/). Namibia received 1,608,018 foreign arrivals in 2017 (1,574,148 in 2016), of which 1,499,442 were tourists (1,469,258 in 2016). During 2016 and 2017, around a quarter of all tourists (24.6% in 2016 and 24.5% in 2017) (vs 23% in 2015) entered the country via HKIA (Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET), 2017; 2018) (Me Elise Hashikutuva, Deputy Director, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, pers. comm., 13 November 2019, noted that the 2018-figures were not yet available; the 2018-figures were released on 21 January 2020, but the report is not yet available on MET’s website).

The main tourist source markets include: the African region (Angola, South Africa and Zambia); the European region (Germany, United Kingdom (UK), and France); and the North American region (United States of America (USA)). During 2017, Air Namibia brought in 34.5% of total tourist arrivals, followed by South African Airways (30.1%). Other airlines include British Airways (8.5%); Qatar Airways (6.95); other (TAAG Angola Airlines, private jets, etc.) (6.8%); Ethiopian Airlines (4.3%); K.L.M. Royal Dutch Airlines (4.2%); Condor (3.3%); Euro-Wings (1.2%); and LTU (Lufttransport-Unternehmen) (0.4%) (MET, 2018).

Facilities and operators at HKIA include: retailers; ground-handlers; restaurants and lounges; bureau de change and postal services; tax refund facilities; a tourism information centre; car rentals and parking (short- and long-term); six scheduled airlines; and various aircraft refueling facilities (see http://www.airports.com.na/airports/hosea-kutako-international-airport/12/).

The HKIA is operated by the Namibia Airports Company (NAC), the latter that was established in terms of the Airports Company Act 25 of 1998. NAC is a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) and its portfolio Ministry is the Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT) (see http://www.airports.com.na/about-us/company-information/1/).

The current terminal building (Terminal 2) was constructed in 1985 to handle around 250,000 passengers per year. In 2018, HKIA handled nearly a million passengers per annum and the NAC noted the frustrations and anger from stakeholders, especially tourist and business travelers, in this regard (http://www.airports.com.na/news/66/nac-talks-security-audit-hkia-upgrades-and-stability/).

MET (2018) also noted that: “With a positive growth rate recorded in foreign arrivals annually, this means that there is a need to upgrade Hosea Kutako International Airport in order to maximize the carrying capacity of the airport. There is also a need to fully implement the electronic border system at all points of entry to allow smooth, quick and efficient capturing of travellers data given that tourist volumes are rising. Overall, all systems at the airport must be revamped from the point the tourists arrive and exit the airport.”

Towards the end of 2018, Namibia became the first country in the world to be audited by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) under their new standards. Out of 497 Protocol Questions (PQs) that were audited, 126 PQs were found to be satisfactory (75% effective implementation rate for the audited area).

However, the ICAO recommended that the NAC deal with certain deficiencies at HKIA, and specifically issues of passenger screening, baggage and cargo improvement, providing certified screeners, congestion, safety, and that all airport operators implement internal quality control measures to ensure quality assurance of their operations (Nakale, 2019).

The Namibian Government and the NAC subsequently embarked upon the “HKIA Upgrading Project”, estimated to cost around N$245 Million (see http://www.airports.com.na/news/66/nac-talks-security-audit- hkia-upgrades-and-stability/).

The HKIA Congestion Alleviation Project kicked off on 23 September 2019. Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd (Nexus) was appointed, via Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, to complete the building works to the value of N$250 Million. The Project is expected to be completed by end-September 2020 (see http://www.airports.com.na/news/74/hkia-expansion-project-kickoff-next-week/).

Currently and according to the 2019 Travel & Tourism (T&T) Competitiveness Report, Namibia ranks 81st (out of 140 countries) (vs 82/136 in 2017, 91/140 in 2013, and 84/139 in 2011). International tourist arrivals total 1,499,000 and the T&T industry contributes 3.2% to the Country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Namibia achieved a value of 2.9↓ (67/140 ranking) in the “Air Transport Infrastructure” category (the best performer is Canada) (vs 3.2 and 61/140 in 2013 and 3.3 and 39/139 in 2011) (World Economic Forum, 2011; 2013; 2019). In terms of Performance Overview, Namibia achieved a score of 3.7 (score 1-7 best) (World Economic Forum, 2019).

1.2 Activities Requiring Environmental Clearance The following activities may not be undertaken without an Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC):

WASTE MANAGEMENT, TREAMENT, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES 2.3 The import, processing, use and recycling, temporary storage, transit or export of waste. TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES 6. The construction of resorts, lodges, hotels or other tourism and hospitality facilities. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE TREATMENT, HANDLING AND STORAGE 9.1 The manufacturing, storage, handling or processing of a hazardous substance defined in the Hazardous Substances Ordinance, 1974. INFRASTRUCTURE 10.1 The construction of - (d) airports and airfields;

In line with the Commencement of the Environmental Management Act (EMA), 2007 (Act No. 7 of 2007) (06 February 2012; Government Notice (GN) No. 28), the Listed Activities that may not be undertaken without an ECC (GN No. 29), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations (GN No. 30) (Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), 2012), the NAC thus applied to the Environmental Commissioner, Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) for an ECC on 23 September 2019. On the same date, the MET indicated that Your application has been registered with application number APP-00659. The application was subsequently verified and the MET requested the upload of the following documents: Scoping Report, EMP, and Proof of Consultation (07 October 2019).

1.3 Terms of Reference LM Environmental Consulting was approached by Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd (Nexus) to assist with the environmental requirements for the Project (i.e. building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA) in August 2019.

Note that this Scoping and EMP Report only deals with the construction phase of the Project.

1.4 Environmental Assessment Practitioner and Specialist Team The author of this Report is Dr Lima Maartens who has more than 26 years’ experience in natural resource management (she gained her doctorate (Ph.D.) in Fisheries Science from Rhodes University, South Africa

(SA) while working for the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) in 2000, lecturing (University of Namibia (UNAM)), environmental science and management (De Beers Marine Namibia and the Canadian Forsys Metals Corp), and consulting). Dr Maartens is registered as a Lead Practitioner and Reviewer with the Environmental Assessment Professionals of Namibia (EAPAN) (she served on the Executive Committee during 2016/17), an Associate Member of the Namibian Chamber of Mines (CoM), an Associate Member and Environmental Auditor with the Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (IEMA) in the United Kingdom (UK), an Associate Member of the Namibia Chamber of Environment (NCE), and a Member of the Namibian Environment and Wildlife Society (NEWS), the Geological Society of Namibia, and the Namibia Scientific Society. LM Environmental Consulting was established by Dr Maartens in October 2009.

Specialist input to the Report was obtained from: Miss Maike Prickett (Geographic Information System (GIS; Site Maps), Climate Baseline, Socio-Economic Baseline, and Public Consultation); she holds a B.Sc. degree in Information Systems & Geography, and has more than 10 years’ experience with various GIS systems. She is widely experienced in GIS Systems, technical drafting, and modelling.

2 Description of the Project

2.1 Project Location The Hosea Kutako International Airport (HKIA) is located around 45 kilometres (km) east of Windhoek, in the Windhoek Rural Constituency (see Figure 1), Khomas Region, Namibia.

Figure 1: Map showing the location of the Hosea Kutako International Airport, Windhoek Rural Constituency, Khomas Region, Namibia (Source: Miss Maike Prickett, November 2019).

2.2 Land Use HKIA falls within the area covered by the Kappsfarm Town Planning Scheme (International Development Consultancy (IDC), 2008) and is zoned a “Parastatal”.

2.3 Access Access to the HKIA can be attained via the B6 National Road (see Figure 1).

2.4 Project Rationale During the ground-breaking event on 16 September 2019, NAC Board of Directors Chairman Dr Leake Hangala noted: “This project is aimed at doubling the handling capacity of the airport to accommodate increased passenger movements up until 2030.”

Keynote speaker Hon. Nandi-Ndaitwah, who is also the chairman of the Cabinet Special Committee on HKIA Expansion emphasised the need to upgrade the airport: “It is important for the government to create an enabling environment to support air transport to benefit from the projected growth in the matter estimated by the Airport Council International which estimates that emerging and developing economies will account for over 60% of all passenger movements traffic by 2040” (see http://www.airports.com.na/news/74/hkia- expansion-project-kickoff-next-week/).

2.5 Project Activities The site layout, including the location of Terminals 1 (old J.G. Strijdom building) and 2, the Storage Facilities (Warehouse) (Phase 1.6; see Table 1), Nexus’ Contractor Site; the Construction Worker Camp; and the area where it is proposed to dump the building rubble, is shown in Figure 2 (also see Annexure B: Site Map and Contractor Site Layout and Access Points).

Figure 2: Map showing the site layout (Source: Miss Maike Prickett, November 2019).

2.5.1 Terminal 2 The construction and upgrade of the HKIA Terminal 2 will be done in five phases (see Table 1). It is foreseen that the building works will be completed within 12 months; the various phases can and will run concurrently to facilitate the fast track nature of the Project (see Annexure B: Phasing Diagram).

Work will be done during contractors working hours, i.e. between 07h00 and 17h00 (Mondays to Fridays) and between 07h00 and 13h00 (Saturdays); the need for working shifts at night may arise.

The annual builders’ break is scheduled for between 20 December 2019 and 06 January 2020 (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019a; Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

Table 1: Summary of the works per phase and area, including the surface areas, and duration in working days (Source: Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd). Duration Area (m2) Phase Task (working (number) days) Phase 1 – Terminal 2 1.1 Departure Check-in (new): Farewell Hall 422 Check-in Queues 545 Declaration Hall 81 Check-in Counters (18) Restaurant 176 190 1.2 Departure Check-in (minor works to remove existing check-in 138 counters) and Conveyor Baggage Belt Corridor (new) 1.3 Control Office/Airside Staff Screening (new) 194 1.4 Electrical Distribution Board (DB) and Data Cabinet Rooms (new) 34 1.5 Electrical and Staff (new) 263 1.6 Storage Facilities (Warehouses) (new) 962 1.7 Retail area (minor works to existing retail area) 70

Phase 2 – Terminal 2 2.1 Arrival Hall (renovation to existing warehouse) 1,141 238 2.2 Baggage Lane (new) 1,991

Phase 3 – Terminal 2 3.1 Security Check Point (Departures) (minor works to reconfigure the 85 space to reduce the congestion) 3.2 Departure Hall (minor works to existing Arrivals Hall to convert to 321 Departure Hall) 104 3(a) Existing toilets (Departures) to be demolished when the new 98 Ablution Block is finished 3.3 Arrivals/Transfers Hall (renovation to existing warehouse to new 676 standard)

Phase 4 – Terminal 2 4(a)(1) Security Check (minor works to reconfigure the space to reduce the 85 congestion) (Security and Immigration West) 4(a) Baggage Reclaim West (remainder of existing Baggage Reclaim to be untouched, removal of existing Baggage Reclaim Carousals, 64 113 installation of new Baggage Handling System) 4(b) Departures Restaurant (minor works to reconfigure space to reduce 112 congestion) 4 Arrival Hall (Centre Area) 320

Phase 5 – Terminal 2 5.1 Customs (minor refurbishment works) 132 71 5.2 Baggage Make-up Area 294

The artist’s impression of the new International Departure Hall and Plaza at HKIA can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Artist’s impression of the new International Departure Hall and Plaza at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019).

During Phase 1, a new Check-in Hall will be built, including a Farewell Hall, Check-in Queues, a Declaration Hall, Check-in Counters (18 altogether so that more passengers can be accommodated whilst waiting to check- in without causing congestion), and a new Restaurant (including a Kitchen, Office, Cold Room, Dry Store, and Gas Room) (Phase 1.1) (see Figure 4).

The existing Check-in Counters will be removed and a new Conveyor Baggage Belt Corridor will be constructed (Phase 1.2).

Also, a new Control Office/Airside Staff Screening area will be constructed (including Air Namibia Load Control- ; Air Namibia Station Manager-; Staff Screening-; NAC Passenger Office-; NAC Passenger Lobby-; NAC Security Office-; Safe-; Interpol INAD. Transfers-; Kitchenette-; Toilets-; Air Namibia Turnaround Control-; Air Namibia Ramp Slip-Areas) (Phase 1.3).

New Electrical Distribution Board (DB) and Data Cabinet Rooms (including a Store) will be built (Phase 1.4), also a new Electrical and Staff area (including a Server Room; Veterinary Service Office, Cold Room, and Store; two Lost and Found (L&F) Stores; Store; Fire-arm Collection Office; Fire-arm Safe; Toilets; and Security) (Phase 1.5), and Storage Facilities (two new Warehouses, including Office Space and male and female Ablution Facilities) (Phase 1.6). Minor changes will be made to the existing Retail Area (e.g. four new ATM Booths will be put up) (Phase 1.7) (see Table 1; Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019a; b).

Figure 4: Artist’s impression of the new International Departure Hall Interior, Restaurant Deck over the Departure Hall, Check-in Counters, Security Screening, Passport Control (Emigration), and Departure Concourse at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019).

During Phase 2, the existing warehouse (Arrival Hall) will be renovated (including three Reclaim Carousels); a new Baggage Lane will also be constructed (see Table 1).

Changes will be made to the exiting Duty Free Shop in order to enlarge the current Security Check Point (Departures). Minor works will take place at the existing Arrivals Hall (to convert it to a Departure Hall), the existing toilets (Departures) will be demolished once the new Ablution Block has been completed, and the existing Arrivals Warehouse will be renovated so as to accommodate Passengers in Transit (Phase 3; see Table 1).

During Phase 4, minor works will be carried out to reconfigure the space (Security Check) to reduce the congestion once the Security Check Point (at Departures; Phase 3) is completed. The remainder of the existing Baggage Reclaim area will be left untouched; the existing Baggage Reclaim Carousals will be removed and a new Baggage Handling System will be installed (see Figure 5). Minor works will also be carried out at the Departures Restaurant and Arrival Hall (Centre Area) (see Table 1).

Minor refurbishment works will be done at the Customs Area, as well as the Baggage Make-up Area (Phase 5; see Table 1).

Figure 5: Artist’s impression of the new Arrivals Hall and Transfer, Passport Control (Immigration), Baggage Reclaim, and Greeters Hall at Hosea Kutako International Airport (Source: Mr Schalk Bezuidenhout, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, November 2019).

2.5.2 Terminal 1 During Phase 6 (not part of the existing contract), the current VIP Arrivals/Departures Lounge (Terminal 1; see Figure 6) may be refurbished into a Domestic Flight Terminal, including a new President’s Lounge and a new Terminal Connection Walkway.

Figure 6: Pictures showing Terminal 1, currently used as a VIP Arrivals/Departures Lounge (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

The building was constructed in the early-1960s and may contain asbestos. Nexus (should they be awarded the contract for Phase 6) is in possession of a Certificate for the Removal, Transportation and Disposal of Asbestos Containing Material (see Annexure C).

2.5.3 Contractor’s Site Camp An area (old Avis yard) to the south-east of Terminal 1 (see Figures 2 and 7a) is used as the contractor’s site establishment. There are existing power and water connections, including fully installed power and water meters. The facility also has four operational toilet facilities (used by eight staff and visitors), and an additional two mobile chemical toilets (see Figure 7b).

The contractor’s site camp is accommodating the site office, storage containers, concrete mixers, pipes and sundry material, stockpiles of sand, aggregate and bricks, and a bunded diesel tank (2,000 litres (l)). The area is barricaded, but a security guard will be stationed at the contractor’s site camp in the evenings (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019a; Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

a) b) Figure 7: Pictures showing: a) Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s site camp; and b) two mobile chemical toilets for placement at the constrcution site (as needed) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

Note that a consumer fuel installation certificate is required from the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME) should someone wish to have in possession more than 200 l of petrol or diesel in an urban area or more than 600 l of petrol or diesel in a rural area. It is thus advised that Nexus applies to the MME for a consumer fuel installation certificate once the ECC has been obtained from the MET.

2.5.4 Construction Worker Camp Nexus is in the process of establishing a camp to accommodate their construction workers. The construction worker camp will be located on NAC-grounds, in a demarcated, previously disturbed area, directly north-east of the Puma Energy Millennium Service Station located on the B6 route (Windhoek to Gobabis) next to the turnoff to HKIA (see Figures 2 and 8).

The entire camp site is fenced (see Figure 8a), and a security guard will be stationed at the site during the day, to ensure the safety and security of the property.

Note that Nexus employs two full-time security guards; one guard is stationed at the contractor’s site camp during night-time, and the other at the construction worker camp during the day-time. Once a week, the two guards rotate shifts.

Accommodation units consist of a timber structure, cladded with powder coated sheeting, on concrete floors, and with sufficient ventilation by means of doors and windows (see Figures 8b and c). The units are supplied with electrical cables for lighting and (a socket for) charging cell phones. The construction worker camp can accommodate around 250 workers (4 blocks x 5 rooms x 10-bed units plus 6 blocks x 8 rooms x 1-bed units).

Power and water connections (including meters) were already available at the construction worker camp and NAC will invoice Nexus for the water and power used on a monthly basis.

a) b)

c) d)

e) f) Figure 8: Pictures showing: a) entrance to the fenced construction worker camp; b) and c) accommodation units; d) and e) ablution blocks for male and female staff; and f) the cooking, washing, and recreation area (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

Separate ablution facilities are provided for male (six toilets, two urinals, four hand wash basins, and four showers) and female (four toilets, four hand wash basins, and four showers) staff (see Figures 8d and e). Two, 150 l electrical geysers provide hot water to the male and female ablution blocks; Nexus supplies the staff with toilet paper.

A cooking, washing, and recreation area is also provided (see Figure 8f). Staff will cook their own food (using a gas bottle and primus top), to be bought from a shop to be put up next to the cooking, washing, and recreation area. A TV with a decoder (GOtv) will be provided by Nexus.

Staff will be transported to Windhoek in case of a medical emergency, i.e. there will be no clinic on site.

The following camp rules applies to every person on Nexus Camp: i) only employees working for Nexus directly or indirectly should reside/stay at the camp; ii) no-one should leave the camp without informing and signing the register of his or her whereabouts after hours; iii) when leaving the camp, the employee should use his/her tag button to clock in or out; iv) no open fire is allowed in the camp, only gas stoves; v) sufficient and suitable storage for flammables is provided; vi) notices prohibiting smoking are displayed and enforced; vii) no weapons are allowed in the camp; and viii) no alcohol is allowed on the camp.

During peak times of the construction phase, there will be between 400 and 600 people on site. Two thirds of the staff will be sub-contractors/temporary staff; 10 to 15% of the work force will be female. Work will be done during contractors working hours, i.e. between 07h00 and 17h00 (Mondays to Fridays) and between 07h00 and 13h00 (Saturdays). Staff will be given time off the last weekend of every month; the workers will be transported via bus from the construction worker camp to Windhoek, from where the staff will then travel to their respective places of residence (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd., 2019a; Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, and Michael Festus, Group HR – Manager, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

2.5.5 Engineering Services Water and Power Supply Water and electricity required during the construction phase will be provided by means of temporary connection to the existing service (at HKIA). Water and electricity sub-meters will be installed, the usage recorded, and the NAC will be reimbursed by Nexus on a monthly basis (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd., 2019a).

During the construction phase, it is guestimated that around 600 cubic metres (m3) of water will be required per month, of which two thirds may be semi-purified water (Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, pers. comm.). Water will be required for: earthworks compaction; trench compaction/backfilling; plastering; concrete curing; contractor’s site camp potable water and ablutions; construction worker camp potable water and ablutions; fire system testing; and domestic water testing (Mr Scott Richards, Project Manager, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

Sewage The contractor’s site camp has four operational toilet facilities (used by eight staff and visitors), and an additional two mobile chemical toilets (for ad hoc use around the construction site if and when required).

The construction worker camp ablution facilities and cooking, washing, and recreation area are connected to an existing sewer manhole.

During the construction phase, and as required, additional toilets/ablution facilities will be connected to existing sewer manhole(s) (and as the sewer reticulation network is updated/expanded) (Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, pers. comm.).

2.5.6 Solid Waste Management An Integrated Waste Management (IWM) approach is followed, i.e. employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source reduction (e.g. buying in bulk quantities), re-use, recovering (i.e. recycling), and disposal of waste at (both the hazardous and non-hazardous) Kupferberg landfills, in order to minimise the environmental impact of the commercial and industrial waste streams.

Non-hazardous and hazardous waste will be collected and stored separately. The non-hazardous waste (mainly household, wood, plastic, and paper) will be collected in covered skips (one at the construction site, and three at the construction worker camp) and disposed of at the Kupferberg waste disposal site. Hazardous waste, e.g. petroleum (fuels and lubricants) waste products will be recycled as far as feasible (note that petroleum waste products are collected at Nexus’ equipment workshops in Outjo and Windhoek). The remainder of the (hazardous) waste (e.g. empty paint tins, petroleum waste products, batteries, print cartridges, etc.) will be transported to the hazardous waste disposal site at Kupferberg.

Building rubble will be disposed of in an existing pit/hole on the premises (in order to fill the pit/hole) (see Figures 2 and 9).

a) b) Figure 9: Pictures showing: a) material stockpiled for later use; and b) buidling rubble disposed of to date (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

2.5.7 Raw Materials The bulk of the raw materials required will be for use during Phases 1 and 2 only (see Table 1); the other Phases (3 to 5) will involve more “cosmetic works” under the existing structure(s).

Raw materials needed will include: 2,400 m3 of building/plaster sand; 290 m3 of coarse river sand; and 3,500 m3 G5/G6/G7 fill material (Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

Sandworx CC will supply the above-mentioned materials (see Annexure C: ECC issued 26 October 2018) and it will be transported to the site by means of 25 m3 Tipper Truck loads (Mr Stephan Hauptfleisch, Nexus Buidling (Pty) Ltd., pers. comm.).

All concrete will be Ready Mixed Concrete and it will be delivered to site (from Windhoek) in Mixer Trucks (Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

2.6 Alternatives Two alternatives were investigated:

Alternative 1: It was considered to expand the current Terminal 2 building vertically to provide additional floor area to relieve congestion on a first floor level. This alternative was conceptualised, costed and assessed from an operational perspective. The alternative was rejected due to the proximity of the existing terminal to the centreline of runway which impacts the Obstruction Limitation Surface (OLS). By increasing the height of the current Terminal 2 to accommodate the additional floor area required, the OLS was infringed and as such would not meet the regulator requirements of the Namibia Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) and the ICAO. As such the alternative was rejected.

Alternative 2: It was considered to expand the current Terminal 2 building towards the west to provide additional floor area to relieve congestion. This alternative was conceptualised, costed and assessed from an operational perspective. The alternative was rejected due to the need for the existing fire station to be demolished and rebuilt (operational risk and high cost impact), as well as the proximity of the extension to the existing Fuel Farm. The distance between the expanded terminal area and the fuel farm was deemed as high risk. As such, the alternative was rejected (Mr Scott Richards, Project Manager, Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd, pers. comm.).

3 Natural Environment

3.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1 Regional Setting The Khomas Region is the most central of the fourteen regions of Namibia. It covers an area of 36,861 square kilometres (km²), or 4.5% of the total surface area of the Country. The Region is bordered by the Otjozondjupa Region (north), the Erongo Region (north-west and west), the Hardap Region (south), and the Omaheke Region (east).

In 2007, around ninety four percent (94.2%) of land in the Khomas Region was owned by private individuals and companies. The remaining land was owned by Local Authorities (i.e. the City of Windhoek (CoW); 4.4%) and by Central Government (1.4%) (i.e. predominantly the Daan Viljoen Game Park; note that Sun Karros Lifestyle Safaris took ownership of the Game Reserve Tourism Development and re-developed the utilities and services). In 2011, however, the Minister of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development altered the boundaries of the Local Authority Area of Windhoek, to include, amongst others, the Aris and Kappsfarm Settlement Areas, as well as Brakwater, Nubuamis and Elisenheim.

The Region is subdivided into ten political constituencies: John Pandeni, Katutura Central, Katutura East, Khomasdal, Moses //Garoëb, Samora Machel, Tobias Hainyeko, Windhoek East, Windhoek Rural, and Windhoek West.

Windhoek is the administrative, legislative and judicial centre of the Country. The city is also the most important business, educational and transport (rail, road, air) centre of Namibia and most of Namibia’s supply (manufacturing) industries are based there. Most people live an urban life, with their livelihood based on cash income from regular salaries while in the service of the state, related agencies and commerce. As Windhoek is Namibia’s most important metropolitan area, many rural dwellers come to the region in search of work opportunities (NPC, 2007; Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development, 2010; GRN, 2011; De Bruyn, 2013; Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA), 2014b).

3.1.2 Climate Climate data for HKIA were requested from and provided by the Namibia Meteorological Service (Mrs Charlene Binga, Section Climate and Data, Namibia Meteorological Service, 28 November 2019). The data could unfortunately not be used (the weather station was not operational between 2012 and 2014; the available data are incomplete; and no humidity, radiation, and wind field data are available for the station). Instead, the data from the weather station in Windhoek for the period 2009 to 2019 were obtained (02 December 2019) and analysed.

Average annual temperatures between 2009 and 2019 ranged between 19 and 23 degrees centigrade (°C); the maximum and minimum temperatures for the Windhoek area during the hottest and coldest months ranged between 30 and 33°C and 7 to 13°C, respectively (Namibia Meteorological Services, 2019).

The average annual rainfall for Windhoek, over the same 10-year period, ranged between ~60 millimetres (mm) (recorded January to November 2019) and ~750 mm (recorded during 2011) (Namibia Meteorological Services, 2019). The Atlas of Namibia Project reported the annual average rainfall for Windhoek as 300 to 350 mm, with inter-annual rainfall variability between 30 and 40% (Mendelsohn et al., 2009).

Relative humidity in the Windhoek area ranges between 51 to 61% during the most humid months and between 21 and 28% during the least humid months (Namibia Meteorological Services, 2019).

High evaporation rates and low rainfall cause the arid conditions in Namibia; the average annual evaporation rates in Namibia exceed the annual average rainfall substantially. Average annual rates of evaporation in the general Windhoek area range between 2,100 and 2,240 mm (Mendelsohn et al., 2009).

Analysis of data obtained from the Windhoek Meteorological Station for the period 1 January to 30 November 2019 show that the monthly average wind gust speed ranged between 9.5 and 13.3 metres per second (m/s); the average wind speed ranged between 1.8 and 3.5 m/s (2019).

Analysis of the wind data for 2019 indicated a prevailing easterly wind for most of the year (around 76% of winds recorded from January to November 2019 were prevailing easterly winds). During summer, prevailing winds from the east were common with infrequent winds from the south and north. The frequency of easterly winds increased significantly during the autumn and winter months, with the exception of a few south-easterly gusts. During spring, easterly winds were still prevailing with an increased occurrence of winds from the south and north (Namibia Meteorological Services, 2019).

3.1.3 Archaeology There are no known heritage sites and/or sites of archaeological importance in die area.

3.1.4 Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology The following information was extracted from Christelis and Struckmeier (2011):

The HKIA falls within the Hochfeld-Dordabis-Gobabis groundwater area that stretches from the east of Windhoek to the eastern border of Namibia.

The area has a complex geology and structure. The oldest rocks are Mokolian intrusives. Other pre-Damara metamorphic and intrusive formations belong to the Sinclair and Rehoboth sequences, as well as the Abbabis and Hohewarte Metamorphic Complexes. Damara Sequence, however, predominates in the area and consists mostly of Khomas rocks with Kuiseb Formation quartz-biotite schists, interbedded marble, amphibolite (Matchless Suite) and amphibolite schists. The Hakos Group shows similar lithologies with notable exception of the Auas and Otjivero quartzites and Corona marbles at the base of the group. The Nosib Group mainly consists of arenitic rocks like sandstones, quartzites, conglomerates and subordinate schists. The eastern half of the area is dominated by rocks belonging to the Nosib Group, with outcrops of Nama Group sedimentary rocks filling synclines.

The eastern part of the Khomas Region, up to HKIA, is mountainous, and drained in an easterly and south- easterly direction by the ephemeral Seeis, White Nossob and Black Nossob Rivers that originate in the highlands to the east of Windhoek and Okahandja.

In the area east of Windhoek, there are both alluvial and fractured aquifers. Alluvial aquifers are found along the riverbeds of the Seeis River and along most of the course of the White Nossob River. The Seeis water supply scheme provides the local police station with water, and was later expanded to also supply HKIA, 10 km to the west. The alluvium, although only between 10 and 15 metre (m) thick, allows rather high abstraction rates. This moderate potential, porous aquifer is easily and regularly recharged by frequent floods in the Seeis River. The Seeis wellfield supplements the Ondekaremba water scheme established to supply the HKIA. The boreholes at Ondekaremba are on a fractured marble and quartzite aquifer of the Auas Formation (Khomas Subgroup) recharged by the Seeis River.

Farms along the White Nossob River used to have a plentiful water supply from the alluvial aquifer. This changed drastically after the construction of the Otjivero Dam (the silt dam was competed in 1982 and the main dam in 1984). The aquifer immediately downstream of the dam wall is now practically dry due to a lack of recharge. Upstream of the dam, water is still abstracted from high-yielding wells and boreholes.

At present, drinking water is pumped from the Von Bach Water Treatment Plant via the Booster Pump Stations between Okahandja and Windhoek at the consumption rate of 5,545 m3/month (66,540 m3/annum). The Seeis boreholes are used mainly during emergencies, as well as to supply other on-line users on-route to the HKIA storage facilities (Mr Frans Ihuhua, Area Manager: Water Supply Khomas, Namibia Water Corporation (NamWater), pers. comm.) (see Annexure D: Correspondence with Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs)).

3.2 Biophysical Environment The broader area is referred to as the Highland Savannah (Giess, 1971), or the Highland Scrubland, with the vegetation structure classified as shrubs and low trees (Mendelsohn et al., 2009).

The Auas Mountains, or Hohewarte Metamorphic Complex, found to the south, is viewed as an area of special ecological importance with highly restricted range species (Curtis and Barnard, 1998; see Cunningham, 2010).

Overall plant diversity (all species) in the general Windhoek area is “high” and estimated at between 400 and 499 species. Plant endemism is also “high”, i.e. more than 35 endemic species are expected to occur in the general Windhoek area. More than 500 species are expected to occur in the Auas Mountains (Mendelsohn et al., 2009), of which at least seven percent (7%) are endemic to Namibia (Burke, 2007; see Cunningham, 2010).

Terrestrial species diversity in the general Windhoek area is overall regarded as “average to high”; overall terrestrial endemism is “high” (Mendelsohn et al., 2009). An estimated 78 reptile, nine amphibian, 73 mammal and 209 bird species (breeding residents), of which a high proportion are endemic, are known to, or are expected to occur in the general Windhoek area (Cunningham, 2010).

3.2.1 Fauna Reptiles: At least 78 species of reptiles are expected to occur in the general Windhoek area with 28 species (36%) being endemic. Cunningham (2010) indicates that 29 species of reptiles definitely do occur in the general area and these include: two tortoises; 13 snakes; one work lizard; eight lizards; one monitor lizard; one agama; one chameleon; and two geckos. None of these species are exclusively associated with the general area, i.e. they occur more widespread throughout Namibia.

Reptile species of importance, and that are expected to occur in the general Windhoek area, include the two tortoises (Stigmochelys (Geochelone) pardalis and Psammobates oculiferus), the various Pachydactylus species of geckos (80% are viewed as endemic), Python natalensis and Varanus albigularis. The latter two species prefer rockier substrate (vs. that present in the HKIA-area) and their presence in the area is thus doubtful.

Amphibians: At least nine species of amphibians, of which two species are endemic and one species is classified as near threatened, can occur in suitable habitat in the general Windhoek area.

The most important species are the endemic Poyntonophrynus (Bufo) hoeschi and Phrynomantis annectens. However, these species occur widespread in Namibia and are not exclusively associated with the general Windhoek area.

Mammals: There are at least 73 species of mammals that are known, or expected to occur in the general Windhoek area. Eight (11%) of these species are classified as endemic and 38% of the species are classified under international conservation legislation.

The most important species from the general Windhoek area, other than the endemic species, are probably those classified under international legislation as rare (e.g. the Namibian Wing-gland Bat Cistugo seabrai, the Hedgehog Atelerix frontalis angolae, and the Black-footed Cat Felis nigripes), and vulnerable (e.g. the Pangolin Manis temminckii).

Birds/Avifauna: At least 209 species of terrestrial (“breeding residents” and thus excluding migrant and aquatic species) birds, of which ten species are endemic, occur or could occur in the general Windhoek area.

The most important bird species occurring, or expected to occur in the general area include: Monteiros Tockus monteiri and Damara Hornbills Tockus damarensis, Rüppells Parrot Poicephalus rueppellii, the Rosy-faced Lovebird Agapornis roseicollis and the Rockrunner Achaetps pycnopygius (Cunningham, 2010).

3.2.2 Flora An estimated 65 to 82 species of larger trees and shrubs (>1 m) are known and/or expected to occur in the general Windhoek area; up to 100 species of grasses are expected to occur in the general Windhoek area.

The most important tree/shrub species occurring in the general area are probably Commiphora dinteri, Cyphostemma bainesii, Cyphostemma currorii and Heteromorpha papillosa and the most important grass expected in the area is the endemic Setaria finite associated with ephemeral drainage lines (Cunningham, 2010).

3.2.3 Namibia Airports Company Grounds The area at and surrounding the HKIA is previously disturbed (also see Figure 2).

The building works related to Phases 1 to 5, with the exception of Phase 1.6, will take place in already built- up areas.

The existing flora from the landscaped gardens will be removed and relocated as needed. Some of the Date palms Phoenix dactylifera has already been relocated (see Figure 10a); the two Mexican fan palms Washingtonia robusta (see Figure 10b) will also be moved.

a) b) Figure 10: Pictures showing: a) some of the already relocated Phoenix dactylifera (Phase 1.1-area; yellow rectangle); and b) the two Washingtonia robusta to be removed and relocated next (Phase 2.2-area) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

Two new warehouses, including office space and ablution facilities (Phase 1.6; see Table 2) will be built in the area 60 m to the west of the existing Transworld Cargo Facility (see Figures 2 and 11; Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019b).

a) b) Figure 11: Pictures showing the approximate area (yellow rectangle) where the new storage facilities will be built (Phase 1.6-area) (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

The construction worker camp (see Section 2.5.4) will be located in a demarcated, previously disturbed area.

Of concern, is the extent of the pollution in the area surrounding the camp (see Figure 12).

a) b)

c) d) Figure 12: Pictures showing the area, covered in litter/dumped waste, surrounding the construction worker camp (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

Also, there are two groups of people inhabiting the area; one group, possibly informal settlers, put up tent after some of the houses in the area was demolished (see Figure 13) and a second group recently set up camp to the north-east of the construction worker camp.

a) b) Figure 13: Pictures showing: a) recently demolished houses; and b) a small group of people that subsequently put up a tent (under the tree in the foreground) as shelter (Source: L. Maartens, 19 November 2019).

3.3 Socio-Economic Environment A baseline socio-economic study was compiled by Miss Maike Prickett using data from the following Government documents: the Namibia Household Income & Expenditure Survey (NHIES) 2009/2010 (Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA), 2012); the NHIES 2015/2016 (NSA, 2018); the Namibia 2011 Population & Housing Census Main Report (NSA, 2013); the Khomas 2011 Census Regional Profile (NSA, 2014a); the 2011 Population and Housing Census Khomas Regional Based on 4th Delimination (NSA, 2014b); the Namibia Inter- censal Demographic Survey (NIDS) 2016 Report (NSA, 2017a); the Namibia Labour Force Survey 2016 (NSA, 2017b); the Namibia Labour Force Survey 2018 (NSA, 2019); the Surveillance Report of the 2016 National HIV Sentinel Survey (Ministry of Health and Social Services (MHSS), 2016); the Namibia Population-Based HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Impact Assessment (NAMPHIA) (MHSS, 2018); the Namibia Country Operational Plan (COP) 2016 Strategic Direction Summary (PEPFAR Namibia, 2016); and the Namibia COP 2019 Strategic Direction Summary (PEPFAR Namibia, 2019).

3.3.1 Population Characteristics During the 2011 Population and Housing Census, the population of the Khomas Region was estimated at 342,141 persons (16.2% of the national population) (NSA, 2013). In 2016, an estimated 415,780 persons lived in the Region (17.9% of the national population).

The annual growth rate (2011 to 2016) for Khomas was calculated at 3.9% (vs the national average of 1.9%). The population density (11.3 persons per km2) is significantly higher than national average (2.8 persons per km2), but lower than the Ohangwena and Oshana Regions, the most densely populated regions in Namibia (23.9 and 21.9 persons per km2, respectively) (NSA, 2017a).

Ashby Associates cc (2014) indicated that “Namibia has a highly mobile population characterized by a system of circular labour migration to mines, ports, farms and urban areas as well as transport corridors. This has resulted in growing informal settlements in cities, towns and smaller semi-urban localities.” The level of urbanisation in the Khomas Region increased from 93% (2001) to 95% (2011 and 2016) (NSA, 2013; 2017a).

The Khomas Region had an estimated number of 119,217 households in 2016 (vs 89,438 households in 2011); the average number of persons per household was 3.5 in 2016 (vs. 3.7 in 2011).

In 2016, the population consisted of an estimated 68% Potentially Economically Active (PEA) persons (15 to 59 years of age), a junior population (29%; < 15 years of age), and a senior population (3%; > 60 years of age).

The Crude Birth Rate (CBR) per 1,000 population for Khomas was 29.0 in 2016 which is lower than the national average of 32.6 (the CBR was highest in the Kavango East and Kunene Regions with 45.5 and 43.7 births, respectively). In the 2016, the Crude Death Rate (CDR) per 1,000 population for Khomas was 5.3 and the lowest in Namibia (vs a national CDR of 10.8); the highest death rate was in Omaheke with 19.5 deaths per 1,000 people.

Four main languages are spoken in the Khomas Region and these are: Oshiwambo (47%), Afrikaans (16%), Otjiherero (13%) and Nama/Damara (10%).

The literacy rate in the Region (15+ years) was estimated to have remained the same since the 2011 Census at 97%. In 2016, and estimated 5% of the population above the age of 15 had never attended school, around 16% was attending school, and about 79% had left school (NSA, 2017a).

The Khomas Region is subdivided into ten political constituencies: Tobias Hainyeko (population: 45,912); Katutura Central (population: 24,608); Katutura East (population: 18,501); Khomasdal North (population: 43,921); Soweto (population: 15,121); Samora Machel (population: 50,110); Windhoek East (population: 22,712); Windhoek Rural (population: 22,254); Windhoek West (population: 53,438); and Moses //Garoeb (population: 45,564).

The majority of the population of the Khomas Region lives in Windhoek (325,858) (NSA, 2014a). Other settlements in the Region are situated in the Windhoek Rural constituency and include: Aris; Brakwater; Dobra; Seeis; Solitaire; Otjihase; Mix Settlement; Khanubeb; Ongombo West; Nauaspoort and Arovlei; Dordabis; Bloukrans; Garib; Hamis/Oopdam; Audabib; Hatsamas; Stinkwater; Areb; Anias Noord and Corsica; Kwakwas;

Sonder Water and Low Water; Baumgartsbrunn; Groot Aub; Noas; Verdruk; Farm Versailles and Kransneu (see http://www.khomasrc.gov.na/constituencies).

HKIA is located on Portion Rem 3 of Farm Ondekaremba No. 78 which is located within the Windhoek Rural constituency. Of the 22,254 persons (20,212 persons in 2001) residing in the Windhoek Rural constituency, 12,087 were males and 10,167 were females. The number of males to females is slightly on the decrease, i.e. a decrease from 120 to 119 males per 100 females between 2001 and 2011 (see Table 2).

Table 2: Selected census indicators (2011 figures) for the Windhoek Rural constituency (Source: Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA), 2014a; b). Indicator Windhoek Rural Constituency Population Size Total 22,254 Females 10,167 Males 12,087 Sex Ratio: Males per 100 Females 119 (120 in 2001) Number of Households 6,330 Average Household Size 3.3 (3.8 in 2001) Age Composition (%): < 15 years 31 15-59 years 62 >60 years 8 Literacy Rate (15+ years) (%) 88 Education 15+ years (%): Never Attended 14 Currently at School 10 Left School 74

3.3.2 Economic Profile The economic context of the Windhoek Rural constituency is illustrated by means of economic indicators such as employment, source of income, and main working activities:

During 2011, approximately 75% of the populations in the Windhoek Rural constituency formed part of the potential labour force (15+ years). Of these persons, 59% had been absorbed by the economy and was actively working (vs the national average of ~63%); the remainder of the people (16%) was classified as unemployed (NSA, 2014a).

Results from the 2016 and 2018 Namibia Labour Force Surveys (NLFSs) indicate that the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR; the number of persons in the labour force given as a percentage of the working age population in that population group) for the Khomas Region was 79.0% (vs 69.4% for Namibia) and 76.8% (vs 71.2% for Namibia) during 2016 and 2018, respectively. The broad unemployment rate (i.e. people being without work, or who are available for work, irrespective of whether they are actively seeking work) for the Khomas Region was 28.4% (vs 34.0% for all the Regions of Namibia) during 2016 and 31.5% (vs 33.4% for all the Regions of Namibia) during 2018. The unemployment rate for the youth aged 15 to 34 years in the Khomas Region was 43.0% (vs 46.1 for the country) in 2018 (NSA, 2017b, 2019).

Key industries in the Windhoek Rural constituency, in terms of employment, are: agriculture, forestry and fishing (39%); manufacturing (10%); construction (9%); activities of private households (9%); public administration and defence and compulsory social security (6%); accommodation and food service activities (5%); and administration and support services (5%).

In the Windhoek Rural constituency, the occupation profile was made up by the following: skilled agricultural and fishery workers (33%); elementary occupations (23%); craft and related trade works (12%); service workers (11%); legislators senior officials and managers (5%); technician and associate professionals (4%); professionals (4%); plant and machine operators and assemblers (3%); armed force (3%), and clerk (2%) (NSA, 2014b).

The household main source of income in the Windhoek Rural constituency was: salaries and wages (69%); pension (10%); farming (9%); and business, non-farming (5%) (NSA, 2014a).

3.3.3 Poverty Levels According to the 2009/10 NHIES, the Khomas Region has the highest average household income of N$132,209 and income per capita of N$32,499 in Namibia (vs the Kavango Region with the lowest (N$5,682) income per capita) (NSA, 2012).

In 2015/16, average household consumption and consumption per capita in the Khomas Region were N$209,555 (vs the national average N$119,065) and N$58,807 (vs the national average N$28,434) and is the highest in the country. Households spent most of their money on housing (36.9%), food/beverages (25.5%), other (recreation, culture, accommodation services and miscellaneous goods and services; 13.0%), transport/communication (8.0%), furnishing/equipment (5.5%), clothing/footwear (4.5%), education (4.1%), and health (2.5%) (NSA, 2018).

In 2009/10, around 8% and 3% of households in the Khomas Region were rated as poor (where 60% or more of the household’s total consumption is spent on food) and severely poor (where 80% or more of the household consumption is spent on food), respectively (NSA, 2012). In 2015/16, NSA (2018) indicated that there are very high levels of poverty (above the national average of 17.4 %) in the Kunene, Kavango East, Zambezi and Omaheke Regions. Lower levels of poverty are observed in the Khomas, Erongo and //Karas Regions. The distribution of severely poor households across the country (poverty rate above the national average of 10.7%) is again highly concentrated in the Kunene, Kavango East, Zambezi and Omaheke Regions. Lower levels of severely poor households are found in the Khomas and Erongo Regions.

3.3.4 Housing In 2016, an estimated 44.2% of households in the Khomas Region lived in detached/semi-detached houses. Around 42.3% of households lived in improvised housing (shacks), 6.2% lived in apartments/flats, 5.1% lived in single quarters, and 2.0% of households lived in “other” (NSA, 2017a).

3.3.5 Information Communication Technology In 2011, seventy four percent (73.5%) of the population in the Khomas Region had access to a radio, i.e. the most widespread means of communication in Namibia. Only 45.4% of rural households had access to a TV, compared to 70.3% in the urban areas (NSA, 2014a). In 2016, 91.3% of people older than 15 years in the Khomas Region owned a mobile phone and 22.3% of people older than 15 years used his/her own computer or laptop (in the last three months) (51.2% of people did not use any computer or laptop). At the time, and in the last three months, 59.9% of people older than 15 years did no use the internet; 12.0% used it on their mobile phone/computer/laptop/tablet, 18.5% used the internet on their own mobile phone; and 9.3% used the internet on a computer/laptop/tablet (NSA, 2017a).

3.3.6 Access to Services Water During 2016, 99.6% of households in the Khomas Region had access to safe drinking water; the majority of the households in the Region obtained their drinking water via piped water inside (42.3%), piped water outside (22.4%), and public pipe (32.5%) (NSA, 2017a).

Energy In 2016, the majority of households in the Khomas Region (59.2%) prepared their food using electricity from the main grid/generator; the remainder of the households made use of mainly gas (23.9%), paraffin/kerosene (9.7%), and wood/firewood (6.6%) to cook their food.

Energy for lighting was mainly obtained through using electricity from the main grid/generator (64.2%) and candles (15.2%) (NSA, 2017a).

Sanitation In 2016, 25.2% of households in the Khomas Region had no toilet facility. Around 71.4% of households had access to private/shared flush toilets, 1.3% of households had access to a pit latrine with a ventilation pipe,

0.8% had access to a bucket toilet, 0.7% had access to an uncovered pit latrine without a ventilation pipe, and 0.6% had access to a covered pit latrine without a ventilation pipe (NSA, 2017a).

Waste Disposal In 2016, the most common means of disposing garbage in the Khomas Region was regular collection (62.5%), followed by burning (13.4%), roadside dumping (9.6%), and irregularly collected (8.6%) (NSA, 2017a).

Health Care The Khomas Regional Health Directorate has the following facilities: two Hospitals (in Windhoek), three Health Centres (in Katutura, in Okuryangava, and in Khomasdal), and seven Primary Health Care Clinics (see http://www.mhss.gov.na/khomas).

Note that clinics provide primary health care services for the diagnosis of the most common diseases, including HIV. HIV Counselling and Testing (HCT) are performed by a clinic-based community counsellor. Other clinic- based services include the syndromic management of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), and Antenatal Care (ANC) services. The latter (services) also encourages all women to enrol for HIV testing via the Prevention from Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme. Monitoring a Person Living with HIV (PLHIV) to find out when they should start receiving Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) can only be initiated by medical doctors (Ashby Associates cc, 2014).

Private clinics and hospitals can also be found in Windhoek: African TCM Clinic, Anne's Baby Clinic, Bethesda Medical Centre, Central Clinic, Dr Jia Fan (T.C.M.) Clinic, Health 4 You Primary Clinic, Highland Primary Clinic, Khomas Medical Center, Merromed Clinic, Windhoek NAPPA Clinic, Natural Health Clinic, Park Primary Health Clinic, Polytechnic of Namibia Health Services, Southern Clinic, Standard Bank Namibia - Medical Centre, Swamed Clinic, UNAM Primary Health Care Clinic, Van Eck Power Station Clinic, PathCare Labs, Maxuilili Clinic) (see https://mfl.mhss.gov.na/location-manager/locations). Hospitals include: Roman Catholic Hospital, Lady Pohamba Private Hospital, Rhino Park Private Hospital, Medi-Clinic Windhoek, Omuramba Day Theatre, the Namibian Oncology Centre, Paramount Healthcare Centre, and Auas Hills Hospital.

Education In 2019, a total of 134 schools could be found in the Region: nine pre-primary schools; 67 primary schools; 14 combined schools; two junior secondary schools; 29 secondary schools; four special needs schools; and nine unclassified schools (Mr Raimo Dengeinge, Chief Education Officer/Head of the Educational Management Information System (EMIS), Directorate of Planning and Development, MoEAC, pers. comm., 2019).

Out of the 54 institutions offering Vocational Training and that are accredited by the Namibia Qualifications Authority (NQA), 33 are located in the Khomas Region (NQA, 2019).

3.3.7 Human Immunodeficiency Virus National data related to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Namibia can be summarised as follows: i) AIDS is the leading cause of deaths amongst adults in Namibia; in 2019, an estimated 3,952 people will die of HIV/AIDS; ii) HIV is mainly transmitted through heterosexual and mother-to-child transmission (MTCT); iii) approximately 203,296 (8.1%) of people are estimated to be living with HIV of which an estimated 8,905 are youths in the age group <15 years; iv) HIV prevalence amongst people aged 15-24 was estimated at 4.8% for females and 2.8% for males; in the age group 25+ HIV prevalence was estimated at 17.8% for females and 13.5% for males (2019); v) the incidence rate for Namibia is 0.24% and equal to 5,518 new infections in 2019; the highest proportion of the estimated new infections is amongst females aged 15 to 29 (34%) (vs 24% for males in the age group 20-35); vi) key factors maintaining the high levels of HIV in Namibia are: high levels of multiple and concurrent partnerships; low and inconsistent condom-use; inter-generational sex; and transactional sex (i.e. prostitution); vii) Tuberculosis (TB) is the number one killer of people living with HIV and Namibia has a co- infection rate of about 35.5% (2018); there is a decline in the total number of TB cases and thus TB mortality in Namibia (Ashby Associates cc, 2014; Haidula, 2016; PEPFAR Namibia, 2019).

The 2016 National HIV Sentinel Survey (NHSS), the 13th such survey conducted in Namibia, revealed the following: i) the percent HIV prevalence among pregnant females between 15 and 24 years in age in Windhoek Central Hospital increased from 0.0 (2012) to 1.9 (2014) to 3.3 (2016); ii) in the age group 25 to 49, percent HIV prevalence among pregnant females in Windhoek Central Hospital declined from 16.3% (2012) to 5.8% (2014) and then increased to 8.0% (2016); iii) Namibia’s HIV/AIDS epidemic remains in a period of stabilisation with slow yet sustained decreases in HIV prevalence among pregnant women since 2004; iv) the highest age-

31 specific prevalence in Namibia was observed among pregnant women age 35-39 years (32.3%) and pregnant women age 45-49 years (31.6%); HIV prevalence was lowest among pregnant women age 15-19 years (5.7%) and pregnant women age 20-24 years (10.2%) (the continuing shift in peak HIV prevalence from younger to older age groups can be expected in a mature and stabilised generalised HIV epidemic); v) the overall HIV prevalence among pregnant women age 15-24 years was 8.5% and is 3.5% higher than Namibia’s 2015/16 National Strategic Framework (NSF) target of 5%; new HIV infections thus continue to occur among young women across Namibia at a rate that will sustain a generalised epidemic into the foreseeable future; vi) in Namibia, the highest HIV prevalence was observed at the north central and eastern sites and ranged above 20% to 33%; there were no apparent differences in the observed HIV prevalence between pregnant women residing in urban areas vs pregnant women residing in rural areas; vii) 62.5% of all women who tested HIV positive during the 2016 NHSS were already on ART (Anti-retroviral Therapy) before the survey (vs 49.1% in 2014); this indicates a notable success of the ART and PMTCT (Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission) programs (MHSS, 2016).

Between June and December 2017, the Namibia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (NAMPHIA), a cross-sectional household-based survey to assess the progress of Namibia’s National HIV response, was carried out. NAMPHIA was led by the MHSS, with funding from PEPFAR (the U.S.A.’s President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief), and technical assistance through the U.S.A.’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It was concluded that: i) in Namibia, the HIV prevalence was 12.6% among adults aged 15 to 64 years (i.e. approximately 176,000 people were living with HIV (PLHIV)) in 2017; HIV prevalence varies across the Namibian Regions, with the highest prevalence in the Zambezi (22.3%) and Oshikoto (17.3%) Regions and the lowest prevalence in the Kunene (7.6%) and Khomas (8.3%) Regions; ii) the annual incidence was 0.36% (i.e. around 4,500 new cases of HIV annually) for persons aged 15 to 64 years in 2017; iii) Namibia’s HIV interventions have resulted in excellent progress towards the UNAIDS’ targets; women in Namibia have achieved the UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals; iv) once diagnosed, over 90% of both female and male PLHIV were linked to ART and were virally supressed; and v) prevalence of Viral Load Suppression (VLS) among HIV- positive adults aged 15 to 64 years was 77.4%, showing that Namibia has surpassed the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target for VLS (73.0%) (MHSS, 2018).

3.3.8 Gender Legislation that promotes equal gender participation in all aspects of the Namibian society includes: i) Articles 10 and 23(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of Namibia 1990; ii) Affirmative Action (Employment) Act 29 of 1998; and iii) National Gender Policy (2010 – 2020).

4 Regulatory Framework

The most pertinent legislation (Legal Assistance Centre (LAC), 2010; Ruppel and Ruppel-Schlichting, 2016), with the aim of informing Nexus of the legal requirements pertaining to proposed Project is listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Regulatory framework for the Building Works to Alleviate Congestion at Hosea Kutako International Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia. National Law Acts of Parliament, Regulations, Ordinances, Proclamations The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia 1990 Employees’ Compensation Act 30 of 1941 (and General Regulations 1961) (Amendment Act 5 of 1995, that came into force on 1 March 1995, amends the Act substantially and changes its name from the Workmen’s Compensation Act to the Employees’ Compensation Act) Water Act 54 of 1956 (as made applicable in Namibia) Aerodrome Ordinance 12 of 1963 Soil Conservation Act 76 of 1969 (as amended; Section 13 is amended by the Forest Act 12 of 2001) (and the Regulations 1973)) General Health Regulations (Government Notice 121 of 14 October 1969 as amended) Hazardous Substance Ordinance 14 of 1974 (and the General Regulations 1979) Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Ordinance 11 of 1976 (and the Regulations concerning the Form of an Application for a Registration Certificate or Provisional Registration Certificate and the Form of the Registration Certificate and Provisional Registration Certificate 1976) Regional Councils Act 22 of 1992 (and Amendment Acts 17 of 1997, 30 of 2000, 12 of 2002, 12 of 2010 and the Second Regional Councils Amendment Act 16 of 2010) Local Authorities Act 23 of 1992 (and Local Authorities Amendment Act 3 of 1997 and Second Amendment Act 14 of 1997, and the Local Authorities Amendment Acts 24 of 2000, 17 of 2002, 14 of 2004, and 2 of 2009) (and the Model Water Supply Regulations 1996, the Model Sewerage and Drainage Regulations 1996, and the Model Electricity Supply Regulations 1996) Local Authorities Act 23 of 1992 Municipality of Windhoek Waste Management Regulations 2011 Social Security Act 34 of 1994 (as amended by the State-owned Enterprises Governance Act 2 of 2006 and the Labour Act 11 of 2007 (and the General Regulations 1995)) Namibia Water Corporation Act 12 of 1997 (and Namibia Water Corporation Amendment Act 17 of 2001) (as amended by the State-owned Enterprises Governance Act 2 of 2006) Airports Company Act 25 of 1998 Affirmative Action (Employment) Act 29 of 1998 (as amended by Act 6 of 2007 and the Labour Act 11 of 2007) (and the General Regulations 1999) Road Traffic and Transport Act 22 of 1999 (as amended by the Road Traffic and Transport Amendment Act 6 of 2008) (and the Road Traffic and Transport Regulations 2001) Electricity Act 2 of 2000 (and the Electricity Regulations: Technical 2004) and Electricity Act 4 of 2007 (and the Electricity Regulations: Administrative 2011 and Electricity Control Board: Namibian Electricity Safety Code (2009) 2011) National Heritage Act 27 of 2004 (as amended by the State-owned Enterprises Governance Act 2 of 2006) (and the National Heritage Regulations 2005) Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 (and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012) Labour Act 11 of 2007 (and the Labour Amendment Act 2 of 2012) (and the Regulations relating to the Health and Safety of Employees at Work 1997; and Labour General Regulations 2008) Tobacco Products Control Act 1 of 2010 (and the General Regulations 2014) Disaster Risk Management Act 10 of 2012 (and the Disaster Risk Management Regulations 2013) Water Resources Management Act 11 of 2013 (promulgated, but not yet implemented) Public and Environmental Health Act 1 of 2015 (promulgated, but not yet implemented) Civil Aviation Act 6 of 2016 and the Regulations made in terms of the Aviation Act 74 of 1962 (State Airport Regulations; Air Navigation Regulations; Regulations Regarding the Investigation of Aircraft Accidents; Namibian Civil Aviation Regulations 2001 and amendments) and the Technical Standards (e.g. NAM-CATS-AH Licensing and operation of aerodromes and heliports) Policies, Guidelines, National Strategies & Action Plans Policies Conservation of Biotic Diversity and Habitat Protection 1994 Namibia: National Code on HIV/AIDS in Employment 2000 National Water Policy White Paper - Policy Framework for Equitable, Efficient, and Sustainable Water Resources Management and Water Services 2000 National Policy on HIV/AIDS 2007 Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (WASP) 2008 National Gender Policy 2010 - 2020 National Health Policy Framework 2010-2020 - “towards quality health and social welfare services”

National Policy on Climate Change for Namibia 2011 Guidelines Petroleum Products Regulations, 2000 Guidelines for Consumer Installations Guidelines for Integrating HIV and Gender-Related issues Into Environmental Impact Assessments for Capital Projects in Namibia 2015 National Strategies & Action Plans Namibia’s Green Plan 1992 Vision 2030 2004 Integrated Water Resource Management Plan 2010 Namibia’s 5th National Development Plan (NDP5) – Working together towards prosperity (2017/18 – 2021/22) National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2018 Town Planning Schemes, Structure Plans, & Land Use Plans Kappsfarm Town Planning Amendment Scheme No. 1 2008 Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) Final Draft Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Windhoek and Windhoek Townlands 2011 International Law African Union (AU) African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 1981 Revised (Algiers) Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2003 Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Energy 1996 Protocol on Health 1999 Regional Water Policy 2005 Regional Water Strategy Final Draft 2006 Regional Policy Guidelines Economic Instruments For the Environmentally Sound Management of Waste Oil 2013 United Nations (UN) / International Conventions Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) 1944 Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment 1972 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1987; Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Adopted at the Fourth Meeting of the Parties at Copenhagen on 25 November 1992; Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Adopted by the Ninth Meeting of the Parties at Montreal on 17 September 1997; and Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Beijing, 3 December 1999 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 1994 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992; Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 1997; Paris Agreement (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) 2016 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions 2005 International Best Practice International Finance Corporation (IFC) Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines 2007 and the EHS Guidelines for Airports 2007

5 Stakeholder and Public Consultation

5.1 Objectives The purpose of Public Participation is to provide stakeholders, including the public, an opportunity to participate in the Environmental Assessment Process, in order to ensure that the intended development initiatives consider broad-based concerns. It further improves governance in that the intended development must consider a wide range of issues, e.g. the need to conserve the natural environment and the need to maintain a functioning ecology.

5.2 Consultation Process Communication with stakeholders re the proposed Project was facilitated through the following methods: • Key stakeholders were identified from contacts of the Project Team (see Annexure D: List of I&APs Consulted); • A laminated notice (with the Notice of the Environmental Assessment Process) was put up (14 November 2019) at the entrance to the Departure/Arrivals area (see Annexure D: Notices Displayed); • Written notices were sent via e-mail on 15 November 2019: the Office of the Governor, Khomas Regional Council; the Executive Director & Deputy Executive Director, Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT); the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) & Acting Manager–Safety HIKA, Namibia Airports Company (NAC); the Interim Executive Director & Chief ANS Safety Oversight, Namibia Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA); the Executive Director & Public Relations Officer, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF); the Executive Director, Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration; the Executive Director & Commissioner: Customs & Excise, Ministry of Finance; the Senior Environmentalist, Water Quality and Environmental Services, Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (NamWater); the Managing Director & Head Environmental Officer, Namibia Power Corporation (NamPower); the CEO & Specialist Road Legislation, Advice & Compliance, Roads Authority; the Regional Commander, Namibia Police Force; the Executive Director & Shareholder Trustee, Sungate Development; the Owners, Farm Oupembamewa and Etango Ranch Guestfarm; the Game Reserve Manager, Zannier Game Reserve; the Manager, Ondekaremba Lodge, Econo Lodge, Campsite; and the Owners, Puma Energy Millennium Service Station and HIKA Namcor Service Station (see Annexure D: List of I&APs Consulted, Notification Letter, and Correspondence with I&APs); • Advertisements (Notice of an Environmental Assessment Process) were placed in the Market Watch Section of three National newspapers, Republikein, Allgemeine Zeitung and Namibian Sun, on 15 and 22 November 2019 (see Annexure D: Advertisements); • The notices/posters, written notices, and advertisements provided details re the application; stated also was that the application was submitted to the Environmental Commissioner in terms of the EIA Regulations: EMA 7 of 2007, the nature and location of the proposed Project/Activities, and where, how and from whom additional information on the application/activity can be obtained; • A register of I&APs was opened (see Annexure D: Register of I&APs; also see Annexure D: Correspondence with I&APs); three persons registered as I&APs; • An electronic copy of the Draft Environmental Scoping, Impact Assessment and Management Plan Report and Annexures was made available via e-mail to the registered I&APs for comment (13 January 2020); and • The seven-day comment period commenced on 13 January and ended on 22 January 2020; no comments were received (see Annexure D: Correspondence with I&APs).

5.3 Summary of Issues and/or Concerns To date, no issues/concerns were raised during the Public Consultation Process.

6 Environmental Impact Assessment

6.1 Introduction Certain aspects related to Nexus’ proposed activities (i.e. building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA and including the operational construction worker camp) may cause potential impacts to the environment. These impacts can occur under normal conditions, but also under abnormal and potential emergency conditions (e.g. fires, flooding, explosions, spills, and any accidents/incidents/near-misses (causing uncontrolled releases to air, water and land).

Aspect is defined by the International Organization for Standardization ISO 14001:2004 as an “element of an organization's activities or products or services that can interact with the environment”; environment is defined as “surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans, and their interrelation” and impact is defined as “any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's environmental aspects.”

Management actions (i.e. the adoption of the “mitigation hierarchy”, and including monitoring), with the aim of avoiding, minimising, or compensating/offset the potential negative impacts (and maximising the potential positive impacts), are provided in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (see Section 7).

6.2 Methodology The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) Software Package (Pastakia, 1998) was used for the assessment of the potential impacts. Scoring takes place within a matrix, the latter that was designed to allow subjective judgements to be quantitatively recorded. The system thus provides an impact evaluation, as well as a record that can be re-assessed in the future (e.g. should more information become available).

First, through the process of scoping, specific assessment/environmental components, falling into four categories, needs to be defined:

Physical/Chemical (PC) “all physical and chemical aspects of the environment, including finite (non- biological) natural resources, and degradation of the physical environment by pollution” Biological/Ecological (BE) “all biological aspects of the environment, including renewable natural resources, conservation of biodiversity, species interactions, and pollution of the biosphere” Sociological/Cultural (SC) “all human aspects of the environment, including social issues affecting individuals and communities; together with cultural aspects, including conservation of heritage, and human development” Economic/Operational (EO) “the economic consequences of environmental change, both temporary and permanent, as well as the complexities of project management within the context of the project activities”

Second, the impacts are scored using certain assessment criteria and scales.

The assessment criteria fall into two groups: A These criteria are of importance to the condition B These criteria are of value to the situation The assessment scales are as follows: Group A – Importance of condition (A1) 4 Important to national/international interests 3 Important to regional/national interests 2 Important to areas immediately outside the local condition 1 Important only to the local condition 0 No importance Group A - Magnitude of change/effect (A2) +3 Major positive benefit +2 Significant improvement in status quo +1 Improvement in status quo 0 No change/status quo -1 Negative change to status quo -2 Significant negative dis-benefit or change -3 Major dis-benefit or change Group B - Permanence (B1) 1 No change/not applicable 2 Temporary 3 Permanent Group B - Reversibility (B2) 1 No change/not applicable 2 Reversible 3 Irreversible Group C - Cumulative (B3) 1 No change/not applicable 2 Non-cumulative/single 3 Cumulative/synergistic

Third, by means of a series of formulae, a value is ascribed to each of the groups of criteria. The use of a multiplier for Group A is important for it ensures that the weight of each score is expressed. Scores for Group B are added together, ensuring that the individual value scores cannot influence the overall score, but that the collective importance of all values in Group B is fully taken into account. The sum of the Group B scores is then multiplied by the result of the Group A scores and a final environmental (assessment) score (ES) for the condition is obtained:

(a1) × (a2) = aT (b1) + (b2) + (b3) = bT (aT) × (bT) = ES

where (a1) and (a2) are the individual criteria scores for Group A (b1) to (b3) are the individual criteria scores for Group B aT is the result of multiplication of all Group A scores bT is the result of summation of all Group B scores ES is the environmental score for the condition

Finally, a matrix is produced for each project option and individual ES scores calculated and recorded. These individual ES scores are then banded together into ranges (Range Values (RV)) (see Table 4). For ease of

37 interpretation, significant and major positive impacts are indicated in green and significant and major negative impacts in red.

Table 4: The range bands used for the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix ( Source: Pastakia, 1998 ). Range Value Range Value Environmental Score (RV) (RV) Description of Range Band (ES) (Alphabetic) (Numeric) 72 - 108 E 5 Major positive change/impact 36 - 71 D 4 Significant positive change/impact 19 - 35 C 3 Moderate positive change/impact 10 – 18 B 2 Positive change/impact 1 - 9 A 1 Slight positive change/impact 0 N 0 No change/status quo/not applicable -1 - -9 -A -1 Slight negative change/impact -10 - -18 -B -2 Negative change/impact -19 - -35 -C -3 Moderate negative change/impact -36 - -71 -D -4 Significant negative change/impact -72 - -108 -E -5 Major negative change/impact

The lower limits of ‘significant change’, for example, can be taken as the point when a condition is outside local boundaries (A1 = 2), but is of major importance (A2 = 3), yet is temporary (B1 = 2) and reversible (B2 = 2), and non-cumulative (B3 = 2). A ‘major change’ can be taken as the point when the condition extends to a regional/national boundary (A1 = 3), is of major importance (A2 = 3), is permanent (B1 = 3) and irreversible (B2 = 3), and non-cumulative (B3 = 2) (Pastakia, 1998).

6.3 Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s Activities The various aspects and the potential related impacts per environmental component (PC, BE, SC and EO) for Nexus’ activities are summarised in Table 5.

Note that the RIAM does not include an assessment scale for Probability of Occurrence; the following scale was used to rate (the probability of occurrence of) the various impacts and the results are included in Table 5.

Probability of Occurrence Definite Impact will occur Highly probable Impact is most likely to occur Probable Distinct possibility that the impact will occur Low Possibility of impact occurring is low

Table 5: The potential impacts, and probability of occurrence, that certain aspects related to Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities may have on the environment (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational). Impact Probability of Potential Impact Activity/Aspect Code Occurrence Contamination of soil (and Hazardous materials management at PC 1 groundwater) (spills of hazardous construction sites (spills of Low materials) fuel/oil/grease/chemicals/paint) Contamination of soil (and Chemical toilets at construction sites PC 2 groundwater) (sewage Low (leakages/spills) leakages/spills) Contamination of soil (and Waste management at construction PC 3 groundwater) (liquid and solid waste worker camp (liquid and solid waste Probable disposal) disposal) Waste management at construction Contamination of surface/runoff water PC 4 worker camp (liquid and solid waste Probable during precipitation events disposal) Resource (water) use (construction PC 5 Decreasing groundwater levels Definite phase) Exposed surfaces and windblown Air Quality (dust or Particulate Matter PC 6 dust, presence of vehicles / Definite (PM) pollution & gasseous emissions) equipment (construction sites) Vehicle entrained dust from gravel PC 7 Air Quality (dust or PM pollution) roads (construction worker camp & Definite building rubble dumpsite) Presence of vehicles on roads PC 8 Air Quality (gasseous emissions) Definite (construction phase) Storage facilities (construction of), Disturbance of terrestrial fauna BE 1 construction worker camp & building Low (construction phase) rubble dumpsite Storage facilities (construction of), Loss of terrestrial fauna (construction BE 2 construction worker camp & building Probable phase) rubble dumpsite Storage facilities (construction of) & BE 3 Loss of flora (construction phase) Probable construction worker camp Clearing of land (storage facilities) & BE 4 Erosion Highly Probable construction worker camp Occupational and community safety Increased traffic on the B6 National SC 1 (increased traffic during construction Definite Road (construction phase) phase) Increased HIV infections (and other Construction workers (construction SC 2 Highly Probable diseases) (construction phase) phase) Increased incidence of social ills (e.g. Construction workers (construction SC 3 alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution, Highly Probable phase) gambling & criminality) Visual impacts (presence of Presence of people/equipment/dust SC 4 people/equipment/dust; construction Definite (construction phase) phase) Noise (and vibration) pollution Presence of people/equipment SC 5 (presence of people/equipment; Definite (construction phase) construction phase) Decreased congestion and more Upgraded Hosea Kutako International SC 6 satisfied tourists and business Definite Airport (HKIA) (operational phase) travellers EO 1 Temporary job creation Construction phase Definite Temporary economic benefits EO 2 (direct/indirect/induced/government Construction phase Definite revenue) EO 3 Permanent job creation Operational phase Definite Permanent economic benefits EO 4 (direct/indirect/induced/government Operational phase Definite revenue) Upgraded and modernised HKIA EO 5 Enhanced economy Definite (operational phase)

The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix is summarised in Table 6.

Table 6: Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities. Impact Potential Impact ES RV A1 A2 B1 B2 B3 Code Contamination of soil (and groundwater) (spills of hazardous PC 1 materials) -6 -A 1 -1 2 2 2 Contamination of soil (and groundwater) (sewage PC 2 leakages/spills) -6 -A 1 -1 2 2 2 Contamination of soil (and groundwater) (liquid and solid waste PC 3 disposal) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 PC 4 Contamination of surface/runoff water during precipitation events -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 PC 5 Decreasing groundwater levels -36 -D 3 -2 2 2 2 Air Quality (dust or Particulate Matter (PM) pollution & gasseous PC 6 emissions) -6 -A 1 -1 2 2 2 PC 7 Air Quality (dust or PM pollution) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 PC 8 Air Quality (gasseous emissions) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 BE 1 Disturbance of terrestrial fauna (construction phase) -6 -A 1 -1 2 2 2 BE 2 Loss of terrestrial fauna (construction phase) -16 -B 1 -2 3 3 2 BE 3 Loss of flora (construction phase) -16 -B 1 -2 3 3 2 BE 4 Erosion -6 -A 1 -1 2 2 2 Occupational and community safety (increased traffic during SC 1 construction phase) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 Increased HIV infections (and other diseases) (construction SC 2 phase) -81 -E 3 -3 3 3 3 Increased incidence of social ills (e.g. alcoholism, drug abuse, SC 3 prostitution, gambling & criminality) -54 -D 3 -2 3 3 3 Visual impacts (presence of people/equipment/dust; construction SC 4 phase) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 Noise (and vibration) pollution (presence of people/equipment; SC 5 construction phase) -12 -B 2 -1 2 2 2 Decreased congestion and more satisfied tourists and business SC 6 travellers 56 D 4 2 2 3 2 EO 1 Temporary job creation 36 D 3 2 2 2 2 Temporary economic benefits EO 2 (direct/indirect/induced/government revenue) 36 D 3 2 2 2 2 EO 3 Permanent job creation 48 D 3 2 3 3 2 Permanent economic benefits EO 4 (direct/indirect/induced/government revenue) 48 D 3 2 3 3 2 EO 5 Enhanced economy 56 D 4 2 3 2 2

One significant negative (PC 5), four negative (PC 3, 4, 7, 8), and three slight negative (PC 1, 2, 6) impacts were identified under the physical/chemical component (see Table 6). It is guestimated that around 600 m3 of water will be required per month during the construction phase (Mr Cyril Kitching, General Manager – Building, pers. comm.). The Central Area of Namibia (CAN) is currently facing a Severe (Category D) Water Scarcity (see http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/documents/5d4_water_management_plan_-_2019_-_rev_3.pdf). It is thus advised that as much semi-purified water as possible be used during construction.

Two negative (BE 2, 3) and two slight negative (BE 1, 4) impacts were identified under the biological/ecological component (see Table 6).

As far as the sociological/cultural components are concerned, one major negative (SC 2), one significant negative (SC 3), three negative (SC 1, 4, 5), and one significant positive (SC 6) impacts were identified (see Table 6). During the construction phase, there may be an increased incidence of HIV infections (and other diseases). There may also be other potential negative impacts (the use of drugs and alcohol, STIs, and gender violence) as a result of contractors moving into the area (and mixing with the local community(ies)).

Five significant positive impacts were identified under the economical/operational component (see Table 6). Temporary and permanent jobs will be created (EO 1). The staff complement during the construction phase (peak times) would amount to between 400 and 600 people, of which two thirds will be sub- contractors/temporary staff. Once HKIA is upgraded, additional permanent jobs will be created (EO 3). For example, aircraft operators engage a large number of employees such as check-in personnel, ground handling

40 officers, security officers, etc. (Emvula, 2018). Additional staff would e.g. also be required for the new restaurant.

In addition to other direct, indirect and induced economic impacts/benefits, Government revenue will also be generated through a range of taxes (i.e. VAT (Value Added Tax) on goods and services, VAT derived from personal spending by employees and contractors, PAYE (Pay As Your Earn), as well as employment insurance contributions to the Social Security Commission and Workmen’s Compensation Fund) (EO 2, 4).

During the ground-breaking ceremony, the Chairman of the NAC Board, Leake Hangala, noted that HKIA requires sufficient infrastructure to attract new airlines and enhance air connectivity which will in turn stimulate our economy (EO 5) (Anon., 2019).

A summary of the scores is provided in Table 7. It is evident that one major negative, two significant negative, nine negative, five slight negative, and six significant positive impacts were identified.

Table 7: Summary of scores for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational). Range -108 -71 -35 -18 -9 0 1 10 19 36 72 -72 -36 -19 -10 -1 0 9 18 35 71 108 Class -E -D -C -B -A N A B C D E PC 1 4 3 BE 2 2 SC 1 1 3 1 EO 5 Total 1 2 0 9 5 0 0 0 0 6 0

The impact assessment histogram for Nexus’ activities is shown in Figure 14.

P/C 5

4 B/E

3 S/C

No.Components 2 E/O

0 E D C B A N -A -B -C -D -E

RIAM RANGE

Figure 14: Impact assessment histogram for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities (PC = Physical/chemical; BE = Biological/ecological; SC = Sociological/cultural; and EO = Economic/operational).

6.4 Conclusion Nexus’ activities (i.e. building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA and including the operational construction worker camp) will have potential impacts on the environment and these will be of a positive, as well as a negative nature: one major negative, two significant negative, nine negative, five slight negative, and six significant positive impacts were identified (see Table 7 and Figure 14).

The major negative, significant negative, negative, and slight negative impacts can be relatively easily mitigated through the implementation of certain management measures (see Section 7.4: EMP).

7 Environmental Management Plan

7.1 Goal, Aim and Structure of the Environmental Management Plan The ultimate goal of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to ensure that the physical, biophysical and socio-economic objectives are met to such an extent that the overall product of the activity will not result in a net negative impact.

The aim of the EMP is to assist Nexus and their sub-contractor(s) to ensure that the day-to-day operations are carried out in an environmentally responsible manner, thereby preventing or minimising the negative effects and maximising the positive effects of the activities.

Once approved by the DEA, MET, in the form of an ECC, the EMP will become a legally binding document and Nexus and their sub-contractor(s) are required to abide to the conditions stipulated in the EMP.

The EMP is presented as a comprehensive matrix: for each Activity/Process and related Aspects and Impacts, Management Actions required to address the impacts arising directly and indirectly from the various aspects of Nexus’ activities are listed.

A copy of the EMP should be made available at the Contractor’s Site Camp for the duration of the construction phase.

External auditing (and monitoring) should be carried out to ensure compliance with the EMP. Parties responsible for transgression of the EMP should be held responsible for any rehabilitation that needs to be undertaken.

Note that the EMP is not a static document and that the document should be updated as the Project progresses/more information re the activities becomes available.

7.2 Permits and Approvals The most pertinent legislation, with the aim of informing Nexus of the legal requirements pertaining to the activities, is listed under Section 4 of this Report.

A summary of the relevant legislation and regulatory authorities (including contact details) as far as permits and/or approvals are concerned, is provided:

Legislation Regulatory Authority Permit/Approval Contact Details Nature Conservation Ministry of Environment A permit is required prior Mr Iita Matheus Ordinance 4 of 1975 and Tourism (MET) to the picking, Directorate Scientific Services cutting/chopping/picking Tel. 061-2842506 off, taking, gathering, [email protected] uprooting, damaging or destroying, or transporting A Material Transfer Agreement any protected plant. also needs to be obtained: Mr Steve Carr National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Tel. 061-2022012 [email protected] Petroleum Products Ministry of Mines and Consumer Installation Me Joleene Morris/Mr Geingob and Energy Act, 1990 Energy (MME) Certificate Tel. 061-2848264/179 and the Petroleum [email protected] Products Regulations, 2000 Forest Act 12 of 2001 Ministry of Agriculture A permit is required prior Mr. Joseph Hailwa (as amended by the Water and Forestry to the removal of any Director: Forestry Forest Amendment Act (MAWF), Directorate of protected tree species. Tel: 061-2087663 13 of 2005) Forestry [email protected]

Legislation Regulatory Authority Permit/Approval Contact Details National Heritage Act Ministry of Sport, Youth Inform the National Rev Salomon April 27 of 2004 and National Service, Heritage Council of Director, National Heritage Directorate National Namibia should any Council of Namibia Heritage and Culture archaeological material be Tel. 061-244375 found during the [email protected] construction phase. Environmental Ministry of Environment Environmental Clearance Dr Freddy Sikabongo Management Act 7 of and Tourism (MET), Certificate. Acting Environmental 2007 Directorate of Commissioner Environmental Affairs Tel. 061- 2842701/39 (DEA) [email protected] or [email protected] Labour Act 11 of 2007 Ministry of Labour, Permission is needed to Mr Henri Kassen Industrial Relations and run 12-hour shifts (should Labour Commissioner Employment Creation it be required). Tel. 061-379100 [email protected]

7.3 Roles and Responsibilities Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd (Nexus), on behalf of Lithon Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd and the Namibia Airports Company (NAC), is responsible for fulfilling the requirements in the EMP pertaining to the Project.

In addition to the before-mentioned, the following actions are proposed: 1. The provision by Nexus of, on an on-going basis, sufficient management sponsorship and human and financial resources for the implementation of the EMP; 2. The development of a monitoring programme(s) (as needed) (see Section 7.5); and 3. External auditing (by an independent, external auditor) of the management actions as contained in the EMP for Nexus’ activities.

7.4 Environmental Management Plan This Section contains the EMP for Nexus’ activities (see Table 8) (also see Environment Protection Authority (EPA), 1996; IFC, 2007a; b).

Civil/Structural, Electrical and Mechanical Works will be carried out in accordance with the applicable South African National Standards (SANS), as well as International Standards / Codes of Practice.

Table 8: Environmental Management Plan for Nexus Building Contractors (Pty) Ltd’s activities during the construction phase, Hosea Kutako International Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia. Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Social and Environmental Performance Management and Social and Adhere to all Namibian Legislation, including Best Practice monitoring Environmental Guidelines. Performance Ensure that all aspects related to the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are implemented.

Hold regular site meetings/inspections. Make provision in the minutes of the meetings for reporting on all aspects of the EMP related to the construction phase. Consultation and Social and Maintain open and direct lines of communication with the Authorities disclosure Environmental (e.g. the Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT) and the Namibia Performance Airports Company (NAC)) and Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) with regards to environmental matters.

Consult with I&APs throughout the project process and adequately incorporate I&APs’ concerns. Grievance Social and Implement a grievance mechanism for receiving and resolving any mechanism Environmental concerns and grievances related to the project’s social and Performance environmental performance during the construction phase.

Inform all I&APs about the mechanism.

Address concerns promptly and transparently and in a culturally appropriate manner.

Keep a register of all concerns/issues received from I&APs, as well as the measures taken to address these. Training, including Social and Train employees and sub-contractors in matters related to the awareness and Environmental project’s social and environmental performance and Namibia’s inductions Performance regulatory requirements.

Ensure adequate environmental awareness training for all senior site personnel.

Give environmental induction presentations to all site personnel, as well as visitors (e.g. consultants and service providers). Employment and Social and Include the EMP in the contract(s) with the sub-contractors/service procurement Environmental providers so that the latter can make provision for the opportunities Performance implementation of the EMP.

Penalties for non-compliance with the stipulations of the EMP should be agreed upon (and can be included in the contract documents).

Source contracting companies/service providers/experts/workers based on merit and expertise giving preference to local contractors/service providers/experts/workers on condition that the local contractors/service providers/experts/workers have the required experience and expertise.

Tender policy to give preference to small and medium service provider companies from the Khomas Region, and then Namibia in order to ensure maximum local beneficiation.

Consider utilising local labour for unskilled work and to then provide training to workers in order to perform semi-skilled work; this should be done under the supervision of managers/specialists to ensure maximum local beneficiation.

Ensure that contractors/service providers/experts adhere to the Namibian Labour, Social Security, Health and Safety, and Affirmative Action laws.

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Tender documents to stipulate that all contractors/service providers have an HIV/AIDS Policy and Programme in place.

Source maximally from local resources to ensure maximum economic beneficiation of local businesses in terms of new business sales. Labour and working Social and Establish, maintain and improve the worker-management conditions Environmental relationship. Base the employment relationship on equal opportunity Performance and fair treatment and no discrimination to be allowed.

Comply with Namibia’s labour and employment laws.

Promote safe and healthy working conditions and the protection and promotion of worker health.

Document and communicate the Working Conditions and Terms of Employment.

Respect Collective Agreements and the right of workers to organize and bargain collectively.

Implement a Grievance Mechanism. Occupational and Social and Adhere to all Namibia’s Health and Safety Regulations (Labour Act, community health, Environmental 1992: Regulations Relating to the Health and Safety of Employees at safety and security Performance Work).

Ensure that an HIV/AIDS Policy and Programme and Health and Safety Procedure/Plan are in place. Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd has an HIV/AIDS Policy in place (Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd, 2012). An Occupational Health, Safety & Environment (OHSE) Plan was developed (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd,. 2019c). The OHSE Plan to be implemented and maintained (i.e. reviewed and revised as needed).

A SHE (Safety, Health, Environment) Representative to be appointed once the staff complement reaches 20.

Occupational Health and Safety Training to be provided to all employees.

Comply with all safety regulations re. electricity supply.

Ensure that employees are trained in the use of appropriate fire fighting equipment and ensure that such equipment is on hand at all times.

Provide and ensure the active use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (e.g. protective glasses and dust masks in dusty working conditions, overalls, gloves, safety shoes and hard hats).

Make suitable arrangements, as far as practicable, for the maintenance of health, the prevention and overcoming of outbreaks of disease (e.g. Tuberculosis (TB)) and of adequate first aid services.

Prevent communicable disease (e.g. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) such as HIV transmission): provide surveillance and active screening and treatment of employees; prevent illness among employees (through health awareness and education initiatives); ensure ready access to medical treatment, confidentiality and appropriate care, particularly with respect to migrant workers; and promote immunization.

Supply potable water for human consumption and other domestic uses; conduct chemical testing of water samples; drinking-water quality to be in accordance with the *Ministry of Agriculture, Water

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation and Forestry’s (MAWF’s) Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Potable Water (2008).

Ensure that security arrangements are in place.

Transport safety: all vehicles/trucks moving on the (internal) roads/tracks should not exceed 30 kilometres per hour (km/h); vehicles/trucks travelling elsewhere to adhere to the speed limits of Namibia.

Prepare an Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan and review, revise and test the Plan. An Emergency Procedure is in place (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019a; b). Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Fauna and Flora Building works Disturbance of fauna Minimise the removal of native plant species; no vegetation may be (Terminal 2 & new and flora and habitat removed/damaged without direct instruction. storage facilities) and alteration the construction No trees or natural vegetation may be removed for the making of worker camp fires. Do not allow the collection of firewood for own use or resale (dead wood is often a unique habitat to a variety of fauna, as well as an important part of the ecological process).

Do not introduce non-indigenous/invasive alien plant species (at e.g. the construction worker camp).

No animal may be fed, injured, trapped, hunted or harmed in any way.

Implement a policy of “no kill” with regards to fauna (e.g. poaching for meat (snares); the collection of veld foods (e.g. tortoises); the capture/killing of birds; the killing of snakes, etc.).

Implement a suitable and appropriate refuse removal policy (littering could result in certain animals becoming accustomed to humans and the associated activity and result in typical problem animal scenarios).

No off-road driving to be allowed.

Restrict construction activities to previously demarcated areas; all other areas will be regarded as "no go" zones in order to minimise the impact on the surrounding land. Building Works (New Storage Facilities): Archaeological Material Construction of new Loss of or damage to All staff to be made aware of the provisions of the National Heritage storage facilities archaeological Act 27 of 2004 with regard to the protection of all archaeological sites material and the need to report any new finds.

Carefully examine the area before any site preparation/excavation is undertaken.

Should a possible or suspected site be discovered (e.g. a grave), immediately stop work, cordon the area off and photograph the area/site; immediately inform the National Heritage Council of Namibia, and the Police in Windhoek.

Under no circumstances are archaeological and/or cultural heritage sites to be disturbed or any relics to be removed from such a site.

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Soil Erosion Construction phase Soil erosion Keep land clearance to a minimum.

Sediment mobilization and transport: reduce or prevent soil erosion (schedule activities to avoid heavy rainfall periods; contour and minimise length and steepness of slopes; mulching to stabilise exposed areas; re-vegetate areas promptly; and design channels and ditches for post-construction flow).

Road design (if applicable): limit access road gradients to reduce run-off induced erosion; provide adequate road drainage based on road width, surface material, compaction and maintenance.

Structural (slope) stability: provide effective short-term measures for slope stabilisation, sediment and subsidence control until long-term measures (during operations) can be implemented; provide adequate drainage systems to minimise and control infiltration. Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: General Building works Pollution of Portable toilets to be provided and used at the construction site as/if (Terminal 2 & new biophysical needed. storage facilities) and environment (air, soil the construction and water) Use bio-degradable detergents (where feasible). worker camp Vehicle maintenance/servicing/washing not to be allowed anywhere on site / at the construction worker camp.

Fuel tanks (portable), gas cylinders and chemicals (if relevant) are to be properly stored and transported.

Immediately report and clean up any accidental hydrocarbon spill: Sunsorb, Drizit, Peatsorb can be used to clean up small spills; in case of larger spills, the spill together with the polluted soil should be removed and disposed of at e.g. a biological remediation site; ensure the availability of absorbent pads and/or spill kits and ensure that personnel are trained in their use.

Enforce proper waste (hazardous and non-hazardous) management practices (as per Waste Management Plan) – waste and litter to be disposed of in scavenger and weatherproof bins and the refuse to be collected by Nexus and disposed of at least once a week. Increased traffic and Air quality (dust or Minimise dust generation from vehicles on the gravel roads; all presence and Particulate Matter vehicles/trucks moving on the gravel roads should not exceed 30 movement of (PM) pollution) km/h. machinery Minimise the area in which the movement of construction machines and vehicles will take place to reduce the effects of dust pollution.

Minimise dust from material handling sources (e.g. conveyors and bins) by using covers and/or control equipment (e.g. water suppression).

Minimise dust from open area sources, including storage piles, by using control measures (install enclosures and covers, and increase the moisture content).

Avoid the excavation, handling and transport of erodible materials under high wind conditions or when a visible dust plume is present.

Maintain the road surface to preserve surface characteristics (e.g. texture and roughness).

Use dust control/suppression methods, such as applying (semi- purified) water to minimise dust (oil and oil by-products is not a recommended measure to control road dust). Presence of Noise pollution Limit the time of operation of noisy equipment, vehicles, and construction teams, operations.

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation increased traffic, presence and Noise from on-site vehicles, powered machinery, and equipment to movement of not exceed the manufacturer's specifications, based on the machinery installation of a silencer.

Enclose noisy equipment.

Regularly service all equipment. Give attention to muffler maintenance and the enclosure of noisy equipment.

Fit and maintain appropriate mufflers on earth-moving and other vehicles on site. Large construction vehicles to be fitted with silencers.

Enforce a speed limit of 30 km/h (internal roads).

Schedule deliveries to the site so as to minimise disruption to local amenity and traffic. Increased traffic and Air quality & Fleet owners/operators to implement manufacturer recommended presence and occupational and engine maintenance programs (to control vehicle emissions: Carbon movement of community health Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), machinery (exhaust and safety Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM) and Volatile Organic from diesel engines) Compounds (VOCs)). Increased traffic and Occupational and Adopt best transport safety practices by implementing the following movement of community safety measures: emphasise safety aspects among drivers; improve driving machinery skills and require licensing of drivers; adopt limits for trip duration; avoid dangerous routes and times of day; and use speed control devices.

Regularly maintain vehicles and use manufacturer approved parts.

Use locally sourced materials (where possible) to minimise transport distances.

Employ safe traffic control measures, including the use of traffic and safety warning signs and flag persons to warn of dangerous conditions. Presence of Community safety Transport all workers to and from the construction site. construction teams Enforce a strict ban on the recruitment of construction workers at the entrances / construction worker camp and on visitors gaining entry to the construction workers on site / at the construction worker camp.

Fence the construction worker camp and have a lock-in system that allows only authorised people to enter the site. The camp is fenced and camp rules are in place.

All workers to be issued with Company ID tags while at work.

Notice or information boards relating public safety hazards and emergency contact details should be put up at and around the building site(s). The NAC personnel to be contacted during emergency to updated on the Site Contact List which will be displayed at Site Offices and Safety Management Information Board. Contracts Manager shall update the Emergency Site Contact List monthly, to ensure that information is current and accurate (Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd, 2019c). Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Resource Use Energy management Resource use (e.g. Promote the sustainable use of energy (that will result in the coal) / depletion of reduction of use and cost reductions) (e.g. energy efficient light natural resources sources).

Raise awareness amongst the staff (and sub-contractors) (to save energy).

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Water management Resource use / Optimise the use of semi-purified water (building works and dust depletion of natural suppression). resources Ensure prudent use of water in all activities.

Implement a water conservation program, promoting the continuous reduction in water consumption.

Raise awareness amongst the staff (and sub-contractors) re the importance of saving water.

Water storage tanks to be insect and animal-proof and to be covered to reduce evaporation. Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Hazardous Materials Management Hazardous materials Social and Establish hazardous materials management priorities (based on management Environmental hazard analysis of risky operations). Performance Avoid, or minimise the use of hazardous materials.

Prevent uncontrolled releases of hazardous materials to the environment or uncontrolled reactions that may result in fire or explosion. Hazardous materials Pollution of Implement prevention and control measures for the use, handling management biophysical and storage of hazardous materials: environment (soil and Materials transfer: regularly inspect, maintain and repair water) fittings/pipes/hoses; make use of drip trays/other drip containment measures at connection/possible overflow points; Overfill protection: use trained filling operators; install gauges on tanks to measure the volume inside; make use of dripless hose connections (vehicle tanks) and fixed connections (storage tanks); use a catch basin/drip tray around the fill pipe to collect spills; Reaction, fire, and explosion prevention: hazardous materials to be stored in marked containers and separate (from non-hazardous materials); incompatible hazardous materials (acids, bases, flammables, oxidizers, reactive chemicals) to be stored in separate areas and with containment facilities separating material storage; smoking or working with open flames not to be permitted in the presence of these substances; limit access to hazardous waste storage areas and clearly label and demarcate the area; conduct regular inspections of the areas and document the findings; prepare and implement spill response and emergency plans; train employees in the use of appropriate fire fighting equipment and ensure that such equipment is on hand at all times. Secondary containment: use bunding (made of impervious, chemically resistant material) that can contain the larger of 110% of the largest tank or 25% of the combined tank volumes for above- ground tanks with a total storage volume equal or greater than 1,000 litres (l).

Train workers on the correct transfer and handling of fuels and chemicals and the response to spills.

Immediately report and clean up any accidental hydrocarbon spill: Spill-Sorb, Drizzat Pads, Enretech Powder or Peat Moss can be used to clean up small spills; in case of larger spills, the spill together with the polluted soil should be removed and disposed of at e.g. a biological remediation site. Hazardous materials Occupational health Implement hazard communication and training programs (including management and safety information on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)) to make employees aware of workplace chemical hazards and how to respond to these.

Provide and ensure the active use of PPE. Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Waste Management Waste management: Air quality Avoid the open burning of any/all waste. solid

Aspect Potential Impact Mitigation Waste management: Pollution of Prepare an Integrated Waste Management Plan. The generation of non-hazardous and biophysical waste should be avoided as far as practicable; where it cannot be hazardous environment avoided, waste should be reduced (e.g. buying in bulk quantities), re-used and recovered (including recycling and composting); where waste cannot be reduced, re-used and/or recovered, it should be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner (i.e. at the Kupferberg landfill).

Raise awareness amongst staff and sub-contractors (to reduce, reuse and recover waste).

Institute and maintain good housekeeping and operating practices; littering is not allowed.

Non-hazardous and hazardous waste to be collected and stored separately.

Non-hazardous waste to be transported to and disposed of, with prior permission from the Windhoek Municipality, at the waste disposal site outside Windhoek.

Hazardous waste: recycle petroleum (fuels and lubricants) waste products and collect and recycle batteries and print cartridges. The remainder to be transported to and disposed of at a recognised hazardous waste disposal site (Kupferberg), with prior permission from the Windhoek Municipality. Wastewater Pollution of Ensure that the discharge of process wastewater and/or sanitary management biophysical wastewater and/or wastewater from utility operations and/or environment stormwater to land conform to the regulatory requirements (*MAWF’s Water Quality Standards for Effluent (2008)). Wastewater Soil erosion Regular inspection and maintenance of permanent erosion and management - runoff control features. stormwater management Construction Worker Camp: Social Responsibility Provision of transport Social Responsibility Arrange transport (to and from Windhoek) and safe pick-up/drop-off to staff points for staff (especially for staff travelling home during time off). Building Works and Construction Worker Camp: Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Social and Remove all equipment, waste, temporary structures, etc. from the Environmental work site(s) and construction worker camp. Performance Clean out the oil traps, seal all petrol, diesel, oil and grease containers and remove these from the site(s) to a recognised hazardous waste facility (in Windhoek).

Reshape all disturbed areas (including stockpiles, borrow pits (if applicable), and temporary detours and turnouts) to their original contours.

Manually rip disturbed areas, where compaction has taken place, and cover the areas with previously collected topsoil.

Cover disturbed areas (including the building rubble dumpsite) with previously collected topsoil (if applicable) and spread evenly.

Replant any previously removed native plant species in disturbed areas (if applicable).

Reintroduce two specimens for every one individual that had to be removed (seedlings to replace the removed trees could be obtained from the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) in Windhoek or the Forestry Nursery in Okahandja) (if applicable). *The Department of Water Affairs (DWA), Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD) prepared Water Quality Guidelines and these were adopted in 1998 (MAWRD, 1998). In 2008, draft (Water Quality Guidelines and Standards for Potable Water, as well as) Water Quality Standards for Effluent were prepared (Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF)) to become Regulations under the Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004.

7.5 Monitoring and Reporting The following monitoring and reporting, at least but not limited to, need to be carried out during the building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA, and including the operational construction worker camp:

Type Parameter Frequency Responsible Parties Consumer (Fuel) As per the Ministry of Mines and Energy’s (MME’s) conditions to the Installation Consumer Installation Certificate Hazardous Hydrocarbon spills Ad hoc; inform the Minister, MME by completing materials of more than 200 form PP/11 (Petroleum Products Regulations management litres 2000) Maintenance and Sewage monitor for damage Regular maintenance and weekly monitoring pipelines Nexus Building to or leakages Contractors (Pty) Ltd Stormwater and Soil erosion rates Ad hoc (rainy season) soil erosion Environmental Environmental performance / Internal audits (monthly) Management corrective measures External audits (six monthly) Plan to be taken as or when required

8 Conclusions and Recommendations

The building works to alleviate congestion at HKIA, and including the operational construction worker camp, will have impacts on the environment, both positive, as well as negative in nature.

One major negative, two significant negative, nine negative, five slight negative, and six significant positive impacts were identified. The potential major negative, significant negative, negative, and slight negative impacts can be relatively easily and effectively mitigated through the implementation of certain management measures contained in the Environmental Management Plan.

The NAC would demonstrate their environmental commitment in cleaning up the area north of the railway line where waste has been disposed of indiscriminately.

Dr Lima Maartens LM Environmental Consulting

9 References

Anonymous (The Staff Reporter). 2019. Hosea Kutako International Airport upgrade set to ease congestion – construction to commence next week. The Economist. 17 September 2019. https://economist.com.na/47319/general-news/hosea-kutako-international-airport-upgrade-set-to- ease-congestion-construction-to-commence-next-week/ Ashby Associates cc. 2014. Socio-Economic Specialist Study as Input to the Environmental Impact Assessment and Management Plan for the Proposed Construction Worker Camp, Neckartal Dam Project, //Karas Region, Namibia. Prepared for LM Environmental Consulting. 38 pp. Christelis, G. and W. Struckmeier (Editors). 2011. Groundwater in Namibia an explanation to the Hydrogeological Map. 128 pp. Cunningham, P.L. 2010. Desktop Study: Vertebrate Fauna and Flora Expected in the Finkenstein Area (Farm No 526) – Portions A & B (Portion 3). Prepared for LM Environmental Consulting. 29 pp. De Bruyn, E. 2013. Nuwe name, nuwe streke, groot verwarring. Republikein. Vrydag, 9 Augustus 2013. Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA). 2008. Draft Procedures and Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plans (EMP). Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Windhoek. Emvula, A.N. 2018. Evaluating the impact of the upgrades to the facilities at Namibia's largest international airport. A Thesis presented to The Graduate School of Business University of Cape Town. In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Commerce in Development Finance Degree. 89 pp. Environment Protection Authority (EPA). 1996. Best Practice Environmental Management. Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites. 44 pp. GCS Water and Environmental Engineering and Stubenrauch Planning Consultants. 2011. Final Draft Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Windhoek and Windhoek Townlands. Prepared for the City of Windhoek. 220 pp. Giess, W. 1971. A preliminary vegetation map of South West Africa. Dinteria 4: 1 – 114. Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN). 2011. Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development. Government Notice No. 184. Alteration of Boundaries of Local Authority Area of Windhoek: Local Authorities Act, 1992. Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. No. 4801. 30 September 2011. Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN). 2012. Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Government Notice No. 28. Commencement of the Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Notice No. 29. List of activities that may not be undertaken without Environmental Clearance Certificate: Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Notice No. 30. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations: Environmental Management Act, 2007. Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. No. 4878. 6 February 2012. Haidula, T. 2016. HIV AIDS still leading cause of death in Nam. The Namibian. 3 August 2016. International Development Consultancy (IDC). 2008. Kappsfarm Town Planning Amendment Scheme No. 1. Prepared for the Khomas Regional Council. 47 pp. International Finance Corporation (IFC). World Bank Group. 2007a. Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines. 99 pp. International Finance Corporation (IFC). World Bank Group. 2007b. Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines for Airports. 12 pp. International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2012. International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. 1 January 2012. 273 pp. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2004. ISO 14001 Environmental management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. Second Edition. 32 pp. Legal Assistance Centre (LAC). 2010. NAMLEX Index to the Laws of Namibia, Legal Assistance Centre, 2010 update. Information current to 30 June 2010. 483 pp. Mendelsohn, J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, A. and T. Robertson. 2009. Atlas of Namibia. A portrait of the land and its people. Third Edition. Sunbird Publishers (Pty) Ltd, Cape Town, RSA. 200 pp. Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Rural Development (MAWRD). Department of Water Affairs. 1998. The Water Act (Act 54 of 1956) and its requirements in terms of water supplies for drinking water and for waste water treatment and discharge. 6 pp. Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture (MoEAC). 2019. List of Schools 2019: Khomas Region (Mr Raimo Dengeinge, Chief Education Officer/Head of the Educational Management Information System (EMIS), Directorate of Planning and Development, MoEAC, pers. comm., 2019). Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). 2008. Guide to the Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007. 64 pp. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). 2017. Tourist Statistical Report 2016. 72 pp.

Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). 2018. Tourist Statistical Report 2017. 73 pp. Ministry of Health and Social Services (MHSS). 2016. Surveillance Report of the 2016 National HIV Sentinel Survey. 77 pp. Ministry of Health and Social Services (MHSS). 2018. Namibia Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment NAMPHIA 2017. 6 pp. Ministry of Regional and Local Government, Housing and Rural Development. 2010. Khomas Regional Profile. Prepared by the Directorate of Decentralization in coordination with support from the French and Finnish Governments. Nakale, A. 2019. Cabinet committee dealing with ICAO recommendations on Hosea Kutako. New Era, 11 October 2019. https://neweralive.na/posts/cabinet-committee-dealing-with-icao-recommendations- on-hosea-kutako National Planning Commission (NPC). 2007. Khomas Regional Poverty Profile. Based on Village-level Participatory Poverty Assessment In Khomas Region, Namibia. December 2005 – February 2006. Summary Report. 76 pp. National Planning Commission (NPC). 2016. Tourism Competitiveness Policy Brief. 22 pp. Namibia Qualification Authority (NQA). 2019. Namibian institutions and their programmes accredited by the Namibia Qualifications Authority. 35 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2012. Namibia Household Income & Expenditure Survey (NHIES) 2009/2010. 229 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2013. Namibia 2011 Population & Housing Census Main Report. 214 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2014a. Khomas 2011 Census Regional Profile. 168 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2014b. 2011 Population and Housing Census Khomas Regional Based on 4th Delimination. 88 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2017a. Namibia Inter-censal Demographic Survey (NIDS) 2016 Report 134 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency. NSA). 2017b. The Namibia Labour Force Survey 2016 Report. 108 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2018. Namibia Household & Expenditure Survey NHIES 2015/2016 Report. 130 pp. Namibia Statistics Agency (NSA). 2019. The Namibia Labour Force Survey 2018 Report. 80 pp. Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd. 2019a. Method Statement: NEXUS BUILDING CONTRACTORS (PTY) LTD. Revision G. 70 pp. Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd. 2019b. Method Statement: NEXUS BUILDING CONTRACTORS (PTY) LTD. HKIA- Contractors Methodology-ph1.6-RevA-191008. 19 pp. Nexus Building (Pty) Ltd. 2019c. Nexus Group of Companies Namibia. Project: Namibia Airports Company Limited Occupational Health and Safety Plan. Building Works to Alleviate Congestion at Hosea Kutako International Airport. 84 pp. Nexus Group Holdings (Pty) Ltd. 2012. HIV/AIDS Policy. 3 pp. Pastakia, C.M.R.. 1998. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) – A New Tool for Environmental Impact Assessment. 6 pp. PEPFAR Namibia. 2016. Namibia Country Operational Plan (COP) 2016 Strategic Direction Summary May 25, 2016. 76 pp. PEPFAR Namibia. 2019. Namibia Country Operational Plan 2019 Strategic Direction Summary April 5, 2019. 80 pp. Ruppel, O.C. and K. Ruppel-Schlichting (Eds). 2016. Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia Towards Making Africa the Tree of Life. Third Fully Revised Edition. John Meinert Printing (Pty) Ltd. The Northern Miner. 2007. Mining explained: a layman’s guide. Whyte, J. and J. Cumming (Eds.) 10th Edition. 158 pp. World Economic Forum. 2011. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Beyond the Downturn. 531 pp. World Economic Forum. 2013. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Reducing Barriers to Economic Growth and Job Creation. 517 pp. World Economic Forum. 2019. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. 125 pp.

Annexure A

From: Ministry of Environment and Tourism [email protected] Sent: 23 September 2019 09:28 To: Dr Lima Maartens [email protected] Subject: New application for an Environmental Clearance Certificate

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Ministry of Environment & Tourism

Dear Dr Lima Maartens,

Thank you for applying for an Environmental Clearance Certificate.

Your application has been registered with application number APP- 00659

Thank you

Phillip Troskie Bulding P/Bag 13306, Windhoek | Tel: +264 61 284 2111 | DEA: +264 61 284 2701

Please do not reply directly to this email. It was sent from an unattended mailbox. Correspondences can be done on the portal or please use [email protected]

From: Ministry of Environment and Tourism [email protected] Sent: 07 October 2019 10:20 To: Dr Lima Maartens [email protected] Subject: Your application is verified

REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA Ministry of Environment & Tourism

Dear Dr Lima Maartens,

This email serves to inform you that your application APP-00659 has been verified

Taking the following into considerations:

• Location of the project • Scale of operation of the project

Please upload the following documments:

• Scoping Report • EMP • Proof of consultation

Please login onto our portal to upload required documents, if any https://eia.met.gov.na

Thank you

Phillip Troskie Bulding P/Bag 13306, Windhoek | Tel: +264 61 284 2111 | DEA: +264 61 284 2701

Please do not reply directly to this email. It was sent from an unattended mailbox. Correspondences can be done on the portal or please use [email protected]

ANNEXURE 1 FORMS

Form 1

RBPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA ENYIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT ACT,2007 (Section 32)

APPLICATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE

i'lnU"r**. j FIAL AFFArfirl i N$100 t

PART A: DETAILS OF APPLICANT

Namibia Airports Company

2. Business Registration / Identity No.: 981472

3. Correspondence Address: P.O. Box 23061, Windhoek

4. Name of Contact Person: Mr Bisey AJirab

5. Position of Contact Person: Chief Executive Offrcer

6. Telephone No.: +264 61 2955001

7. Fax No.: +264 61 2955022

8. E-mail Address (if any): u [email protected] PART B: SCOPE OF THE BIWIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE CERTTFICATE

1. The environmental clearance certificate is for: Environmental Scoping and Management Plan for the Hosea Kutako Intemational Airpoft Upgrading Project, Khomas Region, Namibia

Z. nitaik of the activity(s) covered by the environmental clearance certificate:

Title of Activify: Environmental Scoping and Management Plan for the Hosea Kutako International Airporl Upgrading Project, Khomas Region, Namibia

Nature of Activity: WASTE MANAGEMENT, TREAMENT, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL ACTIVITIES 2.3 The import, processing, ztse and recycling, temporary storage, transit or export of waste. TOUfuISM DEVELOPMENTACTMTIES 6. The construction of resorts,lodges, hotels oy other tourisnt and lrospitality facilities. HAZAKDOUS SUBSTANCE TREATMENT, HANDLINGAND STORAGE 9.1 The nnrurfactttring, storage, handling or processing of a hazurdous substance defined in the Hazardous Substances Ordinance, I 97 4. INFRASTRUCTaRE 10.1 The construction (renovation) of - (d) airports and airfields;

Location of Activitv: Hosea Kutako Inteniational Airport, Khomas Region, Namibia

Scale and Scope of Activity: Construction/Renovation Work at the Hosea Kutako International Airport by Nexus Group on behalf of Lithon'Project Consultants (Pty) Ltd

PART C: DECLARATION BY APPLICANT

I hereby certifu that the particulars given above are correct and true to the best of my knowl and belief. I understand the environmental clearance certificate may be suspended, amended cancelled if any information given above is false, misleading, wrong or incomplete.

Mr Bisev Ajirab Chief Executive Officer Signature of Applicant Full Narne in Block Letters Position

on behalfof Namibia Airports Company 15 October2019 Date

Annexure B

Annexure C