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Maquetación 1 10 -Villarejo inglés_Neurosciences&History 23/12/14 13:17 Página 170 Original Neurosciences and History 2014; 2(4):170-175 Neurological references in the Divine Comedy A. Villarejo Neurology Department. Instituto de Investigación i+12, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. ABSTRACT Background. e Divine Comedy is considered one of the masterpieces of world literature. is engaging and fascinating epic poem also illustrates the knowledge of philosophy, theology, and cosmology in the Middle Ages and contains numerous references to medicine in general and to neurology in particular. Methods. We searched the Divine Comedy for references to neurological signs and symptoms. We also reviewed the literature addressing the medical references present in this piece by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). Results . e Divine Comedy includes references to such varied neurological symptoms as headache, cervical dystonia, and epileptic seizures. Dante reports his own experience with amaurosis fugax and symptoms suggesting narcolepsy, and he describes depressive symptoms among the inhabitants of Hell. He delivers interesting theoretical explanations of cognitive concepts such as attention and the origin of the brain and intelligence, and references to what is known today as the theory of mind. Conclusions. Although Dante never actually practised medicine, he became a member of the Arte dei Medici e Speziali (Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries) of Florence in order to be allowed to participate in the complex political affairs of his city. is fact may partially explain the references to neurological symptoms in Dante’s master - piece. Some of them, such as sleepiness or amaurosis fugax, play highly symbolic roles in this poem. KEYWORDS Dante, Divine Comedy, history, neurology Nessun maggior dolore including philosophy, theology, mythology, history, and che ricordarsi del tempo felice science, and it is therefore open to multiple interpretations. nella miseria; e ciò sa ‘l tuo dottore This review aims to present a reading from the viewpoint …There is no greater sorrow of neurology and highlight any neurological theories or than thinking back upon a happy time symptoms mentioned in this poem. We will also review the in misery and this your teacher knows. literature addressing medicine in the Divine Comedy . In order to avoid an excessively lengthy text and references Inferno, V, 121-123 section, we specify the book and the canto and verse numbers when citing passages of the Divine Comedy (for example: Inferno, X, 24). Although many rhymed English Introduction translations have been completed, the passages cited in this 1 The Divine Comedy was written by the Florentine poet review are excerpted from Allen Mandelbaum’s version. Dante Alighieri between 1304 and 1321. The magnificence Development of this masterpiece of world literature still captivates readers seven centuries later. This epic poem narrates Dante’s travel A brief biography of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) through Inferno (hell), Purgatorio (purgatory), and Paradiso Dante Alighieri was born in the Italian city of Florence in (paradise). At the same time, however, it represents a 1265. His family, of noble extraction, supported the Guelph compilation of medieval knowledge in various fields, faction. Dante recounts that the turning point of his child - Corresponding author: Alberto Villarejo Galende Received: 13 August 2014 / Accepted: 27 September 2014 E-mail: [email protected] © 2014 Sociedad Española de Neurología 170 10 -Villarejo inglés_Neurosciences&History 23/12/14 13:17 Página 171 Neurological references in the Divine Comedy hood, and of his entire life, was when he met Beatrice Porti - nari when he was nine years old and fell in love with her at first sight. Beatrice would later become the embodiment of ideal love in Dante’s works. It is not known whether Dante ever spoke to her. Following his family’s wishes, he married Gemma Donati, with whom he had several children. As can be deduced from his vast knowledge, Dante received a meticulous and varied education, as was common in the Middle Ages. Dante is believed to have studied at several universities and he may also have attended courses in medi - cine, at least at the University of Bologna. What we do know for certain is that upon returning to Florence, he became a member of the Arte dei Medici e Speziali (Guild of Physi - cians and Apothecaries) for the sole purpose of partici - pating in the political affairs of his city. Enrolling in a guild Figure 1 . Domenico di Michelino. The Comedy illuminating Florence . was a requirement for taking part in political life in Florence Dante is wearing the cape of the Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries. (Figure 1). He never actually practised medicine, but rather Fresco painting at the Cathedral of Florence. devoted his time to literature and an active political life that was marked by disappointments. Like his father before him, Dante became a member of the White Guelph faction. He it is divided into three books ( Inferno , Purgatorio , and was condemned to exile in 1302 due to a series of military Paradiso ), each of which has 33 cantos written in an defeats and the envy and treachery of his enemies and some interlocking three-line rhyme scheme ( terza rima ), plus among his supposed friends. He was supported by several a canto that introduces Inferno . The poem also features nobles who gave him asylum in Bologna, Pisa, Verona, and three main characters, representing Mankind (Dante), Ravenna, where he died in 1321, presumably of malaria, Reason (Virgil), and Faith (Beatrice) journeying through without ever returning to his own city. In addition to the the circles of the inverted cone of Hell, the terraces of the Divine Comedy , Dante wrote several other pieces such as Mount Purgatory, and the concentric celestial spheres of Vita nuova and treatises in Latin about philosophy, politics, Heaven. The Divine Comedy has so many implications and literature. The position he holds in Italian literature is −whether literary, philosophical, theological, or mystic− comparable to that of Miguel de Cervantes in Spanish liter - that it has as many interpretations as it has readers. For ature or William Shakespeare’s in English literature. example, it has been suggested that Dante wrote this piece to elicit the four senses of interpretation used to The Divine Comedy analyse sacred texts: literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogic. From a scientific perspective, some have even The Divine Comedy is an extremely complex epic poem postulated that the Divine Comedy is one of the precur - that nevertheless presents an engaging adventure. It sors of psychoanalysis, 2 and that Dante’s rapid descent narrates Dante’s journeys from the depths of Hell to the on the back of the monster Geryon provides the first celestial spheres, guided first by Virgil and then by Beat - description of the physical principle of Galilean invari - rice. The protagonist is transformed by his travels, and ance, several centuries before that scholar would formu - the readers are affected as well. Without detracting from lated the principle. 3 Less eccentric in his remarks is Jorge the poem’s other qualities, its epic scale, along with its Luis Borges, a great reader who penned the excellent structural perfection and the author’s almost delusional recommendation that follows: inventiveness, is what has fascinated millions of readers since it was first published. In the beginning we must read the book with the The exact date when Dante started to write the Divine faith of a child, abandoning ourselves to it; then it Comedy is unknown, but we do know that it was written will accompany us to the end. It has accompanied during his time in exile. He finished Inferno in 1312, me for so many years, and I know that as soon as I open it tomorrow I will discover things I did not see Purgatorio in 1315, and Paradiso in 1321, shortly before before. I know that this book will go on, beyond my his death. The poem’s structure is entirely symmetrical: walking life, and beyond ours. 4 171 10 -Villarejo inglés_Neurosciences&History 23/12/14 13:17 Página 172 A. Villarejo Physicians in the Divine Comedy with many other conditions affecting the doomed souls. Some of these neurological manifestations have been Dante mentions several physicians among the prominent depicted by famous illustrators including Botticelli, Doré, figures that appear in the poem (including kings, popes, Dalí, and Barceló. We will analyse these two types of nobles, politicians, masters, and writers). Classical physi - references separately. cians (Dioscorides, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and Averroes) were to be found in limbo along with his guide 1. Neurological theories in the Divine Comedy Virgil. Limbo contained the souls of the virtuous who did Dante addresses several topics currently regarded as not know Christianity and were not baptised, and who pertaining to neurology or psychology. In the Middle Ages, therefore could not behold God (Inferno, IV). Less fortu - however, these concepts were mingled with philosophy and nate were the alchemists such as Michael Scot, condemned theology. There are digressions on the origin of the brain to the pit of the fraudulent, in the eighth circle of Inferno and the soul (Purgatorio, XXV, 31-108), attention (Purga - (Inferno, XX, 115-117). However, Dante seemed to show torio, IV, 1-38), intelligence (Purgatorio, XXV, 83; Paradiso, the highest regard for Taddeo Alderotti (1223-1303), I, 1-36), and even a reference to what today might be professor at the University of Bologna and the founder of considered the ‘theory of mind’: “Ah, how much care men medical dialectics, who may have been one of Dante’s ought to exercise/with those whose penetrating intellect/can mentors. 5 The author described meeting him in Heaven, see our thoughts not just our outer act!”; Inferno, XVI, 118- enjoying eternal life (Paradiso, XII, 82-83).
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